低剂量酒精摄入对不同性别2型糖尿病小鼠的影响

为探究低剂量酒精摄入对不同性别2型糖尿病（T2DM）小鼠影响的差异性及可能机制,采用链脲佐菌素（STZ）处理高脂高糖饲料喂养的小鼠构建T2DM模型,以灌胃200 mg/（kg·d）二甲双胍的T2DM小鼠为阳性对照,连续灌胃低剂量酒精（0.033 mL/d）30 d后,测定不同性别小鼠的糖脂代谢相关指标和胰腺组织氧化应激水平,并观察胰腺组织中胰岛的损伤、测定胰岛素的表达情况。结果表明,连续30 d摄入低剂量酒精可加重T2DM雄性小鼠糖脂代谢紊乱及胰腺组织中胰岛损伤,降低胰岛素表达量,上调T2DM雄性小鼠胰腺组织氧化应激水平,但并未对T2DM雌性小鼠产生显著影响,推测胰腺组织氧化应激水平的差异性影响可能是低剂量酒精对不同性别T2DM小鼠产生差异影响的主要机制之一。     

丝胶蛋白逆转Ⅱ型糖尿病的研究进展

自古中医采用家蚕蚕茧治疗糖尿病,近年来研究确定是家蚕蚕茧中的丝胶蛋白(SS)起作用。文章在Ⅱ型糖尿病(T2DM)研究中发现:SS可以促进胰岛信号转导、增加糖降解,促进肝糖原的生成而降低T2DM的血糖水平;改善胰岛素抵抗、提高糖耐量、促进胰岛细胞增殖、提高胰岛素分泌量来逆转胰岛素量能;同时,SS还具有改善脂肪代谢,提高抗氧化能力、降低炎症反应、减轻肝脏损伤、减轻肾脏损伤等逆转身体机能。研究结果表明:SS对T2DM血糖降低、恢复T2DM患者身体机能方面具有显著效果,具有潜在的治疗T2DM价值。     

低剂量摄入不同香型白酒对2型糖尿病小鼠的影响

为探究低剂量摄入不同香型白酒对2型糖尿病（T2DM）小鼠的影响，采用链脲佐菌素注射结合高脂高糖饲料喂养构建T2DM模型小鼠。对T2DM小鼠分别按每日3.17 mL/kg、3.17 mL/kg、3.11 mL/kg进行灌胃52度浓香型白酒、52度清香型白酒、53度酱香型白酒。连续灌胃30 d后，对小鼠糖脂代谢相关指标、肝脏和胰腺组织病理学改变及胰腺组织氧化应激和炎症水平进行测定。结果显示，不同香型白酒可一定程度改善T2DM小鼠糖脂代谢异常，缓解肝脏、胰腺组织损伤；小鼠空腹血糖平均下降了19.79%，胰岛素表达量平均上升了11.93%；小鼠胰腺组织中活性氧、丙二醛、核因子（NF）-κB、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）α、白介素（IL）1β表达量分别平均下降了15.56%、18.25%、17.72%、14.72%、15.83%，谷胱甘肽含量上升了20.29%；但小鼠T2DM症状依然明显，不同香型白酒只在对T2DM小鼠胰腺组织氧化应激的调节作用上显示出一定的差异。说明低剂量摄入不同香型白酒对小鼠T2DM症状改善作用有限，下调胰腺组织氧化应激和炎症水平可能是改善作用的主要机制之一。     

蜂王浆冻干粉对2型糖尿病小鼠糖脂代谢、胰岛素抵抗及血清炎症因子的影响

研究了蜂王浆冻干粉(royal jelly freeze-dried powder,RJP)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)小鼠糖脂代谢、胰岛素抵抗及血清炎症因子的影响。将40只体重和血糖程度相似的T2DM小鼠随机分为4组:2型糖尿病模型组(T2DM组),RJP低、中、高剂量组(80 mg/kg·bw、160 mg/kg·bw、400 mg/kg·bw),每组10只;另设10只健康小鼠作为正常对照组(CON组)。干预28 d后,比较各组小鼠的糖脂相关指标、胰岛素抵抗情况及血清中炎症因子水平。试验结果表明,与CON组相比,T2DM组小鼠空腹血糖(FBG)、甘油三酯(TG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白介细胞素-6 (IL-6)水平及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)显著升高(P0.01),高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)及葡萄糖耐受能力显著降低(P0.01);与T2DM组相比,各RJP剂量组小鼠FBG、HOMA-IR、TG、TNF-α及IL-6水平显著降低(P0.01,P0.05),HDL-C和葡萄糖耐受力得到了改善(P0.01,P0.05)。研究表明RJP可以显著降低2型糖尿病小鼠血糖、血脂水平,改善胰岛素抵抗,降低炎症反应。     

高脂膳食、肠道菌群和胆汁酸代谢与胰岛素抵抗之间关系的研究进展

近些年来，2型糖尿病(T2DM)的患病率逐年上升，2019年全球约有4.17亿名T2DM患者，其中我国T2DM患者高达约1.04亿，这俨然成为严重威胁人类健康和生活品质的重大问题。T2DM主要表现为胰岛素抵抗(IR)，即机体不能对胰岛素产生正常反应的状态。而高脂膳食(HFD)的过量摄入是造成IR的主要诱因。越来越多的研究证明，HFD会导致肠道微生态失衡，进而诱发机体代谢组织产生IR。肠道微生态主要是通过调控机体能量代谢和炎症来调控机体糖脂代谢。随着研究的深入，研究者近期发现，由肠道微生态失衡引起的胆汁酸代谢紊乱，也是导致机体产生胰岛素抵抗的又一重要因素。本文从高脂膳食与胰岛素抵抗、肠道菌群与胰岛素抵抗、"肠道菌群-胆汁酸-胰岛素抵抗"轴等几个方面综述高脂膳食、肠道菌群与胰岛素抵抗之间的相互作用。虽然目前尚无研究证实"高脂膳食-肠道菌群-胆汁酸"在胰岛素抵抗的发生和发展中的因果关系，但是肠道菌群与胆汁酸代谢之间的互相调控关系为胰岛素抵抗及T2DM的防治提供了新思路。     

蒲公英提取物对2型糖尿病大鼠降血糖的作用

采用高脂高糖饲料和链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立2型糖尿病(T2DM)大鼠模型,设置正常组、模型组、蒲公英高剂量组(400 mg/kg)、蒲公英低剂量组(200 mg/kg)、阳性组(150 mg/kg),测定T2DM大鼠空腹血糖值(FBG)、糖耐量水平(OGTT)、胰岛素抵抗(FINS)和胰岛素敏感性(HOMA-IR),以及TC、TG、ALT、AST、SOD、GSH、CAT、MDA相关指标。结果表明,与模型组相比,经蒲公英提取物治疗后的T2DM大鼠的FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR显著降低(P＜0.05),TC、TG、ALT、AST水平极显著降低(P＜0.01),SOD、GSH、CAT极显著增加(P＜0.01),MDA极显著降低(P＜0.01);表明蒲公英提取物可改善T2DM大鼠胰岛素抵抗,提高机体抗氧化水平,改善脂质代谢水平,从而发挥降血糖功效。     

枸杞多糖防治2型糖尿病的机制研究进展

本文总结了枸杞多糖对2型糖尿病的作用,研究表明枸杞多糖能够有效地降低血糖、血脂,促进胰岛素分泌,改善胰岛素抵抗,增加胰岛素敏感性,改善超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛、一氧化氮等氧化应激指标,其作用机制可能与改善糖尿病靶器官胰岛功能有关,比如上调胰岛素受体底物-1、调节糖代谢相关的基因,并且对糖尿病并发症有一定的防治作用。     

槲皮素通过Nrf2通路对糖尿病大鼠胰腺氧化损伤的拮抗作用机制

目的：探讨槲皮素是否通过核因子E2相关因子2（nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2）通路拮抗糖尿病大鼠胰腺氧化损伤。方法：选取SPF级SD大鼠48 只,随机选取10 只大鼠作为正常对照组,其余38 只大鼠饲喂高脂饲料联合注射30 mg/kg mb链脲佐菌素建立2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）模型。以大鼠随机血糖浓度不低于16.7 mmol/L作为造模成功判断标准,按血糖浓度分层将大鼠随机分为T2DM模型组、低剂量槲皮素（L-QU）、高剂量槲皮素（H-QU）干预组,每组10 只,连续灌胃12 周。测定大鼠胰腺组织匀浆液的氧化损伤和抗氧化指标,运用Western Blot、实时定量聚合酶链式反应测定Nrf2、血红素氧合酶1（heme oxygenase 1,HO-1）、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）、NADP(H):醌氧化还原酶1（NADP(H):quinone oxido-reductase 1,NQO1）蛋白及其mRNA表达量。结果：与T2DM模型组相比,低、高剂量槲皮素干预显著降低了大鼠血糖浓度和胰腺丙二醛含量（P＜0.05）,减轻胰岛素抵抗,显著提高超氧化物歧化酶等抗氧化酶活力（P＜0.05）,Nrf2以及下游抗氧化酶HO-1、NQO1的蛋白含量和mRNA表达量均显著上升（P＜0.05）。结论：槲皮素可能是通过激活胰腺组织Nrf2信号通路,上调下游抗氧化酶表达,进而减轻T2DM大鼠胰腺氧化损伤,改善胰岛素抵抗,调节血糖水平,从而发挥防治糖尿病的作用。     

菊花多糖对2型糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用

目的:研究菊花多糖对2型糖尿病(T2DM)大鼠的降血糖作用。方法:利用水提醇沉法对菊花多糖进行提取,高脂高糖饲料饲养大鼠6周后,一次性腹腔注射STZ(30 mg/kg·BW),建立T2DM大鼠模型,试验过程中记录大鼠体重、摄食量、饮水量,每2周测定大鼠空腹血糖值(FBG),试验最后1周进行糖耐量(OGTT)试验,采用Elisa法测定大鼠胰岛素(INS)水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。测定大鼠血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)水平,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)等水平,采用蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western Blot)检测Nrf2、Keap1、HO-1的表达水平。结果:经菊花多糖治疗后,能够缓解T2DM大鼠体重的下降,减少其摄食量和饮水量,提高T2DM大鼠糖耐量,降低大鼠INS及HOMA-IR。能够显著降低T2DM大鼠TC、TG、LDL-C水平(P<0.05),并显著提高HDL-C水平(P<0.05)。T2DM大鼠SOD、GSH、CAT水平有显著提高(P<0.05),MDA水平显著下降(P<0.05)。经菊花多糖治疗后的T2DM大鼠的Nrf2、Keap1、HO-1蛋白水平均趋于正常组的蛋白水平。结论:菊花多糖能够有效改善T2DM大鼠“三多一少”的症状,降低FBG水平,提高OGTT,改善INS水平及HOMA-IR,改善T2DM大鼠异常脂代谢和氧化应激水平,并通过调控Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1通路相关蛋白起到治疗T2DM的作用。     

发酵桦褐孔菌对链脲佐菌素诱导的Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠降血糖作用的影响

通过高脂饮食联合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)的方法建立Ⅱ型糖尿病(type 2diabetes mellitus,T2DM)大鼠模型,探讨发酵桦褐孔菌(fermented Inonotus obliquus,FIO)对T2DM大鼠的血糖、血脂及抗氧化作用的影响。结果表明:与模型组相比较,FIO可显著降低T2DM大鼠的空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、促进肝糖原(hepatic glycogen,HGln)合成、改善胰岛素(insulin,INS)抵抗,使总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、游离脂肪酸(free fatty acids,FFA)、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量显著下降,高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性显著上升。说明FIO能够降低Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠血糖,改善脂质代谢及氧化应激水平。     

Evidences for diabetes and insulin mimetic activity of medicinal plants: Present status and future prospects

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a considerable systemic metabolic disorder to exhibit various metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, mainly hyperglycemia. The global projected estimate of diabetes in 2030 will be about 439 million adults, out of which 300 million expected are of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present knowledge revealed responsible factors, occurrence and mechanism of these factors involved in the DM diseases. Hence, the aim of this review is to address and summarize the causes, plant resources, importance, present status and future programmes for diabetes control. The present review answers the contemporary present questions raised in the scientific field on DM. Two major problems are explained in detail about the autoimmune attack or dysfunction of β-cell and insulin resistance involved for Type 1 and Type 2 DM, respectively. Though there are various approaches to reduce the ill effects of diabetes and its secondary complications, many preferred herbal formulations due to lesser side effects and low cost. For this reason still it is getting increased attention in searching antidiabetic medicinal plants for hot research and to develop targeted medicine. Recurrence of islet autoimmunity lesson from pancreatic islet cell transplantation to cure T1D was outlined. With these highlights, the review summarizes the current knowledge on diabetes occurrence, factors (environmental and genetics), and types (I, II, gestation, and secondary DM), antidiabetic plants, sources for insulin mimetic plant principle compounds and their target mechanism with current and future trusted research areas for controlling of DM.     

纳他霉素对采后蓝莓果实灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)防治

研究单独使用纳他霉素和与维生素C(V_C)复配后使用对蓝莓灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)的防治效果。通过离体培养实验确定 V_C溶液、纳他霉素溶液以及纳他霉素溶液与20 mg/L V_C复配后的最低抑菌浓度;通过活体实验观察发病率、病斑直径、蛋白质含量以及与抗病性相关酶活性的变化,以确定不同溶液对蓝莓灰霉病的抑制效果。实验结果表明:单独使用纳他霉素处理和与20 mg/L V_C复配溶液复配处理对3μL 5×106 CFU/mL的蓝莓灰霉病菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为1和0.5 mg/L,而单独使用V_C处理的抑菌效果不明显,说明纳他霉素与V_C复配使用可有效降低纳他霉素使用量,提升作用效果;同时纳他霉素复配溶液可有效提升蓝莓抗菌能力,以30 mg/L纳他霉素复配液处理效果最好。     

Characteristics of cytokine and hormone status in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 during alimentary exposure

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a main noninfectious disease, making significant influence on patients quality of life and life time. The medico-social role of diabetes is defined by wide prevalence of a disease in population and high risk of development of incapacitating complications. Therefore, considerable efforts of modern medicine focused on the study of etio-pathogenetic mechanism and the possibility of dietetic correction in this disease. In this review discusses efficacy of dietary therapy in type 2 diabetes, the role of insulin-like growth 1 (IGF-1)/insulin of pathogenesis microvascular complications. The role of inflammation in the development of microvascular complications, in the first place cytokines, act on the insulin signal pathway and affect the intracellular inflammatory kinase cascade was shown. Also, it is shown that adipose tissue inflammation modulates B-cell function and promotes progressive reduction of insulin secretion. When blood glucose levels are elevated, Glucagon-like peptide--1 stimulates insulin secretion, decrease glucagon secretion, improve B-cell function, and slows gastric emptying. It determines the necessity of fulfillment of further researches of cellular and humoral immunity in diabetes mellitus and the development of personal methods in prevention and treatment of this disease.     

The Role of Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products in Metabolic Dysfunction

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a heterogeneous group of molecules produced, non‐enzymatically, from the interaction between reducing sugars and the free amino groups of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. AGEs are formed as a normal consequence of metabolism but can also be absorbed from the diet. They have been widely implicated in the complications of diabetes affecting cardiovascular health, the nervous system, eyes, and kidneys. Increased levels of AGEs are also detrimental to metabolic health and may contribute to the metabolic abnormalities induced by the Western diet, which is high in processed foods and represents a significant source of AGEs. While increased AGE levels are a consequence of diabetic hyperglycaemia, AGEs themselves activate signaling pathways, which compromise insulin signaling and pancreatic β‐cell function, thus, contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Furthermore, AGEs may also contribute to the obesogenic effects of the Western diet by promoting hypothalamic inflammation and disrupting the central control of energy balance. Here, the role of dietary AGEs in metabolic dysfunction is reviewed with a focus on the mechanisms underpinning their detrimental role in insulin resistance, pancreatic β‐cell dysfunction, hypothalamic control of energy balance, and the pathogenesis of T2DM and obesity.     

四种茶饮料中茶多酚、游离氨基酸及维生素C含量分析及稳定性评价

本文检测了四种代表性市售茶饮料中的茶多酚、游离氨基酸和维生素C的含量,并研究茶饮料在室温未拆封持续贮藏5个月稳定性和拆封后室温下96 h内各指标变化。结果表明,除原叶绿茶中茶多酚略低于标准GB/T 21733-2008外,其他受试茶饮料各品质成分均符合相关标准,同时在室温未拆封存储条件下,各种茶饮料随储存时间的延长,茶多酚、游离氨基酸和维生素C含量明显下降;其中各样品中茶多酚在存储第3个月(即9月份)含量下降最明显,维生素C含量在存储第1~3个月(即7~9月份)下降较快,存储5个月后,只有调味绿茶中有维生素C检出,而调味红茶、原叶绿茶及原液红茶均未有维生素C检出。茶饮料开封后96 h内茶多酚、游离氨基酸和维生素C含量均明显下降,红茶饮料中维生素C在开封后72 h时只有微量检出,96 h后未有检出。以上结果表明茶饮料不宜长期室温存放,开封后不宜长时间放置。对茶饮料中主要品质成分茶多酚、游离氨基酸和维生素C含量及稳定性进行分析,能够为茶饮料生产、存储及消费提供参考。     

Antioxidant potential of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) in type 2 diabetic mellitus and pre-diabetic individuals

The effect of long-term mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) consumption on the oxidative stress biomarkers of type 2 diabetic mellitus and pre-diabetic individuals was investigated. A 60-day intervention pilot study where 11 T2DM and 11 pre-diabetic volunteers ingested 1 L/day of mate tea was carried out. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH), serum lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) using ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX2), advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and glycaemic and lipid profiles were assessed at baseline and after 20, 40, and 60 days of intervention. Mate tea consumption promoted a significant increase of GSH concentration and a decrease of LOOH levels in T2DM and pre-diabetic subjects. In addition, GSH concentration was inversely correlated with LOOH in T2DM and pre-diabetic individuals and with AGEs in T2DM subjects. No correlations between glycaemic and lipid profiles with oxidative stress biomarkers were found. Thus, ingestion of mate tea attenuated oxidative stress in T2DM and pre-diabetic subjects, which may prevent diabetes complications.     

魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜对振动胁迫后鲜食葡萄保鲜效果的影响

为研究魔芋葡甘聚糖(Konjac Glucomannan,KGM)涂膜对振动胁迫后鲜食葡萄保鲜效果的影响,选取3种不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖(1、2、3 g/L)对振动后的葡萄(振动强度5 Hz,最大振幅5 cm,振动时间12 h)进行涂膜,比较蒸馏水处理的鲜食葡萄与不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜处理后的鲜食葡萄在室温(25±1)℃储藏期间(10 d)的保鲜效果,主要通过测定品质指标(失重率、腐烂率、硬度、可溶性固形物)、呼吸强度、V_C含量和总酚含量来表现。结果表明:在储藏期间,不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜可不同程度改善鲜食葡萄的保鲜效果,主要体现在减少水分流失,降低失重率(对比对照组,最高可降低35.19%),减缓储藏过程中的软化及腐烂(腐烂率最高降低了29.78%),降低呼吸强度,减少营养物质V_C和总酚的消耗(最高分别减少了53.02%和68.97%)。同时发现2 g/L浓度的魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜处的鲜食葡萄综合保鲜效果最佳,在室温储藏10 d后,失重率21.44%,腐烂率49.35%,硬度323.53 kg/cm2,V_C含量降低23.45%,总酚含量下降17%。为今后鲜食葡萄的保鲜研究提供理论依据。