我国3岁及以上城市居民焙烤食品消费量及其游离糖摄入评估

目的 了解我国3岁及以上城市居民焙烤食品消费量、来源于焙烤食品游离糖摄入量及其供能比。方法采用多阶段分层与人口成比例的整群随机抽样方法,在我国18个省,采用非连续3天24小时回顾方法,收集13 083名3岁及以上城市居民的焙烤食物消费量。焙烤食品糖含量数据来源于国家食品安全风险评估中心开展的焙烤食品专项监测数据。采用简单分布评估方法计算我国3岁及以上城市居民通过焙烤食品的糖摄入量及供能比。结果 我国3岁及以上城市居民(一般人群)的焙烤食品消费率为24.11%,女性略高于男性,分别为25.69%和22.42%。随年龄增加,各年龄组焙烤食品消费率总体呈下降趋势,3～5岁组最高为39.09%,60岁以上组最低,为17.57%。一般人群焙烤食品平均消费量为10.25 g/d,女性(10.58 g/d)略高于男性(9.92 g/d);各年龄组焙烤食品平均消费量最高为13～17岁组(16.36 g/d),6～12岁组和3～5岁组次之,分别为15.22 g/d和13.25 g/d。一般人群通过焙烤食品游离糖的平均摄入量为1.54 g/d,平均供能比为0.37%(0.37%TE),女性(1.60 g/d,0.41%TE)高于男性(1.47 g/d,0.33%TE);各年龄组,13～17岁组游离糖摄入量最高,为2.21 g/d(0.52%TE),6～12岁组和3～5岁组摄入量次之,分别为2.14 g/d(0.59%TE)和1.94 g/d(0.65%TE)。焙烤食品消费人群平均供能比为1.53%TE(1.43%TE～1.67%TE),焙烤食品消费人群的高消费者(P₉₅)为3.86%。一般人群,通过面包和糕点摄入的游离糖平均值分别为0.68 g/d和0.73 g/d,远高于饼干(0.13 g/d)。结论 我国3岁及以上城市居民一般人群,女性的焙烤食品消费率、游离糖摄入量、游离糖供能比均高于男性,通过焙烤食品摄入的游离糖水平较低。焙烤食品减糖时,建议重点关注3～5岁、6～12岁、13～17岁人群,重点关注面包和糕点这两类食品。     

2015-2016年浙江省学龄儿童含糖饮料摄入状况分析

目的 了解浙江省学龄儿童含糖饮料的摄入现状,为控制学龄儿童饮用含糖饮料提供依据.方法 2015-2016年在浙江省8个县(市、区)采用多阶段分层与人口成比例的抽样方法,选取3岁以上人群开展调查,调查对象中6～17岁学龄儿童作为研究对象.利用食物频率法收集研究对象过去1个月含糖饮料的摄入状况.结果 73.01％学龄儿童近...     

对我国含糖饮料征税的SWOT分析

随着饮料生产的不断增加,我国居民饮料的消费在不断增加,其中含糖饮料的消费量也在不断上升。含糖饮料通常是指在饮料制作过程中人工添加单糖(葡萄糖、果糖)或双糖(蔗糖、乳糖或麦芽糖)并且糖含量在5%以上的饮料,其中添加糖对健康的影响也越来越引起人们的注意。过量的饮用含糖饮料容易造成不健康的饮食行为和龋齿、超重及肥胖,因此世界卫生组织不断呼吁各国和地区对含糖饮料征税以降低肥胖、2型糖尿病和龋齿等疾病的风险。因此,使用SWOT分析的方法对我国制定对含糖饮料的征税政策的优势、劣势、机会与威胁等4个方面展开分析,为国家制定对含糖饮料征税政策提出参考建议。     

我国市售饮料中游离糖含量研究

目的 了解我国市售饮料中游离糖及其单体的含量,为游离糖摄入及其风险评估提供基础数据,为制定完善相关政策提供科学依据。方法 根据我国饮料行业产销量并结合地理分布,2015年采集9类饮料样品共计708份;根据美国分析化学家协会(AOAC)2000.17方法,以高效离子色谱-脉冲安培检测法测定其中的单糖和二糖(葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、半乳糖)含量。结果 708份饮料样品中游离糖含量均值为8.4 g/100 g,其中固体饮料中游离糖含量达41.2 g/100 g,除固体饮料外,果蔬汁类饮料(10.6 g/100 g)、碳酸饮料(9.2 g/100 g)游离糖平均含量较高。葡萄糖含量最高的三类饮料分别为果蔬汁类饮料、碳酸饮料和风味饮料;果糖含量最高的三类饮料分别为碳酸饮料、果蔬汁类饮料和风味饮料;固体饮料、咖啡饮料、蛋白饮料、植物饮料蔗糖含量高于其他种类饮料。36.3%(257/708)的饮料中游离糖含量＞10 g/100 g。果蔬汁类饮料(61.8%,89/144)、碳酸饮料(52.8%,84/159)和风味饮料(41.7%,5/12)中游离糖含量＞10 g/100 g的比例位居前三位。结论 2015年我国市售饮料中游离糖含量普遍较高,其中果蔬汁饮料、碳酸饮料中游离糖含量高于其他饮料。     

喝无糖饮料也会让牙齿受损

<正>无糖饮料或糖果通常被认为对人们牙齿的损坏要比较少,但最近澳大利亚进行的一项研究则表明有糖饮料和无糖饮料对人们牙齿造成的损害没有明显的差异。据合众社报道,无糖食品和饮料由于含有高酸成分,因而对人们牙齿造成的损害和有糖食品很是相似。牙齿损坏主要是由于酸溶解了牙齿的硬组织,而且损毁通常是从牙齿的釉质层开始进行。人们喝了含糖饮料后口腔中的细菌就会产生酸,因而通常认为吃或喝含糖较少的食品会减少酸的产生。澳大利亚墨尔本大学进行的一项最新研究,则对各种含糖和不含糖的饮料进行了对比,最终发现含糖或不含糖的各种     

我国3岁及以上居民碳酸饮料中添加糖摄入状况分析

目的了解我国3岁及以上居民碳酸饮料中添加糖的摄入状况。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,2014年在我国14个省(市)抽取28个城市区和县内的27 485名3岁及以上常住人群作为调查对象,利用非连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法收集调查对象碳酸饮料的消费状况,结合2015年开展的饮料添加糖含量专项调查中132份碳酸饮料糖含量数据,采用简单分布评估方法计算人群碳酸饮料中添加糖摄入量分布和饮料提供的能量,并与人群膳食摄入总能量相比计算碳酸饮料中添加糖的供能比。结果我国14个省(市)3岁及以上居民碳酸饮料添加糖每日平均摄入量为0.5 g,供能比为0.11%,其中碳酸饮料消费人群添加糖每日平均摄入量为13.4 g,中位数为12.3 g,供能比为2.69%。不同消费人群添加糖每日摄入量的中位数比较,男性(15.3 g)高于女性(10.1 g),城市(13.8 g)高于农村(10.7 g),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。碳酸饮料中添加糖的供能比比较,男女之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);城市(3.02%)高于农村(2.01%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);13～17岁年龄组人群的碳酸饮料供能比最高为3.41%。结论 13～17岁青少年为碳酸饮料中添加糖的高消费群体,应重点开展科普宣教,引导合理消费。     

基于ELES模型的我国居民含糖饮料消费价格弹性分析

目的：分析我国居民含糖饮料消费的价格弹性，为含糖饮料税收政策的制定研究及减少居民对含糖饮料过多消费的调整措施研制提供参考和依据。方法：基于网络在线收集的881份有效调查问卷数据，利用扩展线性支出系统模型(ELES模型),并借助Stata15.0统计软件对我国含糖饮料及其他饮品、甜品和水果进行价格弹性分析。结果：含糖饮料的需求价格弹性为0.26,其他饮品和甜品、水果的需求价格弹性也在0.26～0.34之间，含糖饮料对文中其他饮品和食品交叉价格弹性为正，且在0.001 56～0.002 02之间，其中甜品最高0.002 02、其次是奶茶0.001 96。结论：我国含糖饮料需求缺乏弹性，含糖饮料与文中提到的其他饮品和食品存在替代关系，其中甜品对含糖饮料的替代作用最强。     

含糖饮料强制FOP标识国际实践与经验——以新加坡营养等级标签为例

通过新加坡卫生部官方网站、文献等渠道收集有关新加坡营养等级标签资料，总结新加坡营养等级标签的政策演进、标准规则、支撑措施及实施效果。营养等级标签在强制营养成分表披露糖信息、评价多形式含糖饮料、禁止高糖饮料广告等方面的实践经验对中国实施含糖饮料强制FOP标识具有重要启示。     

北京市九城区中小学生含糖饮料相关知识和行为调查

目的:了解北京市九城区中小学生的含糖饮料相关知识和行为现状,为开展科普宣传提供科学依据。方法:采用方便抽样的方法,从北京市九城区中小学生中,抽取6～18岁中小学生进行调查。结果:共25 359人参与调查,收回问卷24 731份,其中有效问卷24 339份,有效率98. 4%。调查对象对含糖饮料的分类、成分、疾病风险、如何选择、能否代替水共5条知识的知晓率分别为34. 5%、54. 2%、77. 3%、20. 9%、96. 4%。调查对象饮用饮料频率为基本不喝、每周1～3次、每周4～6次、每天1次、每天至少2次的比例分别为57. 4%、32. 4%、4. 6%、3. 3%、2. 3%;城区学生每周至少喝1次的比例高于远郊县区学生(44%VS 42. 2%),男生高于女生(45. 2%VS40%),差异均有统计学意义。7. 0%的调查对象午餐时经常饮用饮料,高于早餐(4. 1%)和晚餐(6. 7%)。学生最常饮用和最喜欢饮用的饮品均为水。饮用饮料的原因主要为味道好和同学朋友们喝。结论:北京市九城区中小学生存在含糖饮料相关知识知晓率低、饮用饮料频率高的问题,需进行含糖饮料相关科普宣教。     

蔽糖剂处理含糖棉

蔽糖剂主要用于处理我国新疆及苏丹、美国、俄罗斯、喀麦隆等地棉花含糖。为我国棉纺工业节约热能、降低成本、保护环境,创造了很好的经济和社会效益。 棉花应该含糖。目前采用消糖、去糖、除糖处理含糖棉,对棉花含糖的机理认识是错误的,糖与棉纤维在化学结构上接近,用消、去、除处理破坏棉纤结构。棉花含糖高是受地理位置、干、     

Effects of free access to sugar solutions on the control of energy intake

Energy balance is achieved as the result of both central and peripheral regulators working together. Sugar intake can cause a disruption in energy balance that can increase the risk of the onset of obesity. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between sugar consumption and obesity. We have summarized the current evidence that shows how sugars, typically sugar-sweetened solutions, affect the control of energy intake. Solution consumption affects both peripheral (triglycerides, glucocorticoids, and adiposity hormone) and central (typically hypothalamus) mechanisms. We have concluded this review with an attempt to explain how sugar consumption induces changes in body weight that lead to obesity and/or associated metabolic diseases.     

The effect of frequency of consumption of artificial sweeteners on sweetness liking by women

ABSTRACT:  Research into sweetness perception and preference thus far has demonstrated that sweetness preference is related not to the total sugar consumed by an individual but the amount of refined sugar ingested. Research has yet to be conducted, however, to determine whether a diet high in artificial sweeteners contributes to sweetness liking and preference with the same result as a diet high in sugar. The purpose of this research was to determine if such a relationship exists with regard to diets high in artificially sweetened beverages. Seventy-one female participants were recruited and screened for sweetener consumption in beverages. Sixty-four of these individuals were selected for sensory testing. All participants evaluated orange juice samples (ranging from 0% added sucrose to 20% added sucrose) for liking of sweetness using a 9-point hedonic scale. Based on screening survey data, participants were categorized according to sweetener consumption group (artificial sweetener consumers and natural sweetener consumers) and by overall sweetened beverage intake (low or high, regardless of sweetener type normally consumed). Sensory data were analyzed to compare sweetness liking in each of these groups. Significant differences in liking were observed, with individuals in the high sweetened beverage intake group preferring sweeter orange juice than those in the low-intake group. Categorization by sweetener type resulted in no significant differences between the groups, indicating that regardless of the type of sweetener consumed in a beverage, liking of sweetness will be influenced in the same manner.     

Assessment of Korean consumer exposure to sodium saccharin,aspartame and stevioside

The dietary intakes of sodium saccharin, aspartame and stevioside were estimated on the basis of food consumption data of the Korean consumer and the concentration of sweeteners in processed foods. Results were compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of sweeteners. Among the 28 food categories for which the application of sodium saccharin, aspartame and stevioside is permitted in Korea, they were detected in 5, 12 and 13 categories, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of sodium saccharin and aspartame were high in infants and children, whereas the EDI of stevioside was high in adolescents and adults. The most highly consumed sweetener was aspartame, and the highest EDI/ADI ratio was found for sodium saccharin. The main food categories contributing to sweetener consumption were beverages, including alcoholic beverages. For most Korean consumers, the EDIs were no greater than 20% of their corresponding ADI; however, the EDI of sodium saccharin for conservative consumers aged 1–2 years reached 60% of their ADI.     

Dioxin and dl-PCB exposure from food: the German LExUKon project

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and -furan (PCDD/F) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (dl-PCB) exposure from food were estimated using new food consumption data from the recent German food consumption survey (Nationale Verzehrsstudie II – NVS II). Based on these comprehensive data, information on the consumption of 545 individual food items by the German population was derived. Concentrations of dioxin-like compounds in food were compiled from the German Food Monitoring Programme (GFMP), the German Dioxin Database, other German authority programmes, European countries’ authority programmes and the published literature covering the years 2000–2010. By multiplication with consumption data, estimates of intake from food were determined. The main food groups contributing most to the intake of the general public are dairy products (including milk), meat and fish (including seafood), followed – due to high consumption – by the main group vegetables. The combined intake of PCDD/F and dl-PCB (as toxic equivalents – TEQ) from food was estimated to be 2.11/1.53 pg kg^–1 bw and day and 3.56/2.85 pg kg^–1 bw and day (upper/lower bound) for average and high-end consumers, respectively. The estimated intake of average consumers is close to a reference value derived by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2001. Uncertainties in these estimates pertain to the influence of values below the limit of quantification (upper/lower bound ratio) and some foods not considered due to the lack of contamination data.     

Concentration of morpholine residues in major fruits and juices and its dietary exposure in China

Morpholine is a common chemical used as emulsifier in the preparation of wax coatings for some fruit to help them remain fresh and protect against insects and fungal contamination. It has been reported that morpholine has acute toxic effects on rodents. In the present study, morpholine concentrations were analysed in fruits (citrus fruits, apples, strawberries and grapes) and juices (apple juice and orange juice) in order to determine dietary exposure among the Chinese population. A total of 732 fruit and juice samples were collected during 2015–2016, which covered major foods in China. Fruit and juice consumption data were taken from China National Nutrient and Health Survey (2002) and include data from 16,407 fruit or juice consumers. It was found that mean dietary exposure to morpholine residues from fruits and/or juices for general Chinese consumers and children 2–6 years old were 0.42 and 1.24 µg/kg bw/day, respectively. The 97.5% intake in general Chinese consumers and children 2–6 years old were 2.25 and 6.90 µg/kg bw/day, respectively. The primary food sources of the morpholine dietary intake of general Chinese consumers were citrus fruits (57.4%) and apples (40.8%). These findings suggested that dietary exposure to morpholine in the Chinese population was lower than the acceptable daily intake of morpholine, and there are no health concerns.     

Lead exposure from food: the German LExUKon project

Lead is a highly toxic contaminant with food being the major source of exposure for the general public. The second German food consumption survey (Nationale Verzehrsstudie II – NVS II) with about 20 000 participants (15 371 for dietary history interviews used for this study) allowed for an updated exposure assessment for the German population. Based on these comprehensive data, information on consumption of 545 individual food items by the German population was generated. Lead concentrations in food were compiled from the German food monitoring programme, European countries’ authority programmes and the published literature, covering the years from 2000 to 2009, and were multiplied with consumption data to obtain estimates of lead intake from food. Average lead concentrations per main food group were highest for meat (including offal), followed by fish (including seafood), vegetables and cereals. Due to high consumption, beverages contributed most to the intake of the general public, followed by main groups vegetables, fruits & nuts and cereals. Lead intake from food was estimated to be 0.53 and 0.72 µg kg^–1 bw and day for average and high-end consumers, respectively. This is close to (average consumers) respectively above (high-end consumers) a reference value derived from a recent health risk evaluation performed by EFSA, using the benchmark approach. Uncertainties in these estimates pertain to the influence of values below the limit of quantification and some foods not considered due to lacking occurrence data. In conclusion, the estimated lead intake of the German population from food is still close to health-based reference values. Further efforts to reduce lead intake are required.     

Assessment of caffeine intake in the Korean population

An improved method for the analysis of caffeine in foods by HPLC was validated by measuring several analytical parameters. The caffeine contents of 1202 products available from Korean markets were analysed. A consumption study was conducted by using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2010–12, to estimate the caffeine intakes of the Korean population. The mean intakes of caffeine from all sources in the general population and consumers were 67.8 and 102.6 mg day^?1 for all age groups, respectively. The 95th percentile intakes of the general population and consumers were 250.7 and 313.7 mg day^?1, respectively. In those aged 30–49 years, the caffeine intakes of the general population and consumers were highest at 25.5% (101.8 mg kg^?1 day^?1) and 36.6% (0.9 mg kg^?1 day^?1), respectively, compared with the maximum recommended daily intake (400 mg day^?1) for adults. In the general population, the main contributors to the total caffeine intake were carbonated beverage for the younger age groups and coffee for the adults. These data provide a current perspective on caffeine intake in the Korean population.     

Cadmium exposure from food: the German LExUKon project

Cadmium is a very toxic contaminant with food being the major source of exposure for the general public. The second German food consumption survey (Nationale Verzehrsstudie II – NVS II) with about 20 000 participants (15 371 for dietary history interviews used for this study) allowed for an updated exposure assessment for the German population. Based on these comprehensive data, information on the consumption of 545 individual food items by the German population was generated. Cadmium concentrations in food were compiled from the German food monitoring programme, European countries’ authority programmes and the published literature, covering the years from 1993 to 2008, and were multiplied with consumption data to obtain estimates of cadmium intake from food. Consumption-weighted mean cadmium concentrations per main food group were highest for cereals, followed by oily seeds & fruits, and vegetables. Due to both high consumption and considerable occurrence of cadmium, cereals and vegetables contributed most to the intake of the general public, followed by the main groups beverages, fruits & nuts, and dairy products (including milk). Cadmium intake from food was estimated to be 1.46 and 2.35 µg kg^–1 bw week^–1 for average and high-end consumers, respectively. This corresponds to 58% for average and 95% for high-end consumers, respectively, of a reference value derived from a recent health risk evaluation performed by EFSA, using the benchmark approach. Uncertainties in these estimates pertain to the influence of values below the limit of quantification and some foods not considered due to lacking occurrence data. In conclusion, the estimated cadmium intake of the German population from food is still close to health-based reference values. Further efforts to reduce cadmium intake are required.