高能电子束与~(60)Coγ射线对大蒜辐照保鲜效果的比较研究

我国大蒜辐照抑芽工艺规范没有对60Coγ射线和电子束应用的工艺参数做出区分,为明确两者对大蒜抑芽保鲜效果的差异,以60Co产生的γ射线和电子加速器产生的高能电子束,分别对大蒜进行辐照处理,辐照剂量为200、500、800Gy,辐照后置于室温(5～25℃,RH70%～85%)贮藏,并对贮藏期间大蒜内芽生长情况及各生理指标进行测定。结果表明:两种辐照源均能有效抑芽,且相同辐照剂量下,电子束辐照抑芽效果强于60Coγ射线;200Gy和500Gy的两种辐照均能抑制大蒜呼吸作用,延缓质量损失,且对大蒜鳞茎外皮颜色和大蒜风味品质影响不大;而高剂量800Gy的两种辐照则刺激大蒜呼吸增强,失重率升高,大蒜干缩严重。从大蒜营养品质和商业品质的角度综合分析,电子束采用200Gy、60Coγ射线采用500Gy对大蒜的抑芽保鲜效果较好。     

电子束和60Coγ射线辐照对冬枣的保鲜效果

为延长采后冬枣果实的货架期,采用不同剂量（500、800 Gy）的电子束和60Co γ-射线对冬枣进行辐照处理,辐照后置于冷库（温度0±1℃,相对湿度80%~85%）中贮藏54 d,研究了不同辐照处理对贮藏期间冬枣的微生物数量与品质变化的影响。结果表明:两种辐照处理均能有效抑制冬枣腐烂率的增加和微生物的生长,贮藏结束时,对照组冬枣果实的腐烂率已达47.87%,而辐照组冬枣果实的腐烂率在20.97%~25.95%之间,显著低于未辐照组。贮藏前24 d,辐照处理对冬枣的可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量无显著影响,但辐照处理使冬枣的硬度降低,促进了冬枣果皮的转红。贮藏44 d后,辐照处理可以降低果实的呼吸强度。在以上处理中,低剂量500 Gy的两种处理能够维持冬枣较好的贮藏品质。     

电子束辐照对不同品种猕猴桃品质的影响

以4 个品种（‘海沃德’‘徐香’‘华优’‘亚特’）猕猴桃为试材,采用剂量分别为0.4、0.8、1.2 kGy的高能电子束辐照处理,于0～1 ℃、相对湿度90%～95%条件下贮藏,每15 d取样一次,测定电子束辐照处理对果实冷藏期硬度、质量损失率、可溶性固形物质量分数、可滴定酸质量分数、VC含量等品质指标的影响,探究电子束辐照对猕猴桃贮藏品质的影响,为猕猴桃采后保鲜技术提供理论依据。结果表明,电子束辐照处理对维持猕猴桃的贮藏品质有一定积极作用。适宜剂量电子束辐照能抑制猕猴桃贮藏期间果实的质量损失,延缓可滴定酸质量分数的下降,提高类黄酮含量,在贮藏前期提升多酚含量,但硬度、VC含量经辐照后有所降低,且可溶性固形物质量分数升高。相比其他剂量,0.8 kGy电子束辐照能够较好地延缓猕猴桃可溶性固形物质量分数升高和可滴定酸含量降低,提高多酚和类黄酮的含量。整体来看,4 个品种中‘海沃德’‘亚特’更加耐受电子束辐照,且0.4、0.8 kGy剂量的电子束辐照对‘海沃德’‘亚特’的采后贮藏保鲜效果较好,推荐0.4、0.8 kGy为‘海沃德’‘亚特’的采后保鲜辐照剂量。结论：适宜剂量的电子束辐照可以作为提升猕猴桃保鲜效果的有效手段。     

两种辐照方式对灵芝孢子粉灭菌效果及品质影响的比较

作者以破壁灵芝孢子粉为材料,研究了电子束和γ射线两种射线的不同辐照剂量对灵芝孢子粉微生物和品质的影响。结果表明:两种射线辐照对产品微生物和多糖质量分数变化基本一致。电子束和γ射线辐照灵芝孢子粉菌落总数的D_(10)值分别为2.167 k Gy和2.172 k Gy,霉菌与酵母菌的D_(10)值分别为2.646 k Gy和2.452 k Gy;当辐照低于8 k Gy时,电子束和γ射线辐照对灵芝孢子粉的多糖质量分数均无明显影响,而高于8 k Gy时,其多糖质量分数有显著变化。因此,低于8 k Gy的辐照剂量可视为破壁灵芝孢子粉安全辐照剂量。     

低剂量电子束辐照对徐香猕猴桃生理品质与氧化酶的影响

为明确低剂量电子束辐照对徐香猕猴桃采后生理品质以及相关氧化酶的影响。以徐香猕猴桃为试验材料，经0（对照）、200和400 Gy低剂量电子束进行辐照后，于温度0～1℃、相对湿度90%～95%冷库中贮藏，定期测定硬度、失重率、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸、呼吸速率、总叶绿素、维生素C、丙二醛、氧化酶活性指标，研究低剂量电子束对猕猴桃采后贮藏品质的影响。结果表明，低剂量电子束辐照处理可以显著抑制猕猴桃硬度、失重率、可滴定酸及维生素C含量的下降，延缓可溶性固形物含量上升，降低呼吸速率，在贮藏后期有效抑制了叶绿素的分解，减少丙二醛含量的积累。在贮藏期126 d时，200和400 Gy处理组的硬度分别比对照组高58.96%和82.45%，失重率分别比对照组低12.4%和27.27%。同时，不同辐照处理组均能保持较低的多酚氧化酶活性水平，且400 Gy辐照处理组过氧化物酶与过氧化氢酶活性最高峰峰值比对照组高43.63%和21.36%。综合认为，低剂量电子束辐照可以通过影响猕猴桃采后贮藏生理品质和氧化酶活性来延缓果实衰老，从而达到猕猴桃保鲜的目的，且400 Gy剂量电子束辐照组效果最好。该研究为低剂量电...     

高能电子束辐照对草莓常温贮藏品质的影响

为提高草莓采后品质和延长保鲜时间,促进电子加速器在鲜活农产品保鲜方面的研究和应用,文中研究了0.5、2.0、3.5和5.0kGy不同剂量电子束辐照处理对丰香草莓常温贮藏性状的影响及微生物控制效果。结果显示:电子束辐照后常温(18-20℃)贮藏期间,2.0-3.5kGy辐照处理能够有效控制微生物的生长,使草莓保鲜期延长了2-6d(腐烂指数<0.3),且3.5kGy辐照对果实硬度、水分、糖、酸及Vc等贮藏品质的保持效果较好。5.0kGy辐照虽然能够有效抑制微生物的生长,但是对草莓营养品质有一定负面影响,可作为电子束辐照草莓的最高极限剂量。     

辐照对烧鸡贮藏期品质的影响

以真空包装的烧鸡为材料,研究电子束辐照处理对烧鸡品质的影响,辐照剂量为0、2、4、6、10 k Gy。经辐照后,在37℃恒温培养箱贮藏0~25 d,研究不同辐照剂量下,烧鸡随不同贮藏时间(0、5、10、15、20、25 d)感官指标与品质的变化。结果表明:(1)贮藏期间,辐照烧鸡的菌落总数、硫代巴比妥酸值反应值(TBARS)、p H值随辐照剂量的增加而降低;硬度、咀嚼性随剂量的增加而增加,且辐照组各项指标优于对照组。(2)在贮藏25 d时,2、4 k Gy辐照处理组菌落总数超出国家卫生标准8 000 cfu/g,而6、10 k Gy处理组仍在国家允许范围内,且辐照剂量越高,其杀菌效果越好。(3)结合辐照对烧鸡菌落总数及感官评分的影响,辐照剂量以6 k Gy为宜、在37℃恒温培养条件下烧鸡的保质期由对照组的不到10 d延长到25 d。由此可见,辐照能改善烧鸡的贮藏品质,杀菌效果显著,可为辐照保鲜烧鸡提供理论依据。     

60Coγ射线辐照对板栗果影响效应的研究

60Coγ射线辐照能有效地控制板栗果的生虫和发芽，杀虫适宜剂量为800Gy，抑制发芽的适宜剂量为250Gy。低剂量辐照有利于板栗果的安全贮藏，而中、高剂量辐照则不利于板栗果的安全贮藏。     

低剂量~（60）Coγ射线辐照处理影响贮藏期鲜香菇保鲜效果

此项目研究低剂量60Coγ射线辐照处理对鲜香菇保鲜效果的影响。新鲜香菇分别使用0、1、1.5、2k Gy剂量进行辐照处理之后,贮藏于4±1℃、湿度为80±5%的环境,并对其微生物含量、组织硬度、色泽和相关的内源酶活性,例如,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、纤维素酶、几丁质酶品质指标进行测定。结果表明:1 kGy的照射剂量显着延迟(4~8 d)果实体软化和褐变的发生。在贮藏过程中,1 KGy照射剂量可以控制抗氧化系统中酶活性的降低,减少纤维素和几丁质的积累,并抑制蘑菇的老化。因此,1 KGy的60Coγ射线辐照能较好的保持香菇的品质特性,达到保鲜的效果。照射剂量在1.5k Gy以上会加快鲜香菇品质劣变。     

60Co-γ射线和电子束辐照对红碎茶杀菌效果与品质的影响

采用不同剂量的^(60 )Co-γ射线和电子束辐照红碎茶,分析其对红碎茶中微生物、品质成分和感官品质的影响。结果表明,2种辐照方式均能有效抑制红碎茶中微生物污染情况,^(60 )Co-γ射线和电子束辐照红碎茶菌落总数D₁₀值分别为1.70,2.66kGy,^(60 )Co-γ射线对红碎茶的杀菌能力强于电子束辐照。2种辐照方式不会对红碎茶水浸出物和氨基酸产生明显影响,但能引起茶多酚和咖啡碱含量减少,可溶性糖含量增加,且电子束辐照对茶多酚、咖啡碱和可溶性糖的影响大于^(60 )Co-γ射线辐照的;^(60 )Co-γ射线辐照后红碎茶灰分含量增加,电子束辐照后红碎茶灰分含量无明显变化,^(60 )Co-γ射线对红碎茶的灰分含量影响强于电子束辐照;2种辐照方式对红碎茶感官品质均有一定提升。综上,^(60 )Co-γ射线和电子束辐照对红碎茶卫生品质的影响存在一定差异性。     

The effects of herbal pre-seasoning on microbial and oxidative changes in irradiated beef steaks

This study was undertaken to examine the effects of electron beam (e⁻ beam) irradiation, with and without pre-seasoning with ginseng and garlic herbs, on microbial growth and oxidative stability of beef sirloin steaks. All dosages (e.g. 2, 3 and 4 kGy) of e⁻ beam irradiation were effective at reducing the population of psychrotrophic bacteria in beef steaks. A further reduction in psychrotroph count was observed with the pre-seasoning of garlic, in both non-irradiated and irradiated steaks. The use of 3 and 4 kGy irradiation dosages, however, increased lipid oxidation during 4 weeks of storage. Ginseng decreased malondialdehyde concentrations in sirloin steaks more than garlic after e⁻ beam irradiation of meats but had no effect on psychrotroph count. Inhibition of lipid oxidation by ginseng also minimized the discolouration of surface redness on sirloin steaks. The pre-application of garlic to irradiated steaks resulted in a lower hardness value and relative moisture loss. Electron beam irradiation, after pre-seasoning with ginseng or garlic, was shown to enhance the quality of beef sirloin steaks.     

Effects of Gamma Irradiation Dose and Timing of Treatment after Harvest on the Storeability of Garlic Bulbs

The effect of gamma irradiation dose and time of treatment after harvest on the storage of garlic bulbs was investigated. The effectiveness of irradiation for external sprout inhibition was not affected by the treatment time within 45 days after harvest. At 285 days after harvest, irradiation of 50 - 150 Gy caused about 6% less decrease in weight loss compared with the unirradiated group, and spoilage rates of the unirradiated and irradiated cloves were 100% and 17 - 20%, respectively. For the overall storageability of garlic bulbs, 75 Gy was shown to be the minimal optimum dose, and there was no apparent effect depending upon the time of irradiation treatment after harvest.     

Evaluation of ethereal extracts of irradiated garlic

The present work describes the results of a comparative study on ethereal extracts of ‘red’ garlic bulbs, both in control samples and samples irradiated with 50 Gy of ⁶⁰Co gamma rays for sprout inhibition. The evaluations were carried out by both gas-liquid chromatography and visible and infra-red spectroscopy.During 180 days' storage post-treatment in a commercial warehouse (Temperature: 6–32°C, RH: 58–86%) no appreciable changes were detected in gas-liquid chromatograms between control and irradiated samples. Neither were any differences in spectral character in the visible and infra-red ranges observed between the two types of samples maintained under similar storage conditions for 90 days after irradiation.     

Seed Viability and Functional Properties of Broccoli Sprouts during Germination and Postharvest Storage as Affected by Irradiation of Seeds

ABSTRACT:  The viability of broccoli seeds and functional properties, such as ascorbic acid, carotenoid, chlorophyll, and total phenol contents, of broccoli sprouts grown from irradiated seeds were evaluated. The seeds were irradiated using electron beam and gamma ray at doses up to 8 kGy. High germination percentages (>90%) were observed in seeds irradiated at ≤4 kGy, but the yield ratio and sprout length decreased with increased irradiation dose. Irradiation at ≥6 kGy resulted in curling of the sprout roots. Germinated seeds contained higher amounts of nutrients than raw seeds but the nutritional quality of sprouts decreased during postharvest storage. Radiation treatment hampered the growth of irradiated seeds resulting in underdeveloped sprouts with decreased ascorbic acid, carotenoid, and chlorophyll contents. In addition, the decrease in functional content of sprouts was more substantial in samples grown from high-dose (5 kGy) irradiated seeds than that of the low-dose (1 kGy) treated ones. Seed irradiation did not negatively affect the total phenol content of sprouts. In general, electron beam and gamma irradiation of broccoli seeds showed similar effects on the viability and functional properties of sprouts.     

高能电子束辐照对猕猴桃细胞壁降解相关酶活性和基因表达的影响

以‘海沃德’猕猴桃为试材,经剂量0（对照）、300、400和500 Gy高能电子束辐照后,于0~1 ℃、RH 90%~95%冷库中贮藏90 d,研究电子束辐照对果实硬度、细胞壁组分、软化相关酶活性及其基因表达量的影响。结果表明:高能电子束辐照显著维持了果实的硬度,有效抑制了细胞壁骨架物质原果胶和纤维素的分解,延迟了果实后熟软化。同时,辐照抑制了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（polygalacturonase,PG）、果胶甲酯酶（pectin methylesterase,PME）、β-半乳糖苷酶（β-D-galaetosidase,β-Gal）和纤维素酶（cellulase,Cx）的活性,降低了PG、PME、β-Gal和Cx编码基因的表达。综合认为,以400 Gy高能电子束辐照对抑制细胞壁降解相关酶活性及基因表达,保持细胞结构的完整性,维持贮藏期间果实硬度效果最好。研究结果为高能电子束用于猕猴桃采后保鲜提供理论依据。     

电子束辐照对蟹肉嗅感及其关键气味物质的影响

为分析电子束辐照对蟹肉嗅感的影响及利用电子束辐照技术消减蟹肉过敏性提供依据。研究1、3、5、7、9?kGy电子束辐照对细点圆趾蟹蟹肉感官、挥发性风味及相对气味活度值的影响。结果发现,辐照后蟹肉嗅感有一定变化,感官评分随辐照剂量的增加而有所降低;电子鼻分析结果显示,1、3、5?kGy组蟹肉的嗅感变化不显著,7、9?kGy组蟹肉的嗅感变化显著;经1、3、5、7、9?kGy剂量辐照,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪鉴定到的蟹肉挥发性风味成分的种数由对照组的55?种分别增至60、57、62、60?种和58?种,但辐照对蟹肉中起关键和有修饰作用的气味物质的种类基本没有影响。总之,经5?kGy及以下剂量辐照,蟹肉能较好地保持其原有嗅感,7?kGy和9?kGy辐照会导致轻微异味的产生。     

Germination test for identification of irradiated garlic

Ionising radiation can be used to inhibit the sprouting of garlic. This study investigates whether a simple germination test can be used to detect irradiated garlic. The results show that the germination test can be used as a detection method for garlic irradiated in the dormancy period. Detection is even reliable for samples treated with 25 Gy. For garlic irradiated after the dormancy period the germination test does not function properly. However, in this case the sprout-inhibiting effect of irradiation is also inadequate. For some samples, standard detection methods such as thermoluminescence, electron spin resonance and photostimulated luminescence were also applied. Whereas thermoluminescence measurements unequivocally proved the radiation treatment, electron spin resonance and photostimulated luminescence were not conclusive.     

利用GC-MS检测辐照猪肉中挥发性碳氢化合物

为建立我国含脂食品辐照鉴定方法提供技术支持,以60Co-γ射线为辐照源,采用不同剂量(1、3、5、7kGy)辐照猪肉,对辐照后的猪肉进行索氏提取脂肪,固相萃取净化所提油脂,去除其中的色素和脂肪。氮气吹干碳氢化合物滤液,并用正己烷定容到1mL。用GC-MS 检测收集液中的挥发性碳氢化合物的种类和含量。结果表明：辐照后猪肉中的碳氢化合物的种类比辐照之前多了两种,它们分别为C16:2 和C17:1,而且它们的峰强度随着辐照剂量的增加而提高;另外,空白样品中各种脂肪酸含量的高低对碳氢化合物的含量也有影响。     

Survival of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Salmonella typhimurium after electron beam and gamma irradiation of refrigerated beef

The radurization effects of gamma ray and electron beam irradiation at 1.5 and 3.0 kGy on beef steaks inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium and Pseudomonas fluorescens were investigated during 8 days of storage at 5 degrees C. Total bacterial counts and numbers of Salmonella Typhimurium and P. fluorescens were analyzed at 2-day intervals. Total bacterial counts of samples irradiated by both gamma rays and electron beam were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 3.8 to 5.3 log CFU/g. Salmonella Typhimurium was not detectable during the experimental period. P. fluorescens counts of beef samples irradiated by gamma rays at both 1.5 and 3.0 kGy were not detected; however, P. fluorescens in samples irradiated by electron beam at 1.5 and 3.0 kGy was recovered after 2 days, and bacterial counts reached 7.8 and 6.9 log CFU/g, respectively. Both gamma ray and electron beam irradiation reduced total bacterial counts initially, possibly extending shelf life. Irradiation was very effective in destroying Salmonella Typhimurium; however, P. fluorescens was not completely eliminated by electron beam irradiation. Consequently, gamma ray irradiation was more effective than electron beam irradiation in the destruction of P. fluorescens.