上海市非伤寒沙门菌感染的流行病学负担概率估计

目的概率评估上海市非伤寒沙门菌(以下简称"沙门菌")感染的流行病学负担,为上海市食源性疾病的防控提供决策依据。方法随机抽取上海市60个街道/乡镇,通过入户问卷调查获得居民急性胃肠炎的人年发病及就诊情况。随机抽取上海市23家监测医院,获得患者采样率、检测率、阳性率等数据。从国家"传染病报告信息管理系统"中获得沙门菌感染病例的报告率。根据疾病发病与报告金字塔建立模型,采用蒙特卡洛模拟,从主动监测和被动报告两种方法估计上海市沙门菌流行病学负担。结果上海市居民急性胃肠炎人群调查获得年发生率为23 261例/10万,患者就诊率为20.47%(26/127)。监测医院腹泻病例的粪便采样率为21.66%(5 974/27 587),沙门菌阳性率为3.53%(211/5 974)。沙门菌阳性的报告率为81.04%(171/211)。根据被动报告病例直接计算的年发病率仅为5例/10万。被动报告概率估计的上海市沙门菌年发病率为270例/10万[95%可信区间(95%CI):185~399],估计每年发病人数6.21万(95%CI:4.25~9.18),总低估系数为60∶1。主动监测估计沙门菌感染年发病率为686例/10万(95%CI:549~843),估计每年发病人数为15.78万(95%CI:12.64~19.42),总低估系数为154∶1。经过比较,主动监测估计结果为被动报告估计结果的2.54倍。沙门菌感染具有较明显季节性,每年5~8月是沙门菌感染的高发期。结论食源性疾病主动监测估算沙门菌感染年发病率远高于被动报告估算的年发病率,说明主动监测在掌握疾病发病、就诊和流行病学负担估计方面具有较好的优势,同时发现患者就诊率是影响沙门菌感染总病例数估计的最大因素。本研究进一步证明疾病负担金字塔模型在我国食源性疾病单病种疾病负担领域的可行性。     

广州市非伤寒沙门菌感染流行病学负担分析

评估广州市非伤寒沙门菌感染流行病学负担,提出食源性疾病监测策略。方法 在广州市6区设9家食源性疾病主动监测医院,调查12个月腹泻病例采样率、沙门菌检测率、实验室检测敏感度,进而推算全市医疗机构相应数据;在广州市3区开展人群腹泻随机抽样入户调查,调查腹泻病例就诊率;通过传染病报告信息管理系统获得监测医院和全市医疗机构沙门菌感染性腹泻报告率;利用食源性疾病流行病学负担金字塔模型,通过倍数校正和不确定性分析估计沙门菌感染实际发病数,比较食源性疾病主、被动监测数据用于疾病负担分析的优劣。结果 监测医院12个月腹泻病例平均采样率38.34%,沙门菌检测率28.24%,实验室检测敏感度87.5%,人群腹泻病例就诊率23.91%,沙门菌感染性腹泻报告率42.98%;全市医疗机构推算采样率38.34%,检测率28.24%,实验室检测敏感度47.5%,报告率20.94%,估计广州市沙门菌感染病例64 586例(95%CI:44 136～101 921),年发病率508.5/10万(95%CI:347.5～802.5/10万),全年全市被动报告病例仅171例,报告年发病率1.3/10万;经估算5岁以下年龄组(3 583.2/10万)年发病率最高,15～24岁年龄组(23.5/10万)最低。结论 首次验证疾病负担金字塔模型在我国食源性疾病负担研究领域的适用性;表明主动监测一定程度上提升了食源性疾病尤其是特定病原体感染采样率、检测率、实验室检测敏感度和报告率,有助于对负担作出更准确和积极有效的估计;结果提示广州市非伤寒沙门菌感染负担较重,5岁以下年龄组人群负担水平尤其显著。     

北京市社区人群急性胃肠炎患病状况流行病学调查

目的了解北京市社区人群急性胃肠炎的患病状况及其流行特征。方法 2012年4月至2013年3月,采用多阶段抽样方法从北京市6个区抽取部分调查户,每月入户调查其过去4周内急性胃肠炎发病情况及危险因素等内容。结果 12个月共调查10 204人,人群急性胃肠炎月患病率为1.25%(95%CI:1.04~1.47),发病率为0.16次/人年,加权患病率为1.34%(95%CI:1.12~1.56),加权发病率为0.17次/人年,估计北京市每年有333.4万人罹患急性胃肠炎。多因素分析结果显示,年龄、文化程度和季节与急性胃肠炎发病有关。58.59%的急性胃肠炎患者怀疑其发病可能为食源性途径。结论北京市急性胃肠炎的疾病负担值得关注,且食源性比例较高,应开展进一步研究准确评估食源性疾病负担。     

我国细菌性食源性疾病疾病负担的初步研究

目的 初步估计我国细菌性食源疾病的疾病负担.方法 利用文献综述的方法推算我国急性腹泻的发病率,综合胃肠炎患者腹泻比例、胃肠炎患者食源性比例可推算我国食源性疾病的发病率,结合食源性疾病的细菌比例可推算细菌性食源性疾病的发病率,同时推算住院率.利用卫生部调查数据获得细菌性感染性疾病的病死率,结合食源性比例,获得细菌性食源性疾病的病死率.结果 我国细菌性食源性疾病每年发病人数可达9411.7万人次,其中2475.3万患者曾就诊,335.7万患者曾因病住院,8 530例患者死亡,病死率0.009 1 % o结论我国细菌性食源性疾病的负担依然较重.我国应逐步开展覆盖全国的食源性疾病负担研究.     

北京市密云区居民急性胃肠炎流行病学特征与风险因素调查

目的了解北京市密云区居民急性胃肠炎患病情况、发病趋势、流行特征及其影响因素,掌握急性胃肠炎病人的月患病率、年发病率,估计急性胃肠炎的食源性比例,为预防控制食源性疾病提供依据和参考。方法采用多阶段随机抽样,开展为期12个月的回顾性横断面调查,Epi Data 3.02软件双录入数据库,利用SPSS 20.0软件分析及@risk 5.5软件进行数据模拟和推算。结果共调查1 664人,应答率99.05%,急性肠胃炎的月患病率为2.28%(95%CI:1.57%~3.00%),年发病率为0.30次/人年(95%CI:0.29次/人年~0.31次/人年)。每年约有14.37万人次罹患急性胃肠炎,食源性比例点估计值0.303 0。结论北京市密云区居民急性胃肠炎发病率较高,发病人次数较庞大,食源性引起所占比例较高,季节、文化程度和家庭人口数等为患急性胃肠炎的风险因素,应加强居民急性胃肠炎的监测并扩大监测范围,定期开展社区居民急性胃肠炎的调查并适当增加其样本量,获取更加准确、全面的调查数据,制定干预措施并加以评估。     

黑龙江省急性胃肠炎疾病负担流行病学调查

目的了解黑龙江省急性胃肠炎流行病学负担及影响因素。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法抽取调查对象,每月入户调查其过去4周内急性胃肠炎发病情况。结果共调查19 171人,人群急性胃肠炎月患病率为3.51%[95%置信区间(95%CI):3.25%～3.77%],年发病比例为37.24%,年发病率为0.466次/人,加权月患病率为3.61%,加权年发病比例为38.07%,加权年发病率为0.479次/人。估计全省急性胃肠炎平均每年1 442.3万人发病,共发病1 814.7万人次。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,居住地性质、季节、年龄、过去2周是否因出差旅游离开居住地、家庭年人均收入为居民急性胃肠炎患病的影响因素。58.66%的急性胃肠炎病例认为是受污染的食物导致。结论黑龙江省急性胃肠炎流行病学负担较重,食源性比例较高,应予以足够的关注和重视。     

2014—2015年北京市房山区急性胃肠炎风险因素和负担研究

探讨北京市房山区急性胃肠炎的流行病学特征和社会经济负担。方法 开展为期12个月的社区人群横断面调查,分析急性胃肠炎的发病情况、影响因素分布、临床表现、诊治情况以及经济负担。结果 2014年4月—2015年3月共调查1 678人,急性胃肠炎月患病率为0.65%(95%CI:0.27%～1.03%),年发病率为0.085次/人(95% CI:0.017～0.098次/人),每年房山区约有8.7万人次发生急性胃肠炎,食源性比例为54.5%(6/11)。发病时间主要集中在第二季度,低年龄段、文化程度较低、家庭收入较低、居住在农村的人群,急性胃肠炎患病风险较高。72.7%(8/11)的病例进行了药物治疗,54.5%(6/11)的病例去医疗机构就诊,药物治疗的病例中87.5%(7/8)使用抗生素,急性胃肠炎造成总经济损失约为0.32亿元,占2014年房山区地区生产总值(519.3亿元)的0.62‰。结论 房山区急性胃肠炎的疾病负担值得关注,且食源性比例较高,儿童患病风险较高,抗生素使用率较高,应加强食源性疾病监测和负担评估,探索有针对性的干预措施,为减轻食源性疾病的社会经济负担,提高防控能力提供科学依据。     

2018—2019年嘉兴市社区人群急性胃肠炎疾病负担评估

目的 了解社区人群急性胃肠炎流行特征和经济负担,为评估人群食源性疾病的患病情况及单病种疾病负担提供更准确的基础数据。方法 采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法抽取秀洲区和桐乡市共10个街道(乡镇)的20个居委会(行政村)作为调查点,于2018年7月至2019年6月,每月入户问卷调查急性胃肠炎发病情况和经济负担等。结果 现场实际调查2 400户2 400人,发现急性胃肠炎病例62人次,月发病率2.58%(95%CI: 1.95%～3.22%),城镇和农村、不同年龄性别发病差异无统计学意义。根据人口性别、年龄构成调整后的月发病率为2.92%(95%CI: 2.25%～3.60%),推算年发病率为0.38次/人年(95%CI:0.36～0.40)。7～9月为高发季节,医院就诊率12.77%,72.34%的病例与不洁饮食相关,62.50%的29岁及以下年龄病例,83.33%的学龄前儿童,以及学生和办事员病例,均在食用外购食品后发病。病例次均经济负担399.62元,其中次均直接医疗费用294.61元,次均直接非医疗费用39.83元,次均间接费用65.18元,估算全市急性胃肠炎型总经济负担为7.19亿元,其中食源性急性胃肠炎总经济负担为5.20亿元。结论 嘉兴市急性胃肠炎疾病负担较重,建议加强重点人群健康教育,引导建立健康饮食行为,并持续开展相关监测。     

国内外急性胃肠炎和食源性疾病负担研究进展

食源性疾病是全球重要的公共卫生问题,也是中国最大的食品安全问题.急性胃肠炎人群负担的评估是食源性疾病负担评估的一个中心问题,许多国家已开展急性胃肠炎和食源性疾病负担评估研究,我国于2010-2011年在部分省份开展了研究疾病负担的试点工作.本文对急性胃肠炎和食源性疾病负担评估国内外研究进展进行综述.     

中国食源性鼠伤寒沙门菌株耐药谱及PFGE分型研究

目的了解掌握中国食品中鼠伤寒沙门菌的耐药状况，并对2002—2005年国家食源性疾病监测网分离的23株鼠伤寒沙门菌进行耐药性监测及PFGE分型研究。方法利用血清学方法对2002—2005年食源性疾病监测网分离的沙门菌进行分型，并运用CLSI（Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute）推荐的纸片法对鼠伤寒沙门菌株进行耐药性检测。采用脉冲场凝胶电泳法（PFGE）进行PFGE分型。结果发现15株多重耐药鼠伤寒沙门菌，其中耐4～5种抗生素的6株（40％），耐6～9种抗生素的5株（33．3％），耐10种抗生素的4株（26．7％）；可分为16个PFGE型。其中5个PFGE型的菌株数超过1株。结论我国食源性鼠伤寒沙门菌分离株的多重耐药性严重，PFGE分型方法对鼠伤寒沙门菌的分型能力较好，同一PFGE型菌株的耐药谱非常接近。     

Susceptibility of stored product insects to high concentrations of ozone at different exposure intervals

Ozone is a highly reactive gas with insecticidal activity. Past studies have indicated that ozone technology has potential as a management tool to control insect pests in bulk grain storage facilities. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of short periods of exposure to high ozone concentrations to kill all life stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), adult maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and adult rice weevil (S. oryzae (L)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were treated with six ozone concentrations between 50 and 1800 ppm. The specific objective was to determine minimal time needed to attain 100% mortality. The most ozone-tolerant stages of T. castaneum were pupae and eggs, which required a treatment of 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Eggs of P. interpunctella also required 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Ozone treatments of 1800 ppm for 120 min and 1800 ppm for 60 min were required to kill all adult S. zeamais and adult S. oryzae, respectively. The results indicate that high ozone concentrations reduce the treatment times significantly over previously described results. Our results also provide new baseline information about insect tolerance to ozone treatment.     

Arsenic content of some edible mushroom species

The arsenic contents of 162 fruit body samples of 37 common edible mushroom taxa were analyzed. The samples were gathered from different habitats of Hungary (mainly from mountains) between 1984 and 1999. The arsenic content of the samples was measured by the inductively coupled plasma spectrometry method. Very low [lower than 0.05 mg/kg dry matter (DM)] concentrations were found in the samples of 13 taxa, while higher (or very high) contents were quantified in other common taxa (the highest arsenic content was recorded in the fruit body of Laccaria amethysthea at 146.9 mg/kg DM). The species of eight genera (Agaricus, Calvatia, Collybia, Laccaria, Langermannia, Lepista, Lycoperdon, Macrolepiota) belong to the so-called accumulating taxa, and this tendency is evident on all habitats. This arsenic accumulation capability is found in two orders of Basidiomycetes (Agaricales and Gasteromycetales), which is to say this phenomenon occurs in the families Agaricaceae, Tricholomataceae and Gasteromycetaceae. The accumulating taxa found all have a saprotrophic type of nutrition; arsenic accumulation is not detectable in xilophagous or in mycorrhizal species. The consumption of the accumulating species found has only a low toxicological risk for three reasons: the consumed fresh fruit bodies contain about a tenfold lower arsenic level than the dried ones, the majority of arsenic occurs not in poisonous inorganic, but in less dangerous (or not poisonous) organic forms, and the frequency of consumption is low.     

鸡源大肠埃希氏菌mcr-1基因携带及分析

目的 了解在农业农村部禁止使用多黏菌素作为动物促生长使用后四川部分地区鸡源大肠埃希氏菌（E.coli）mcr-1基因的携带情况,为制定进一步防控措施提供依据。方法 采集四川部分地区市场售卖点肉鸡直肠拭子,用含有多黏菌素（终浓度4 μg/mL）的EC肉汤增菌接种含多黏菌素（终浓度4 μg/mL）的麦康凯平板,挑取可疑菌落,采用PCR方法鉴定菌株并检测mcr-1基因;微量肉汤稀释法测定mcr-1基因阳性菌株对临床常见抗菌药物耐药情况。脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）对mcr-1基因阳性菌株进行同源分析。耐药基因质粒结合实验验证mcr-1基因传播途径。结果 从70份肉鸡样本中的13份检出mcr-1基因阳性大肠埃希氏菌,检出率18.57%（13/70）,对实验的13种抗生素,除13株mcr-1阳性菌株对头孢西丁有12株敏感以外,对其他抗生素都表现出不同程度的耐药,其中四环素和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑耐药率最高,达到了100%（13/13）;其次是氨苄西林和氯霉素,耐药率为84.62%（11/13）。PFGE显示13株mcr-1阳性大肠埃希氏菌分属13个不同的型别;质粒结合实验显示mcr-1基因能够通过质粒传播。结论 mcr-1基因在鸡大肠内大肠杆菌中检测率比较高,且鸡大肠中mcr-1阳性大肠埃希氏菌的耐药情况比较严重。     

Organization and localization of the dnaA and dnaK gene regions on the multichromosomal genome of Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616

The Burkholderia multivorans strain ATCC 17616 carries three circular chromosomes with sizes of 3.4, 2.5, and 0.9 Mb. To reveal the distribution and organization of the genes for fundamental cell functions on the genome of this bacterium, the dnaA and dnaK gene regions of ATCC 17616 were cloned and characterized. The gene organization of the dnaA region was rnpA-rmpH-dnaA-dnaN-gyrB with a single consensus DnaA-binding box (TTATCCACA) between the rmpH and dnaA genes. This intergenic region, however, did not work as an autonomously replicating sequence in ATCC 17616. On the other hand, the gene organization of the dnaK region was grpE-orf1 (gene for thioredoxin homologue)-dnaK-dnaJ-pabB (gene for p-aminobenzoate synthetase component homologue). A putative heat-shock promoter that showed good homology to the sigma32-dependent promoter consensus sequence in Escherichia coli was found upstream of the grpE gene, suggesting that these five genes constitute an operon. In M9 succinate minimal medium the dnaJ mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type strain, indicating that this operon is functional. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analyses indicated that both the dnaA and dnaK gene regions exist as single copies on the 3.4 Mb chromosome.     

Formation of cereulide and enterotoxins by Bacillus cereus in fermented African locust beans

Afitin, iru and sonru are three spontaneously fermented African locust bean Benin condiments. The fermentation processes are exothermic, with temperatures mostly being above 40 °C. A total of 19 predominant Bacillus cereus isolates from afitin, iru and sonru, were investigated. The enterotoxin genes nhe (A, B, C) were present in all 19 isolates, the hbl (A, C, D) in one (afitin), and the cytK gene in three isolates (afitin). Levels of cytotoxicity to Vero cells and NheA production in BHI-broth was within the range of known diarrheal outbreak strains. Autoclaved cooked African locust beans inoculated with emetic (cereulide producing) B. cereus Ba18H2/RIF supported growth at 25, 30 and 40 °C with highly different maximum cereulide productions of 6 ± 5, 97 ± 3 and 0.04 ± 0.02 μg/g beans, respectively (48 h). For non-autoclaved cooked beans inoculated with 2, 4 and 6 log₁₀B. cereus Ba18H2/RIF spores/g beans, cereulide production was 5 ± 4, 64 ± 8 and 69 ± 34 μg/g beans, respectively at 24 h, while it was 70 ± 43, 92 ± 53 and 99 ± 31 μg/g at 48 h of fermentation at 30 °C. Even though high toxin levels were observed, to date there are no known reports on diarrhea or vomiting due to the consumption or afitin, iru and sonru in Benin, which also according to the present study is likely to be expected from the low levels of cereulide produced at 40 °C.     

Comparison of the most odour-active volatiles in different hop varieties by application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis

Application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis on the volatiles isolated from five different hops (Hallertau Perle, Hallertau Hersbrucker Spät, Slowenian Golding, Hallertau Smaragd, US Cascade) revealed linalool and myrcene with the highest Flavour Dilution (FD)-factors in all varieties, followed by 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 3-methylbutanoic acid and geraniol. Some odourants, however, showed high FD-factors only in certain varieties, for example, (5Z)-octa-1,5-dien-3-one and germacrene B in Hersbrucker Spät, (3E,5Z)-undeca-1,3,5-triene in Hersbrucker Spät and Cascade and nonanal in Cascade. The overall odour profile of the Cascade sample clearly differed from the other varietes, and was dominated by a black currant like odour note. The identification experiments revealed 4-methyl-4-sulfanylpentan-2-one, so far unknown as hop constituent, as key contributor to this odour. In addition, an odour-active undecatetraene was present, in particular, in Perle and Cascade. Synthesis and structural assignment of the four stereoisomers of (3E)-undeca-1,3,5,9-tetraene allowed the identification of the fresh, pineapple-like smelling compound as (3E,5Z,9E)-undeca-1,3,5,9-tetraene. Among the four isomers synthesised, this compound showed by far the lowest odour threshold of 0.01 ng/L in air.     

Developmental and population growth rates of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of stored-product insect pests

Phosphine resistance positively contributes towards an individual's fitness under phosphine fumigation. However, phosphine resistance may place resistant individuals at a fitness disadvantage in the absence of this fumigant, which can be exploited to halt or slow down the spread of resistance. This study aimed to determine if there is a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance in populations of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)), the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)) and the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)). The developmental rate and population growth of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of these three species of stored-product insects were therefore determined under phosphine-free environment. The majority of the phosphine-resistant populations exhibited lower developmental and population growth rates than the susceptible populations indicating that phosphine resistance is associated with fitness cost in all three species, which can potentially compromise the fixation and dispersal of the resistant genotypes. Nonetheless, some phosphine-resistant populations did not show a fitness cost. Therefore, resistance management strategies based on suppression of phosphine use aiming at eventual reestablishment of phosphine susceptibility and subsequent reintroduction of this fumigant will be useful only for insect populations exhibiting a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance. Therefore recognition of the prevailing phosphine-resistant genotypes in a region is important to direct the management tactics to be adopted.     

Microbial profiles of frozen trimmings and silver sides prepared at Indian buffalo meat packing plants

To assess microbiological quality of buffalo meat trimmings (TT = 114) and silver sides (SS = 41), samples were collected from four different Indian meat packing plants. The aim of this study was: (i) to evaluate standard plate count (SPC), psychrotrophic count (PTC), Enterococcus feacalis count (EFC), Staphylococcus aureus count (SAC) and Escherichia coli count (ECC) and the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes; and (ii) also to determine vero toxic E. coli (VTEC) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TT samples had significantly higher (P < 0.001) SPC, PTC, EFC, and SAC than SS, while across the meat types there was no difference (P > 0.05) in ECC. E. coli was recovered from 32.4% TT and 19.5% SS samples. The prevalence rate of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in TT was 1.75% and 0.87%, respectively. But no SS sample was found to be positive for any of these two pathogens. VTEC was found in 2.58% of all the tested samples. This finding suggests that TT contain higher microbes but only small numbers of pathogens of latent zoonotic importance. The present study confirmed the importance of maintaining good process hygiene at meat plants for microbiological status of buffalo meat.     

Cloning and expression analysis of two catalase genes from Aspergillus oryzae

Fungi contain distinct genes encoding the same class of enzyme that are differentially regulated according to conditions. We cloned two catalase genes, catA and catB, from Aspergillus oryzae. The catA gene predicts a 747-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 81% identity with Aspergillus fumigatus catalase (catA) and 77% with Aspergillus nidulans catalase (catA). The catB gene predicts a 725-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 82% identity with A. fumigatus catalase (catB) and 75% with A. nidulans catalase (catB). However, the catA and catB genes share little homology (41%) with one another, suggesting that each gene belongs to a distinct gene family. Overexpression studies demonstrated that both genes encode a functional catalase. Promoter assays indicated that the catA gene is developmentally regulated as it was preferentially expressed in solid-state cultures undergoing sporulation. However, its expression was not affected by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Conversely, the catB gene was highly expressed under all culture conditions tested, and it was induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment. These results suggest that the catB gene may be mainly used for detoxification of oxidative stress while the catA gene may have another role such as chaperoning proteins in the spore.