尿素包合法纯化葡萄籽油中亚油酸的研究

利用尿素包合法对葡萄籽油中亚油酸的分离纯化进行研究.分析了包合温度、包合时间、甲醇尿素质量比、混合脂肪酸尿素质量比4个因素对亚油酸纯度及得率的影响,并在单因素实验的基础上通过正交实验确定最佳工艺条件.结果表明:在包合时间12h,包合温度-4℃,甲醇尿素质量比5∶1,混合脂肪酸尿素质量比1∶1的条件下,亚油酸纯度最高为89.9％.     

尿素包合分离核桃油中亚油酸工艺优化

对尿素包合分离核桃油中亚油酸的工艺进行了优化,在单因素实验基础上,利用响应面法优化包合温度(℃)、包合时间(h)、m1(混合脂肪酸)∶m2(尿素)、V(95%乙醇)∶m2(尿素)四个因素对亚油酸纯度和得率的影响。结果表明尿素包合核桃油中亚油酸最佳工艺参数为:包合温度-10℃、包合时间24h、m1(混合脂肪酸)∶m2(尿素)为0.3、V(95%乙醇)∶m2(尿素)为4。在此条件下,经过一次尿素包合,亚油酸的纯度可由原来的52.1%上升到80.20%。     

尿素包合法纯化玉米油中亚油酸的研究

研究了尿素包合过程中回流时间、包合时间、包合温度、尿素与溶剂配比等主要条件与纯化得到的亚油酸纯度和得率的关系.结果表明,尿素与溶剂配比是影响亚油酸纯度和得率的主要因素.当尿素/乙醇为1:2(W/V)时,亚油酸的纯度和得率均较高,当混合脂肪酸/尿素/乙醇为1:3:6(W/W/V)时,在室温下,通过一次尿素包合就能使亚油酸的纯度从44.48%提高到95.68%,得率为72.41%.     

当归和党参混合挥发油提取和β-环糊精包合工艺研究

对当归和党参混合挥发油的提取工艺和β-环糊精的包合工艺进行探究,以确定最佳的提取和包合工艺。采用水蒸气蒸馏法,以挥发油得率作为评价指标,通过正交试验优化混合挥发油的提取工艺;采用饱和水溶液法,以包合物收得率和挥发油利用率为综合评分指标,通过正交试验优化β-环糊精包合工艺;用X射线衍射法和红外光谱法来验证包合物的形成。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为药材粒度为粒状,超声时间20 min,料液比1∶8(g∶m L),提取时间10 h,在最优提取工艺条件下挥发油得率为75.3%;最佳包合工艺为β-环糊精:混合挥发油为1∶10(g∶m L),β-环糊精∶水为1∶10(g∶m L),包合温度为50℃,搅拌时间为1 h,在最优工艺条件下包合物收得率平均值为82.51%,挥发油利用率平均值为82.49%,综合评分为82.51%。     

新疆打瓜籽油中亚油酸的尿素包合纯化工艺研究

采用尿素包合法纯化新疆打瓜籽油中的亚油酸,以产物的碘值和得率为评价指标,在单因素试验的基础上,对纯化工艺进行Box-Behnken响应面试验优化。结果表明,最优的纯化工艺条件为包合时间13 h、包合温度4℃、95%乙醇与尿素体积质量比4∶1、尿素与混合脂肪酸质量比3∶1,在最优工艺条件下产物的碘值(I)为146.14 g/100 g,得率为46.55%。采用气相色谱对产物进行脂肪酸组成分析发现,经过尿素包合后,绝大多数的饱和脂肪酸被除去,亚油酸含量明显升高,由原来的72.910%上升到97.249%。     

尿素包合法提纯油茶籽油中油酸的工艺研究

用尿素包合法对油茶籽油中的油酸进行包合。采用浸出法、直接酸解法和浸出后酸解法分离包合物固相中的油酸。实验结果表明,选用直接酸解法效果较好。尿素包合条件为脂肪酸/尿素/甲醇(W/W/V)比例1∶4∶10,通过包合,油酸的纯度从包合前的66.99%提高到77.96%。     

尿素包合法富集纯化杜仲籽油α-亚麻酸的工艺优化

采用二次正交旋转组合设计,对尿素包合法富集纯化杜仲籽油中α-亚麻酸的工艺进行了优化研究.在单因素实验的基础上,以α-亚麻酸纯度为考察指标,考察了尿素与脂肪酸质量比、95％乙醇与脂肪酸质量比、包合温度、包合时间等四个实验因素对α-亚麻酸富集效果的影响,建立了二次多元回归方程预测模型.实验结果表明α-亚麻酸最佳富集工艺条件为:尿素与脂肪酸质量比为3∶1,95％乙醇与脂肪酸质量比为9∶1,包合温度为-9.0℃,包合时间为17.0h.在此最佳富集条件下,α-亚麻酸纯度可提高至82.63％.尿素包合法是富集纯化杜仲籽油α-亚麻酸的有效方法.     

脲包法富集高纯度红花油亚油酸甲酯的研究

以亚油酸含量 81 74 %的红花油为原料 ,采用先碱性醇解 ,后尿素包合的方法 ,从红花油中富集亚油酸。通过正交试验 ,确定了尿素一次包合法富集高纯度亚油酸甲酯的最佳工艺条件 :混合脂肪酸甲酯∶尿素∶甲醇为 1 0 4∶1∶4 (W/W /V) ,包合温度 - 10℃ ,包合时间 2 4h ,亚油酸甲酯得率 72 95 % ,纯度 99 2 7%。     

山桐子油中亚油酸的纯化工艺及体外抗氧化性研究

利用高效液相色谱法,在单因素试验基础上结合响应面法对尿素包合纯化的亚油酸纯度和得率进行分析,并进行抗氧化活性分析。结果表明:纯化亚油酸的最佳工艺条件为尿素/混合脂肪酸质量比2:1、包合温度-5℃、包合时间10 h,在此条件下亚油酸纯度为87.952%、得率为87.951%,并且对DPPH和ABTS⁺自由基具有一定的清除效果。     

尿素包合法富集苦瓜籽油中α-桐酸的工艺优化北大核心CSCD

以超临界CO;萃取的苦瓜籽油为原料,经皂化酸解法制得混合脂肪酸,再采用尿素包合法富集其中的α-桐酸。在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验对富集工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,α-桐酸的最佳富集工艺条件为:采用95%乙醇作为尿素溶剂,混合脂肪酸与尿素质量比1∶3,尿素与95%乙醇质量比1∶5,包合温度4℃,包合时间24 h。在最佳工艺条件下,α-桐酸纯度从苦瓜籽油中的28.83%提高至60.03%,产物中共轭亚麻酸相对含量达到71.28%。     

Short communication: Eicosatrienoic acid and docosatrienoic acid do not promote vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures

Previous research found that docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) was a component of fish oil that promotes trans-C18:1 accumulation in ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. The objective of this study was to determine if eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3n-3), n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, promote accumulation of trans-C18:1, vaccenic acid (VA) in particular, using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 (ETA), control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 (DTA), control plus 15 mg of linoleic acid (LA), control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (ETALA), and control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (DTALA). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the concentrations of trans-C18:1 (0.87, 0.88, and 0.99 mg/culture), and VA (0.52, 0.56, and 0.62 mg/culture) were similar for the control, ETA, and DTA cultures, respectively. The concentrations of trans-C18:1 (5.51, 5.41, and 5.36 mg/culture), and VA (4.78, 4.62, and 4.59 mg/culture) were also similar between LA, ETALA, and DTALA cultures, respectively. These data suggest that C20:3n-3 and C22:3n-3 are not the active components in fish oil that promote VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.     

Effects of abomasal infusions of fatty acids and 1-carbon donors on apparent fatty acid digestibility and incorporation into milk fat in cows

Our primary objective was to determine the effects of the abomasal infusion of 16-carbon (16C) and 22-carbon (22C) fatty acids (FA) on apparent FA digestibility, plasma FA concentrations, and their incorporation into milk fat in cows. Our secondary objective was to study the effects of 1-carbon donors choline and l-serine on these variables. Five rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (214 ± 4.9 d in milk; 3.2 ± 1.1 parity) were enrolled in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment with experimental periods lasting 6 d. Abomasal infusates consisted of (1) palmitic acid (PA; 98% 16:0 of total fat), (2) PA + choline chloride (PA+CC; 50 g/d of choline chloride), (3) PA + l-serine (PA+S; 170 g/d of l-serine), (4) behenic acid (BA; 92% 22:0 of total fat), and (5) docosahexaenoic acid algal oil (DHA; 47.5% DHA of total fat). Emulsions were formulated to provide 301 g/d of total FA and were balanced to provide a minimum of 40 and 19 g/d of 16:0 and glycerol, respectively, to match the content found in the infused algal oil. Apparent digestibility of FA was highest in DHA, intermediate in PA, and lowest in BA. Digestibility of 16C FA was lowest in BA and highest in PA. The digestibility of 22C FA was highest in DHA relative to BA (99 vs. 58%), whereas 1-carbon donors had no effect on 22C FA digestibility. Plasma 16C FA concentrations were greatest with PA treatment, and 22C FA concentrations were ~3-fold greater in DHA-treated cows relative to all other treatments. Milk fat 16:0 content was highest in PA relative to BA and DHA (e.g., 37 vs. 27% in PA and DHA), whereas the milk yield of 16:0 was higher in PA relative to DHA (i.e., 454 vs. 235 g/d). Similarly, milk 22:0 content and yield were ~10-fold higher in BA relative to all other treatments, whereas DHA treatment resulted in higher content and yield of 22:6 in milk fat relative to all other treatments (41- and 38-fold higher, respectively). Consequently, the content of FA >16C (i.e., preformed) was higher in milk fat from cows infused with BA and DHA relative to PA. De novo FA content in milk did not differ between PA, PA+CC, and PA+S (~16% of milk fat) but was higher in BA and DHA treatments (19 and 21%, respectively). We conclude that FA carbon chain length and degree of saturation affected FA digestibility and availability for absorption as well as their incorporation into milk fat. The abomasal infusion of choline chloride and l-serine did not modify these variables relative to infusing palmitic acid alone.     

Determination of ethanol,volatile fatty acids,lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography

A rapid and simple quantitative method was developed to determine, by gas chromatography, the concentrations in fermentation liquids of ethanol, the C₂-C₆ volatile fatty acids, and lactic and succinic acids. Aqueous samples were acidified with 250μlml^?1 metaphosphoric acid (5:1 ratio), centrifuged, and injected directly on to a column containing a porous aromatic polymer (Chromosorb 101) maintained at 200°C in a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionisation detector. It was unnecessary to purify samples further before injection, although distillation and ion-exchange methods were examined. Derivatisation of lactic and succinic acids before injection was not necessary, but the lowest level of detection of these two relatively non-volatile acids was about four times greater than that for the volatile fatty acids. The method described was suitable for the analysis of rumen fluid, methane digester fluid, silage extracts and other anaerobic fermentation fluids. The relative retention times are given for 23 organic acids and six other fermentation end-products.     

奶粉脂肪酸与乳制品风味关系研究

用气质（GC—MS）联用色谱分析了11个商业奶粉样品的脂肪酸组成以及含量,每个样品均检测到了28种脂肪酸,在表现奶粉风味的4个呈味脂肪酸,也即辛酸、己酸、壬酸和葵酸中只检测到了辛酸和葵酸。辛酸和葵酸含量在进口奶粉中普遍高于国产奶粉。国产奶粉中辛酸和葵酸的含量以2号最好,3号其次。亚油酸含量在国产奶粉中普遍高于进口奶粉。     

气相色谱法同时快速测定食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸及脱氢乙酸

通过液液萃取净化样品研究,建立了食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、脱氢乙酸及其盐含量气相色谱同时快速测定方法,适用于固体非酯(脂)类食品的检测。结果表明:丙酸的回收率在85.1%~91.3%之间,其余3种防腐剂的回收率均在95.2%~99.4%之间;实验室内变异系数(CV,n=6)最大值≤4.7%,4种防腐剂检出限均在0.002 g/kg以下。4种目标物在有杂质干扰时,可用不同的极性毛细管柱做进一步的确认。本方法具有适用范围广、检测效率高、重现性好、准确度高、检出限低的特点,推广应用对我国食品安全的监督检验具有重要的意义。     

酸味酿造产品中三酸比例评析

酸味酿造产品中乳酸、醋酸、丁酸共存,但比例不同形成的酸味特征也不同。控制不同的环境条件,创造出不同的微生物区系,形成不同的三酸比例,才能形成不同的产品风格。该文对常见的酸味酿造产品中微生物区系的变化及三酸含量进行了分析。     

杂多酸催化合成辛酸蔗糖酯

以蔗糖、辛酸为原料,杂多酸为催化剂合成辛酸蔗糖酯。用L16(45)正交设计优化实验,高效液相色谱法分析反应液组成。考察了催化剂种类和用量、反应温度、原料配比、反应时间等因素对辛酸蔗糖酯产率的影响,发现以二甲基亚砜为溶剂、蔗糖与辛酸摩尔比1∶9、磷钨酸用量为蔗糖质量的2.0%、110℃反应时间6h,蔗糖转化率达60%,产物产要是二酯。动力学研究发现,蔗糖反应级数为一级,反应表观速率常数为0.0059min-1(90℃)、0.0117min-1(110℃),反应表观活化能Ea=39.57kJ/mol。     

气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中的5种 不饱和脂肪酸

目的建立气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)的含量。方法样品先采用氢氧化钾甲醇溶液进行皂化处理,再用三氟化硼甲醇溶液甲酯化,经HP-FFAP色谱柱(30m×0.53 mm,1.0μm)分离测定。结果 EPA甲酯、DHA甲酯、DPA甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、α-亚麻酸甲酯分别在0.03927~1.178、0.04200~1.260、0.03449~1.035、0.08368~1.255、0.08482~4.241 mg/mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.999;检出限分别为0.0039、0.0042、0.0034、0.0042、0.0042 mg/mL;加标回收率在91.1%~109.3%之间,相对标准偏差均小于5%。结论该方法操作简单快捷,适用于保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、EPA、DPA和DHA的测定。     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。     

Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 as Affected by Organic Acids

The influence of different acids on the aerobic growth kinetics of Aeromonas hydrophila was studied in BHI broth with 0.5 and 2.0% NaCl incubated at 5 and 19°C. Growth curve data were analyzed by the Gompertz equation and a nonlinear regression program; generation and lag times were calculated from the Gompertz parameters. Type of acid, pH, NaCl level and temperature influenced lag and generation times. The organic acids (acetic, lactic, citric and tartaric) inhibited growth at higher pH values than inorganic acids (HCl and H₂SO₄). The high NaCl level interacted with type of acid and pH to restrict growth of the organism at the lower temperature of incubation. Acetic and lactic acids were effective in controlling the growth of A. hydrophila and could readily be combined with low holding temperature to render foods free of the organism.