34—A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE DESIGN OF THE YARN-WITHDRAWAL TUBE ON THE DIAMETER AND HAIRINESS OF OPEN-END-SPUN ACRYLIC-FIBRE YARNS

An investigation is reported in which factorial experiments were conducted to study the influence of the design of the yarn-withdrawal tube (or nozzle) on the diameter and hairiness of open-end-spun acrylic-fibre yarns. Three nozzle types, combined with three values of yarn linear density and five values of twist multiplier, were studied for four different (but equal-diameter) rotor types. lt is shown that the nozzle type has very little influence on yarn diameter but has a more significant effect on yarn-hairiness parameters. As the nozzle diameter increases, yarn hairiness also tends to increase, but, when the nozzle is grooved, an interaction is produced between yarn friction and the false twist generated that leads to a yarn that is less hairy when tested on the Digital ITQT Hairiness Meter. The principle of measurement of the apparatus used can lead to different results and trends when applied to this problem.     

33—THE STRENGTH OF COTTON FIBRES AND THE DEGREE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECONDARY WALL

A comparative analysis of two methods of determination of the maturity of cotton fibre is reported. One consisted in comparing fibres with reference drawings and the other in using the polarizing microscope. The relationship between the degree of development of the secondary wall determined by these methods and the strength of cotton as one of its most important physical properties was also taken into consideration.

The degree of correlation between the methods discussed and between the results obtained with them and the breaking load was found.

It was also ascertained that the degree of maturity was not the same throughout the length of the fibre. It increased from the base to the tip of the fibre.     

10—THE USE OF FLUORESCENT STAINS FOR THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL FIBRES

An account is given of the use of fluorescence microscopy for the study of the structure of various animal fibres. Sections of wool, mohair, llama, cow-tail, and horse-tail fibres, which were either untreated or had had some chemical treatment, were stained with fluorescent stains; much more detail was shown by this technique than by other staining methods. Basic dyes (acridine orange, rhodamine B, rhodamine 3GO, and thioflavine T) stained the orthocortex and acid dyes (uranin and geranine G) the paracortex.     

39—THE DETERMINATION OF THE LATERAL-COMPRESSION MODULUS OF FIBRES

An account is given of the measurement of the transverse deformation of fibres under various loads acting normal to the fibre longitudinal axis by a technique in which fibres are interleaved between glass plates in a vertical stack. Graphs of transverse load against compression are plotted for nylon, acrylic, and viscose rayon fibres under both air-dry and wet conditions.

An expression for the transverse deformation in terms of the applied load is proposed and used to calculate the lateral-compression moduli of the various fibres. The results show that, laterally, nylon fibres in both wet and dry states have the highest modulus and that acrylic fibres appear to be least affected by immersion in water. Viscose rayon fibres are most affected by water and experience a reduction in modulus by a factor of about 20.     

29—THE MEASUREMENT OF THE LENGTH-TO-DIAMETER RATIO OF SHORT SNIPPETS OF WOOL

An expression relating the length-to-diameter ratio of circular cylinders to the over-all volume that a random assembly of a given quantity of cylinders takes up is derived for variable length and variable diameter of a snippet. The results of experimental determinations are shown to correlate well with these theoretical considerations. The formula was checked for wool fibres with diameters in the range 20–30 μm and for snippet lengths from 0.2 to 2 mm.     

17—THE PREDICTION OF THE COMMERCIAL CARBONIZING YIELD OF WOOL

An investigation is reported in which the core-test yield was compared with the achieved mill yield for 90 commercial batches of Australian wool. Eight Australian mills participated in the trial. It was found that the wool base of the greasy wool (B _g%) was directly proportional to the achieved mill yield. The carbonizing loss, which was on the average 3.05% (on an oven-dry basis), was negatively correlated with the vegetable-matter base of the greasy wool (VMB _g%. The most precise prediction of the achieved mill yield was given by the equation:

ECCY% = 1.1972 B _g% + 0.1616 VMB _g% ? 5.12,

where ECCY% is the estimated commercial carbonizing yield. For the 90 batches in the trial, the standard error of the prediction was 1.95%.     

28—THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF WOOL CONTAINING AN ADDITIVE AND THE HEAT OF FUSION OF THE ABSORBED WATER

Specific-heat values are presented, in the temperature range from ?70 to 100°C, for a modified wool at various water contents. The modification was analogous to a dyeing process and involved the uptake of 14% of an additive by the wool. As for untreated wool, an endothermic peak resulting from the fusion of absorbed water was found in the range from ?30 to 0°C. The absorbed water exhibits a sub-division into freezable and non-freezable fractions. Heats of fusion of freezable absorbed water are given and compared with corresponding results for untreated wool. The integral heat of fusion at saturation water content is much less for treated than for untreated wool, as is the amount of freezable water. It appears that the treatment causes the exclusion of a considerable quantity of loosely held water. This is in accord with the concept, derived from Flory–Huggins solution theory, that one effect of the additive is to swell the wool fibres and thereby cause a greater resistance to further swelling at a given water content.     

49—THE EFFECT OF THE RELATIVE BEHAVIOUR OF BLEND COMPONENTS IN DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE OF WOOL CARPET YARNS

An account is given of the use of a tracer-fibre technique to investigate the configuration, the mean radial position, and the contribution to hairiness of various typical blend components in purewool carpet yarns produced on three different spinning systems. Tracer fibres selected to represent the components of an ‘unimproved’ fleece were found to behave differently during spinning, both from each other, and from tracer fibres selected from ‘improved’ fleeces. The choice of spinning method (woollen, open-end, or semi-worsted) was found to have most effect on the arrangement of fibres near the surface of the yarns.     

43—THE AIR-FLOW DIAMETER OF WOOL TOPS: THE EFFECT OF COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION

Differences between the results obtained for the fineness of wool tops measured by air-flow and projection-microscope methods can arise because the coefficient of variation of the measured top is different from that of the tops used to calibrate the air-flow meter. The validity of some assumptions implicit in the air-flow calibration is examined and a correction table for precise use of the air-flow meter calculated. The corrections range from ?2% at 16 μm to zero at 36μm.     

18—THE EFFECT OF HUMIDITY ON THE PHOTOTENDERING OF UNDYED FIBRES

Various undyed textile fibres exposed to the Light-fastness Tester under different humidity conditions are shown to lose tensile strength to different degrees; poly(vinyl alcohol) fibre, viscose, nylon, and cotton are found to be very sensitive to changes in humidity, whereas Orion acrylic fibre and Terylene polyester fibre are the least sensitive materials among those tested.     

53—THE APPLICATION OF RADIO-TELEMETRY TO THE MEASUREMENT OF WEFT TENSION DURING THE WEAVING CYCLE

A set of criteria is presented for the continuous monitoring of weft tension under dynamic weaving conditions on a conventional shuttle loom. A radio-telemetry system is developed that is designed for the direct measurement of weft tension within the shuttle itself. Components of the system that are described include the transducer, transmitter and amplifier, power supply, switchgear, and aerial; the assembly of these components within the shuttle and the relay of weft-tension traces to an external receiver and recording device are also discussed. The performance characteristics of the monitoring system are studied, and a typical trace of weft tension is related to the action of the various weaving mechanisms on a conventional loom.     

25—THE STRUCTURAL DEPENDENCE OF SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON OF THE GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM SPECIES

The structure, physical characteristics, and mechanical properties of 24 varieties of the Gossypium hirsutum species are reported. It is shown that the average crystallite orientation is a good index of fibre properties. Analysis of the mechanical data in terms of two single-phase structural models indicates that the intrinsic stiffness of the crystallites in the longitudinal and lateral directions is different for different varieties.     

34—THE CONTROL OF THE SHAPE AND DIMENSIONS OF KNITTED WOOL FABRICS

An account is given of an investigation of the use of steam treatments as a means of controlling the shape and dimensions of plain-knitted wool fabrics, firstly by allowing the fabric to relax towards its dimensionally stable state during steaming and secondly by steam-setting the fabric while it is held at a predetermined width. This steam-setting procedure is compared with two permanent-setting treatments for wool—a chemical-setting treatment and setting in boiling water.

Of the two methods of producing a dimensionally stable fabric, namely, by relaxation and by setting, the relaxation method is by far the more effective. The most important result of this work is that knitted wool fabrics—whether unset, steam-set, or permanently set—will always approach their completely relaxed shape and dimensions after only a couple of minutes' gentle agitation in water. It is concluded that conventional methods of shaping knitted wool fabrics and garments, which rely principally on steam-setting the fabric or garment to a size and shape different from its relaxed size and shape, are not likely to produce garments that have good dimensional stability and good shape-retention properties.

The ineffectiveness of permanent-setting agents in producing dimensionally stable knitted garments is contrasted with the relative effectiveness of these agents in producing pleats and permanent creases in wool cloths. This difference in behaviour is explained in terms of the different levels of individual fibre strains involved.     

THE COMBINATORY TECHNOLOGY OF NEURALNETWORKSANDFUZZYCONTROLISAPPLIEDTOWASHINGMACHINE

神经元网络与模糊控制融合一体的控制技术是智能控制的一种新模式，是模糊控制技术的一种发展趋势．模糊控制技术是以模糊数学为工具，将控制专家知识或操作技师的经验模拟下来，用模糊推理法则的形式，通过计算软件体现出来，但“法则”本身，带有一定的局限性，执行过程有些“教条”．神经元网络具有自学习、自组织功能，但缺乏专家的控制知识．将两者融合起来，各取其长，这在技术上是可行的．引用“神经模糊控制洗衣机”研究成果，阐述了神经元网络与模糊控制技术的融合手法和洗衣机“神经模糊控制器”的设计思想     

30—AN APPLICATION OF MINI-COMPUTERS TO THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE OPEN-END-SPINNING PROCESS PART V: THE EFFECT OF SUPPRESSING ONE DRAWFRAME PASSAGE IN THE OPEN-END PROCESSING OF ACRYLIC FIBRES

The optimization of the opening-roller speed in open-end spinning is studied for a given type of fibre, and the effect on the yarn properties of suppressing one drawframe passage is considered. The experiments carried out with acrylic fibre show the existence of an optimum zone for the speed of the opening roller and also indicate that the suppression of a drawframe passage in the normal industrial process leads to a drop in yarn quality that principally affects the regularity and influences both the tenacity and the elongation at break of the yarn to a less extent.     

44—THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE BILATERAL STRUCTURE OF WOOL TO HYGRAL EXPANSION

Measurements are reported of the hygral expansion of yarns extracted from permanently set fabrics made from merino and Lincoln wools. For yarns having similar crimp, the hygral expansion of merino-wool yarn is much greater than that of Lincoln-wool yarn. The values in both cases agree with predictions based on single-fibre behaviour. It seems certain that this difference is caused by the presence of a consistent bilateral structure in merino wool, which is absent from Lincoln wool.     

38—THE EFFECT OF FIBRE ARRANGEMENT ON THE INDICATION OF THE AIR-FLOW APPARATUS FOR WOOL FINENESS

The air-flow fineness apparatus, long used in the measurement of the fibre diameter of wool tops, is finding a rapidly growing application in the determination of the fineness of samples of loose wool or corings. It is known that the indication of the instrument is sensitive to the arrangement of fibres in the plug and that a calibration made by using wools in the form of tops cannot be expected to hold for the same wools in a different form.

This paper reports an investigation into the shift in instrument indication produced by subjecting tops to a variety of treatments: cutting, coring, hand- and machine-washing, and passage through the Shirley Analyser. The treatments were applied singly or in certain combinations. In all cases, the treatment produced an apparent increase in mean fibre diameter, i.e., increased air-permeability, the magnitude of the increase rising with mean diameter. The change in apparent diameter is considered to arise from an increase in pore-size distribution in the fibre mass, which is the result of disordering the fibre arrangement. Disordering can be caused by various treatments.

The effect of a steaming treatment on tops was somewhat similar to that produced by the other treatments already mentioned.

The magnitude of the apparent shift in diameter is tabulated for the important cases.     

10—THE VALIDITY OF PRESSURE-CORING FOR ESTIMATION OF THE CONTENT OF NOOGOORA BURR IN WOOL BALES

Experiments are described to establish the validity of samples, for Noogoora-burr determination, taken from wool bales with pressure-coring tools. Coring tools of ¾-in. and larger diameters give unbiassed samples for the determination of both Noogoora burr and burr medic. The ½-in.-diameter tool, although previously shown to give unbiassed samples for the determination of burr medic, is subject to some bias in the sampling of bales containing Noogoora burr.     

9—THE VALIDITY OF PRESSURE-CORING FOR ESTIMATION OF THE CONTENT OF BURR MEDIC IN WOOL BALES

Miniature wool bales of about normal packing density (approximately 16 lb/ft³ on a greasy-wool basis) were constructed from burr-free greasy wool with burr added in such a way that the true over-all burr content was known. These were sampled with a range of pressure-coring tools differing in size. Except when small coring tools were used in bales of high burr content, there was no significant difference between the mean burr content of several core samples from a miniature bale and the true over-all value for that bale. It is concluded that the act of pressure-coring does not distort the burr content of a sample and that the sample is therefore suitable for determination of clean-wool content. The between-core variance of burr content decreases as the size of coring tool increases.