高大平房仓不同熏蒸方式浓度分布研究

本研究通过膜下环流熏蒸、氮气气调、氮气与磷化氢混合熏蒸三种熏蒸方式,来分析在高大平方仓中这三种方式施药后,熏蒸气体的空间浓度分布情况。结果表明,覆膜环流熏蒸仓房底部磷化氢浓度在第3 d达到最大,较常规熏蒸快2～4 d。氮气和磷化氢混合熏蒸在环流6 h后各层粮堆内气体分布基本达到均匀,整个熏蒸过程中磷化氢最低浓度与最高浓度的比值范围为0.37～0.67,氮气浓度始终保持在83%～87%之间。混合熏蒸与膜下环流熏蒸相比,可以减少用药量10.8%;同时,解决了氮气气调对气密性要求严苛以及运营成本高的难题,供粮食仓储企业在实际熏蒸杀虫工作中参考。     

PHFH──Ⅰ型房式仓磷化氢自动环流熏蒸装置试验报告

ＰＨＦＨ──Ⅰ型房式仓磷化氢自动环流熏蒸装置试验报告遂宁市粮食局（６２９０００）廖吉翔近年来，我市修建的５ｍ高仓较多，且大多采用“双低”表层布袋与粮堆探管相结合的施药方法，不但投药点较多、分散，熏蒸人员接触药剂时间较长，而且ｐＨ３气体仅靠粮堆内微气流...     

应用PH_3管道发生器地槽熏蒸试验

应用PH_3管道发生器地槽熏蒸杀虫,较常规熏蒸有三个方面的突破:一是改PH_3气体由上向下渗透为由下向上扩散,基本避免了毒气泄漏,有利于毒气在粮堆中的均衡分布并达到有效致死浓度;二是改熏蒸探管垂直投药为管道发生器横向施药,管道长度和扩散面积大大提高,加速了毒气的挥发和扩散;三是改施药方法由仓内投药为仓外投药,省工、省时并节省开支,适宜在国库尤其是有通风槽的粮仓(堆)来应用。     

浅圆仓磷化氢熏蒸方法的研究

在浅圆仓中进行了磷化氢熏蒸试验研究，对实验仓进行密封处理，经测试实验仓压力由500Pa降至250Pa的时间都在60s以上，用两种磷化氢熏蒸方法，借助环流熏蒸装置进行了熏蒸杀虫试验，磷化铝用药量为1．8－3．4g/m^3，磷化氢仓外发生器分两次施药，试验结果表明：磷化氢浓度保持100m/kg以上时间为15d以上，保持70mg/kg以上时间为17d以上，达到了环流熏蒸的技术要求，粮堆内的储粮害虫均被杀死，取得了 良好的杀虫效果。     

磷化氢环流熏蒸技术应用

论述了环流熏蒸技术在粮库中的应用.环流管道的安装包括仓外环流固定管道、移动式环流管道、仓内环流管道以及气体取样管布置.磷化氢熏蒸浓度一般以30～70 mL/m3、熏蒸时间以14～28 d为宜.在低温通风后的低温仓、局部生虫或密闭不好的仓房不适于熏蒸.     

浅圆仓熏蒸过程中磷化氢扩散和分布特性研究

在直径27 m、装粮线高度18 m,仓内体积12 000 m3,压力半衰期为600 s的浅圆仓中,采用粮面药袋投药和两侧梳型风道环流熏蒸,研究了浅圆仓粮堆纵向和横向上磷化氢扩散及分布特性,评估了粮堆内部不同部位磷化氢Ct值。结果表明,浅圆仓粮堆内磷化氢浓度衰减阶段的浓度呈指数下降趋势,磷化氢浓度衰减阶段浓度和时间符合指数模型C=1 061.7e-0.071t模型（R2=0.917 1）其中C为磷化氢浓度,mL/m3;t为熏蒸时间,d;e为自然指数）。环流熏蒸系统促进粮堆内磷化氢的均匀分布,可以避免因过高浓度造成的不利,但粮堆内磷化氢在不同区域浓度仍然存在差异,且难以避免熏蒸死角的存在。在浅圆仓熏蒸初期,从横向方向看,磷化氢在中轴聚集,浓度以中轴为中心向仓壁递减;从纵向方向看,磷化氢从上到下浓度依次降低,粮堆内表层和中轴处磷化氢浓度相对较高。在磷化氢浓度衰减阶段,粮堆中间层和中轴处磷化氢浓度相对较高。浅圆仓环流熏蒸系统A面管、B面管和仓底取样口Ct值低于平均浓度累积值,存在害虫防治隐患。在实际工作中可通过优化改进环流熏蒸风道可以改变粮堆内磷化氢气体的分布。     

浅圆仓磷化氢双侧内环流熏蒸效果研究

采用粮面投药,双侧环流熏蒸的方式测试,研究了浅圆仓不同粮层、粮面空间、出粮口、环流管道中磷化氢浓度的分布变化,分析了磷化氢在粮堆内分布扩散规律。结果表明,浅圆仓粮堆内部磷化氢浓度在第6天才能达到0.6的均匀度,虽然两侧环流管内的磷化氢浓度只需1~2天即达到200 mL/m~3以上,但仓底出粮口的磷化氢浓度到第八天仍未达到200 mL/m~3。因此,只检测环流管和粮面空间的磷化氢浓度不能表明粮堆内各处浓度都达到相同水平,不能保证熏蒸杀虫效果,同时也不能以此来决定环流停止的时间,因为粮堆浓度达到均匀的时间远远滞后于环流管内浓度达到熏蒸要求的时间。这一结果对指导浅圆仓环流熏蒸,保证熏蒸杀虫效果具有重要意义,具有较大实用价值。     

平房仓气密性改造对氮气储粮应用效果的影响

通过对2个试验仓的仓墙、仓门、通风口等易漏气部位进行气密性进行改造,粮堆采用“六面封”,实施氮气气调作业。采用负压法测定压力半衰期,检测粮堆氮气浓度,检查虫害致死情况,测算氮气储粮费用,对仓房气密性、氮气杀虫效果、储粮成本进行对比分析。结果表明：在改造后,仓房气密性达到气调储粮标准,甚至超过了一级气调标准;氮气浓度保持在98%以上的天数超过28 d,对磷化氢有抗性的储粮害虫可全部杀死,而有效浓度天数达不到的仓房,个别部位仍有谷蠹活动;仓房的气密性越好,储粮的成本越低,气密性超过一级气调标准的仓房,氮气储粮成本甚至低于磷化氢熏蒸,由此可见,气密性是决定氮气储粮成本的关键因素。     

浅圆仓充氮过程中氮气浓度分布规律研究

结合双侧内环流熏蒸系统管道,采用上充下排的方式对浅圆仓开展了充氮气调实验,研究了第一次充氮结束后浅圆仓不同粮层、粮面空间、仓底两侧环流管道中氮气的分布变化,分析了氮气在粮堆内分布扩散规律。结果表明:在充氮结束后,氮气在粮堆中分布均匀,均匀度达99.58%,不同粮层氮气浓度基本上呈从上到下依次递减的分布变化规律,并对下降曲线做了相关线性拟合,充氮14 d后,仓底两侧环流管道氮气浓度已为90%左右,但粮堆平均浓度为96.7%,因此,只根据氮气出口浓度不能代表粮堆内各处浓度,不能以此来判定再次充氮的时间点,应该通过粮堆多点预埋管的氮气浓度来判定。     

磷化氢,二氧化碳混合钢瓶剂型实仓应用技术研究

本文研究了对磷化氢、二氧化碳混合钢瓶剂型（ＰＨ３：ＣＯ２２：９８Ｗ／Ｗ）的控制释放技术及实仓熏蒸技术。结果表明：混合气体以３－５ｍ＾３／ｈ的流速释放较为合适；在２５℃以上环境条件下，利用输气管道便可将的气体升温至接近糠曙，不会出现因熏蒸而导致的粮堆结露现象。在单面密封的房式仓内分别以１３．４ｇ混合气／ｍ＾３的剂量、粮打探管、暴露１４ｄ和７．５ｇ混合气／ｍ＾３的剂量、粮面设置气体分配管道、暴露２１ｄ     

Phosphine fumigation of silo bags

Fumigation with phosphine has the potential to disinfest grain stored in silo bags but only limited research has been conducted on whether phosphine fumigation can be undertaken effectively and safely in this form of storage. Fumigation with phosphine was tested on two (70 m) replicate silo bags each containing 240 t of wheat (9.9 and 9.2% m.c.). The target application rate of phosphine was 1.5 g m⁻³ with a fumigation period of 17 days. Aluminium phosphide tablets were inserted into each bag at ten release points spaced at 7 m intervals starting 3.5 m from either end of the bag. A total of 14 bioassay cages containing mixed age populations of strongly phosphine resistant Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) were inserted into each fumigated silo bag. Complete control of all life stages of R. dominica was achieved at all locations in the fumigated silo bags. Phosphine concentrations at release points increased rapidly and remained high for the duration of the fumigation. Concentrations at midway points were always lower than at the release points but exceeded 215 ppm for ten days. The diffusion coefficient of available phosphine averaged over the first three full days of the fumigation for both fumigated silo bags was 2.8 × 10⁻⁷. Venting the silo bag with an aeration fan reduced the phosphine concentration by 99% after 12 h. Relatively small amounts of phosphine continued to desorb after the venting period. Although grain temperature at the core of the silo bags remained stable at 29 °C for 17 days, grain at the surface of the silo bags fluctuated daily with a mean of 29 °C. The results demonstrate that silo bags can be fumigated with phosphine for complete control of infestations of strongly phosphine resistant R. dominica and potentially other species.     

The toxic action of phosphine in combination with some alkyl halide fumigants and carbon dioxide against the eggs of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The toxicity of phosphine, three alkyl halide fumigants (ethylene dibromide, methyl bromide and methyl iodide), carbon dioxide, mixtures of phosphine + alkyl halide fumigants, and phosphine + carbon dioxide, to 1-, 2-, and 3-day-old eggs of Tribolium castaneum Herbst was studied. Combinations of phosphine and alkyl halide fumigants showed antagonism as evidenced by their joint action ratios at the LD₉₀ (< 1). The mortality data indicated that mixtures of phosphine and carbon dioxide were more effective than either alone. At LD₅₀, the order of toxicity of the individual fumigants for a 24 hr exposure and on a weight basis (mg fumigant/litre of air) was: phosphine > methyl iodide > ethylene dibromide > methyl bromide. A decline in susceptibility of eggs with age for methyl bromide and ethylene dibromide and a peak tolerance at 2 days for carbon dioxide were noted.     

Response of phosphine-resistant mixed-age cultures of lesser grain borer,Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) to different phosphine-carbon dioxide mixtures

Mixed-age cultures of a phosphine-resistant strain of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) were exposed to various concentrations of phosphine and phosphine plus 10, 20 and 30% carbon dioxide combinations (CO₂) for different time intervals at 25 °C to evaluate the comparative efficacy of admixtures of phosphine-CO₂. The mortality data of the mixed age cultures were recorded taking the adult count at weekly intervals for 8 weeks. Lethal concentrations were determined by probit analysis. Phosphine with carbon dioxide exerted significant synergistic effect on the mortality of mixed-age cultures at 4, 6 and 7 days of exposure, while individually phosphine or carbon dioxide did not show a raised increase in their response. The addition of 30% carbon dioxide to lower concentrations of phosphine over shorter exposures of 4 days showed better synergistic effect among the treatments. The present study revealed that CO₂ augmented the effect of phosphine thereby reducing the concentration and exposure time required to bring about significant mortality in the mixed-age cultures of R. dominica.     

Assessing Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags to mitigate fungal growth and aflatoxin contamination

Storing maize in regions of the world without sufficient drying and storage capacity is challenging due to the potential risk of aflatoxin contamination produced by Aspergillus flavus. This study sought to determine if storage of maize in Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags prevents mold growth and aflatoxin accumulation. PICS bags are a three-layer, hermitic bag-system that forms a barrier against the influx of oxygen and the escape of carbon dioxide. Maize conditioned at 12, 15, 18, and 21% grain moisture was inoculated with 50 g of maize kernels infected with fluorescent-marked strain of A. flavus. The grain was stored in either PICS or woven bags at 26 °C, and percent oxygen/carbon dioxide levels, fungal growth, aflatoxin, moisture content, and kernel germination were assessed after 1 and 2 months incubation. Maize stored in woven bags was found to equilibrate with the ambient moisture environment over both storage periods, while PICS bags retained their original moisture levels. Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin accumulation were not observed in maize stored in any PICS bags. No aflatoxin B1 was detected in woven bags containing low-moisture maize (12 and 15%), but detectable levels of aflatoxin were observed in high moisture maize (18 and 21%). The percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide within PICS bags were dependent on initial grain moisture. Higher carbon dioxide levels were observed in the bags stored for 1 month than for 2 months. High initial moisture and carbon dioxide levels correlated with low kernel germination, with the 18 and 21% treatment groups having no seeds germinate. The results of the study demonstrate that storage of maize in PICS bags is a viable management tool for preventing aflatoxin accumulation in storage.     

不同气调包装袋对红心猕猴桃后熟品质的影响

目的 为探究不同的气调包装对红心猕猴桃的保鲜效果。方法 采用两种不同类型自发气调包装袋包装红心猕猴桃,以市售微孔包装包装袋作对照,研究低温（5±1°C）贮藏时,不同气调包装袋包装的红心猕猴桃的生理特性及营养成分的变化规律。结果 与市售微孔包装袋相比,气调包装袋能够在猕猴桃后熟期间控制氧气含量低于10%,二氧化碳含量不高于5%,使其充分后熟的同时有效延缓呼吸高峰的出现,降低呼吸高峰,有利于猕猴桃的品质保持和营养成分积累。结论 贮藏30天以上时,MP20袋内低氧低二氧化碳的气体环境有利于红心猕猴桃的贮藏,品质和营养成分含量明显优于市售微孔袋,MP20气调包装用于保鲜红心猕猴桃具有较好的市场应有前景。     

基于主成分分析验证气调对番茄品质的影响

研究低温环境下不同体积分数的混合气体对番茄感官品质、营养价值的影响。以番茄作为试验研究对象,通过预冷处理,选择开孔率5%的聚乙烯食品包装袋包装,放在温度为8 ℃ CO2体积分数为6%的气调箱内,用N2调节O2体积分数为2%、4%、6%、8%和10%。每隔2 d检测一次番茄品质（质量损失率、色差L*值、TSS、TA及主观评价）之后对6个评价指标进行标准化处理,采用主成分分析法建立得分函数,并用传统感官评价验证得分模型。试验研究表明：4% O2+6% CO2气调环境下番茄各项指标可以维持较好的水平。综合函数评价得分显示在长期气调保鲜过程中,低氧环境有利于番茄保持较高品质。传统感官评价方式与综合函数有一致性。主成分分析法表明4% O2+6% CO2的气调环境下具有较高的得分水平,可以显著维持保鲜过程中番茄的营养价值,并延长气调保鲜周期。     

Low permeability triple-layer plastic bags prevent losses of maize caused by insects in rural on-farm stores

Participatory on-farm trials were conducted to assess effectiveness of Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS?) bags for storage of maize in small-scale farmers’ stores in rural villages in eastern Kenya. A PICS bag is a three-layered hermetic bag-system that forms a barrier against the influx of oxygen and the escape of carbon dioxide. Jute, woven polypropylene or PICS bags were filled with shelled maize grain, purchased from the participating farmers, and the three sets of bags kept in the farmers’ own stores for 35 weeks. Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the PICS bags were monitored, as well as the temperature and relative humidity in all the bags. Grain moisture, live insect population, grain damage and weight loss were examined at intervals of seven weeks. Oxygen and carbon dioxide composition demonstrated that PICS bags are capable of sustaining good air-barrier properties under farmer storage conditions. Moreover, moisture content of maize stored in PICS bags did not change throughout the storage period whereas the moisture content of maize stored in polypropylene and jute bags decreased significantly in the final 14 weeks. Maize stored in PICS bags remained free from insect infestation and the weight loss due to insect damage was below 1 %. On the contrary, polypropylene and jute bags permitted profuse build-up of insect populations. At 35 weeks, grain damage reached 77.6 % and 82.3 % corresponding to 41.2 % and 48.5 % weight loss in the polypropylene and jute bags respectively. These findings demonstrate that PICS bags are effective in controlling losses caused by storage pests under farmer storage conditions.     

韭薹气调贮藏保鲜袋的设计和应用

本文以产品呼吸及薄膜渗气，在一定条件下能自发调节保鲜袋内O2和CO2的浓度为依据，确定了袋内O2或CO2浓度与贮藏量、薄膜厚度、薄膜面积之间的线性关系。利用回归方程及适宜气体组成设计的韭薹保鲜袋，贮藏韭薹达90d以上，VC、叶绿素及可食率均令人满意。     

The toxic action of phosphine: Role of carbon dioxide on the toxicity of phosphine to Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Tribolium confusum DuVal

Carbon dioxide was found to potentiate the action of phosphine against a normal strain of Tribolium confusum and normal and resistant strains of Sitophilus granarius so that the length of the exposure period could be reduced. Studies on respiration showed that there was a 20 per cent increase in oxygen consumption in the presence of 4% carbon dioxide but no further increase up to 64% carbon dioxide level. Phosphine uptake on the other hand increased steadily with increase in carbon dioxide level and there was a concurrent increase in toxicity up to three-fold. Carbon dioxide enhanced toxicity when applied simultaneously with phosphine but not when applied before or after phosphine treatment.     

Evaluating of hermetic bags for long-term storage of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) rhizomes

Hermetical and traditional storage bags were evaluated for their effect on the postharvest storage of turmeric at laboratory conditions. The traditional Polypropylene (PP) woven bags and the jute bags were compared with Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS), Super Grainpro, Savegrain bags, and Ecotect bags. Every month, for eleven months, the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide, moisture, insect damage, live insect count, weight loss of turmeric rhizomes were monitored. A slight change in moisture was observed for turmeric stored in PICS, Grainpro, Savegrain, and Ecotect bags. But, a significant decrease in moisture was observed for turmeric stored in jute bags. The levels of oxygen in PICS and Ecotect bags decreased from 20% to 8% while carbon dioxide content increased in PICS bags from 0.2% to 12% during the period of storage. In jute bags, the level of oxygen was approximately 19.3% but the level of carbon dioxide increased from 0.05% to 0.43% due to insect activity. In all hermetic bags, the risk of insects has decreased over time, and weight loss has also decreased as compared with jute bags. In Polypropylene woven and jute bags, damage by insects and weight loss increased during storage while the curcumin content reduced. Our study showed the effectiveness of PICS, Grainpro, Savegrain, and Ecotec bags in controlling insects and weightloss in turmeric rhizomes over the traditional bags. All the four hermetic bags performed well in long-term storage of turmeric rhizome and can be recommended.