微晶纤维素的醚化改性及其在淀粉膜中的应用

为改善微晶纤维素（microcrystalline cellulose,MCC）在淀粉膜中的分散性,通过对MCC进行阳离子醚化改性,制得改性微晶纤维素（modified-microcrystalline cellulose,MD-MCC）,并对其化学结构、结晶性、热稳定性和微观形貌进行表征。采用溶液流延法制得淀粉-微晶纤维素复合膜（淀粉-MCC,淀粉-MD-MCC）,分别研究MCC和MD-MCC添加量对淀粉膜结构和性能的影响。结果表明,与MCC相比,MD-MCC的基本化学结构未改变,仍然保持纤维素的基本结构,但其结晶度和热稳定性略有降低,表面呈多孔结构。随着MCC和MD-MCC添加量的增加,淀粉膜的表面粗糙度增大,透光率和断裂伸长率降低,水接触角、水分含量和厚度增大,抗拉强度和水蒸气渗透系数先增加后减小。MD-MCC在淀粉膜中的分散性优于MCC,淀粉-MD-MCC复合膜的力学性能和阻水性能优于淀粉-MCC复合膜,其中MD-MCC添加量为5%时,复合膜具有最大的抗拉强度和阻水性能。     

改性方式及马来酸酐添加量对淀粉/聚羟基脂肪酸酯复合膜性能的影响

以羟丙基交联木薯淀粉、聚羟基脂肪酸酯（polyhydroxyalkanoate,PHA）为成膜基材,马来酸酐（maleic anhydride,MAH）为增容剂,采用挤压吹塑法制备淀粉/PHA复合膜。马来酸酐通过两种不同方式加入淀粉/PHA 体系中,即淀粉、PHA与MAH直接共混挤出（直接添加处理）和PHA先与MAH干法改性,再与淀粉共混挤出（干 法改性处理）,且MAH的添加量分别为1%、3%和5%。研究改性方式及MAH添加量对膜性能的影响。结果表明： PHA质量分数为12%时,由直接添加处理1% MAH所成膜具有较高的抗拉强度和透光率,较好的阻水性、热稳定性 和相容性,且具有较为平滑均匀的微观结构;由干法改性处理5% MAH所成膜的断裂伸长率较高,膜表面较为平整 光滑。PHA质量分数为24%时,由直接添加处理3% MAH所成膜具有较高的抗拉强度,较好的阻水性、热稳定性, 且微观结构较为平滑均匀;由干法改性处理3% MAH所成膜具有较好的机械性能;由干法改性处理5% MAH所成 膜具有较高的透光率。傅里叶变换红外光谱表明MAH的添加能够增强各分子间的相互作用。综合膜的各项性能得 出,当PHA质量分数为12%时,由直接添加处理1% MAH所成膜具有较优的性能;当PHA为24%时,由直接添加处 理3% MAH所成膜的性能较优。     

普鲁兰多糖对挤压流延法制备淀粉膜性能的影响

对普鲁兰多糖改善淀粉基可食性膜的性能进行研究,并用光学显微镜对膜表面进行观察。结果表明:添加普鲁兰多糖后有效的改善了淀粉膜的拉伸性能;随着普鲁兰多糖添加量的增加,降低了淀粉膜的水溶解时间和O2透过率;当普鲁兰多糖添加量在5%~9%时,淀粉膜具有较低的透湿性,且淀粉膜的白度较高,黄色值较低。光学显微分析膜表面,当普鲁兰多糖添加量为9%时,普鲁兰多糖与淀粉能较好的融合。综合膜的各项性能得出,普鲁兰多糖的添加量不宜超过9%。     

蒙脱石对挤压流延法制备淀粉膜性能的影响

对蒙脱石改善淀粉膜的性能进行研究。结果表明:添加蒙脱石后能有效改善淀粉膜的耐水性能,能够延缓膜的老化作用;随着蒙脱石添加量的增加,淀粉膜的抗拉强度和水溶解时间逐渐增大,而断裂伸长率逐渐降低。光学显微分析膜表面,添加蒙脱石后能使淀粉膜表面更加平整、光滑。蒙脱石添加量不宜超过3%,否则膜材变脆且热塑性淀粉的流动性过低。     

可食包装膜与合成包装膜综合性质的对比研究

研究了几种可食包装膜和合成包装膜的综合性质。结果表明:明胶膜、海藻酸钠复合膜和甲基纤维素复合膜综合性质较好。明胶膜的直角撕裂强度和断裂伸长率高于低密度聚乙烯膜(LDPE膜)和高密度聚乙烯膜(HDPE膜),但其抗拉强度稍低于HDPE膜而高于LDPE膜;海藻酸钠复合膜和甲基纤维素复合膜的抗拉强度高于HDPE膜和LDPE膜,海藻酸钠复合膜的直角撕裂强度和断裂伸长率以及甲基纤维素复合膜的断裂伸长率低于LDPE膜和HDPE膜,但甲基纤维素复合膜的直角撕裂强度却高于LDPE膜和HDPE膜;这3种膜都具有热封性,其热封强度接近HDPE膜,并具较高的阻气、阻油和阻湿性能,可以满足一些食品的包装要求。     

鱼皮胶原纤维-淀粉复合膜的制备及性能研究

为明确鱼皮胶原纤维尺寸及其添加量对鱼皮胶原纤维-淀粉复合膜性能的影响,本研究利用醋酸预处理鱼皮(3、6、9、12 h)获得了不同尺寸的胶原纤维(CF3、CF6、CF9、CF12),考察了不同类型胶原纤维及其添加量对共混膜性能的影响。采用傅里叶红外光谱技术、差示扫描量热法及扫描电子显微镜对复合膜进行结构表征。结果表明:添加鱼皮胶原纤维后,复合膜的断裂伸长率和水蒸气透过系数均增加,溶解性降低;当CF3和CF6添加量分别为7.5%和10%时能增强复合膜的抗拉强度,而且以10% CF6制备的复合膜抗拉强度性能最好,添加CF9和CF12时,复合膜的抗拉强度呈降低现象。对添加10% CF6制备的复合膜和纯淀粉膜进行表征,发现胶原纤维与淀粉相容性良好,在成膜过程中,胶原纤维交错在淀粉膜中,两者之间形成了氢键,但复合膜的热稳定性下降。     

4 种改性方式对明胶膜性能的影响

研究了共混改性、增塑改性、交联改性和乳化改性对明胶膜性能的影响。结果表明,明胶分别与壳聚糖、海藻酸钠共混溶解性较好,成膜均匀透明,同时具有较低的水蒸气透过率和透氧率,阻隔性增强;添加甘油作为增塑剂可提高明胶膜的断裂伸长率,机械性能增强;与柠檬酸钠交联改性后降低了明胶膜的水蒸气透过率,增强阻隔性能,提高抗拉强度,增强力学性能,但是膜的透光率下降;添加质量分数为0.1%的乳化剂吐温-80可以降低可食膜的水蒸气透过率,增强膜的阻隔性能,同时增大抗拉强度,改善机械性能。研究认为,共混、增塑、交联、乳化4 种改性方式均能不同程度地影响明胶膜的阻隔性能和机械性能,改善明胶膜的综合性能以满足其在不同领域的应用。     

改性淀粉基可食性膜的制备及性能研究

以改性淀粉为成膜基材,采用溶液流延法制备可食性膜。研究了改性淀粉种类及浓度、增塑剂种类、甘油添加量、增强剂种类、普鲁兰多糖添加量对膜性能的影响。结果表明,采用羟丙基交联淀粉为基材,淀粉浓度为5 g/100mL,增塑剂甘油添加量为30 %,增强剂普鲁兰多糖添加量为淀粉质量的10 %,制备的淀粉膜综合性能较好。在此条件下制备的淀粉膜,抗拉强度为19.49 MPa,断裂伸长率为31.49 %,水蒸气透过系数为1.34×10-12 g·cm·cm-2·s-1·Pa-1,透油系数为0.67 g·mm·m-2·d-1。     

木薯淀粉对改善可食性羧甲基纤维素膜性能的研究

文中对木薯淀粉改善可食性羧甲基纤维素膜的性能进行研究。结果表明:随着木薯淀粉添加量的增多,羧甲基纤维素膜的抗拉强度和水溶性逐渐减小,而断裂伸长率和透明度逐渐增大,透油率变化不大。当木薯淀粉的添加质量在0%-15%内,随着木薯淀粉添加量的增大,膜的水蒸气迁移率逐渐减小,当添加量超过15%时,膜的水蒸气迁移率逐渐增大。综合膜的各项性能得出,木薯淀粉的添加量不宜超过15%。     

柠檬酸改性聚乙烯醇淀粉复合膜的结构及性能研究

为了改善聚乙烯醇淀粉膜的抗菌性能,采用流延法制备了不同质量分数的柠檬酸改性聚乙烯醇淀粉复合膜,通过XRD、FTIR、SEM等方法分析测试了复合膜的微观组织结构及性能。结果表明,添加柠檬酸并未改变复合膜的晶型结构,当柠檬酸含量在4%以上时膜层晶态衍射峰的强度显著增强。改性后的复合膜具有更加均匀平整的表面状态,同时膜层的断面结构也更加致密规则。随着柠檬酸含量的增加,复合膜含水率和水蒸汽透过率减小;复合膜拉伸强度减小而断裂伸长率增加。柠檬酸改性对复合膜透光率的影响较小,但复合膜雾度增加。改性后的复合膜对大肠杆菌具有良好的抑菌性能。添加量为6%柠檬酸改性复合膜具有最佳的综合性能。     

Edible films made from blends of manioc starch and gelatin – Influence of different types of plasticizer and different levels of macromolecules on their properties

The interest in the development of edible and biodegradable films has increased because it is every day more evident that non-degradable materials are doing much damage to the environment. In this research, bioplastics were based on blends of manioc starch (native and modified) and gelatin in different proportions, added of glycerol or sorbitol, which were used as plasticizers. The objective was to study the effect of two different plasticizers, glycerol and sorbitol, and different concentrations of starch and gelatin on the barrier (water vapor permeability – WVP), mechanical (tensile strength and elongation at break), physicochemical (solubility in water and in acid) and physical properties (opacity and thickness) of the obtained bioplastics samples. As a result, all of them showed transparency and resistance to tensile strength, as well as increasing in thickness values and in the WVP, as the gelatin content increased in the formulations. Finally, all results for tensile strength and elongation at break obtained for those samples plasticized with sorbitol were better than those plasticized with glycerol.     

离子液体中脂肪酶催化合成硬脂酸淀粉酯及其性质研究

以1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐([BMIM]Ac)和1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM]BF4)的混合离子液体为介质,研究脂肪酶催化合成硬脂酸淀粉酯及其特性,并采用红外光谱对其进行结构鉴定。结果表明：通过调节脂肪酶的加入量,得到了不同取代度的硬脂酸淀粉酯。酯化后的淀粉透明度、溶解度增大,乳化性、抗凝沉性、冻融稳定性有所增强,但热稳定性有所下降;随着取代度增大,硬脂酸淀粉酯-聚乙烯醇薄膜的水蒸气透过性降低,而拉伸强度和断裂伸长率则呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

Influence of natamycin loading on the performance of transglutaminase-induced crosslinked gelatin composite films

We investigated the effect of natamycin on the physicochemical properties of crosslinked gelatin films. Natamycin decreased the tensile strength, elongation at break and water vapour barrier of crosslinked gelatin films. The thermal stability of the crosslinked gelatin films varied considerably with natamycin amount. The crosslinked films gradually turned yellow-green in colour with increasing natamycin content. The aforementioned different influences were associated with the altered microstructure and crystallinity of the crosslinked films induced by increasing natamycin amounts. The performance changes in the films could be attributed to the increase in natamycin, resulting in enhanced natamycin crystallinity, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, the crosslinking reaction could confer resistance to damage in TGase-induced aggregation caused by natamycin crystallinity. Therefore, the findings in this paper will facilitate the development of gelatin-based food-contact film materials and provide theoretical direction for the packing industry.     

桔子精油优化鱼鳞明胶膜性能的作用研究

为改善鱼鳞明胶膜的性能,测定添加明胶质量的0%、25%、50%、75%、100%桔子精油的可食膜的厚度、机械性能、水溶性、水蒸汽透过率、色泽、透明度和透光率、热性能、红外光谱和抑菌活性。结果表明:随着精油浓度的增加,鱼鳞明胶膜的厚度、断裂伸长率增加,拉伸强度、透光率、水溶性降低,水蒸汽透过率呈现先增加后降低的趋势;差示扫描量热法(DSC)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析结果表明,鱼鳞明胶分子与桔子精油的部分成分发生相互作用,在一定程度上改善了明胶膜的热稳定性;桔子精油的添加还赋予了鱼鳞明胶膜抑菌作用。综合评价得出75%质量浓度的桔子精油添加量对鱼鳞明胶膜各项性能优化效果最好,本实验结果可为生产高性能的鱼鳞明胶膜提供理论基础。     

响应面法优化阿魏酸淀粉酯膜制备工艺

采用单因素试验和响应面法考察阿魏酸淀粉酯取代度、干燥温度和甘油添加量对阿魏酸淀粉酯膜抗张强度（tensile strength,TS）和断裂伸长率的影响。结果表明：随着取代度的增大,阿魏酸淀粉酯膜的TS逐渐增大,断裂伸长率逐渐减小;当干燥温度不大于60 ℃时,阿魏酸淀粉酯膜的TS随着温度的升高略微增大,当温度升高到60 ℃以上时,TS显著降低（P＜0.05）,阿魏酸淀粉酯膜的断裂伸长率随着温度的升高显著降低（P＜0.05）;随着甘油添加量的增大,阿魏酸淀粉酯膜的TS逐渐减小,断裂伸长率逐渐增大。综合考虑各因素对阿魏酸淀粉酯膜机械性能的影响,在取代度0.068、干燥温度40 ℃、甘油添加量1.20 g/4.0 g条件下制备阿魏酸淀粉酯膜,膜的TS较高,为10.23 MPa;在取代度0.023、干燥温度41 ℃、甘油添加量1.30 g/4.0 g条件下制膜,膜的断裂伸长率较高,为321.65%。     

Gelatin–pectin composite films from polyion-complex hydrogels

Preparation and properties of composite films from gelatin and low-methoxyl pectin from simultaneous reversible and permanent polyion-complex hydrogels are presented. Ionic interactions between positively charged gelatin and negatively charged pectin produce reversible physical hydrogels with homogeneous molecular arrangement that improve both mechanical and water resistance but do not alter thermal stability relative to single polymer gels. Subsequent addition of 0.3 weight percent (wt.%) glutaraldehyde crosslinks gelatin heterogeneously, due to the presence of domains with non-uniform crosslinking, as revealed by the structural analysis. Resulting interspersed permanent chemical hydrogel showed a decreased swelling attitude by nearly 10 fold relative to films from gelatin alone and further improved mechanical performance (tensile strength and elongation at break). Results demonstrate that simultaneously exploiting the specific reactivity provided by the functional groups of both biopolymers can be used to create unique new structures with improved properties and offer potential for tailoring these to a wide range of targeted applications.     

海藻酸钠对鱼皮明胶膜理化特性的影响

采用罗非鱼皮明胶与海藻酸钠混合制备可食性复合膜,研究海藻酸钠含量对复合膜理化性质的影响。结果显示：单一罗非鱼皮明胶具有良好的成膜能力,但是机械性能差,将海藻酸钠添加到明胶膜中得到的复合膜抗拉强度和断裂伸长率有明显改善,海藻酸钠添加量在40%时,抗拉强度达最大值6.6?MPa,相对于纯明胶膜（5.5?MPa）和纯海藻酸钠膜（4.6?MPa）分别增加20%和43%,断裂伸长率也在此时达到最大值120%,比纯明胶膜（64%）和纯海藻酸钠膜（88%）分别增加87.5%和26.7%。海藻酸钠水溶性和吸湿率分别高达100%和48.7%,经共混后复合膜的水溶性降低至55%以下,吸湿率介于25%～40%之间,有较大的改善。流变学特性和X射线衍射分析结果表明：明胶和海藻酸钠具有良好的相容性,二者共混可制得性质稳定的复合膜,海藻酸钠与明胶的复合膜液为非牛顿流体,黏度和增稠能力较单一明胶膜有所增加。     

Preparation and physicochemical properties of edible films from gelatin and Andean potato (Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja) starch

A novel edible film formulation using native Andean potato starch (APS) and gelatin (G) was developed, and evaluated as a function of the APS/G ratio (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3). The films were physicochemically, structurally (FTIR and Raman), morphologically (SEM), thermally (DSC/TGA) and mechanically characterised. The addition of starch increased water resistance, clarity and thermal stability of the films. The SEM micrographs showed a heterogeneous surface and a compact structure. The films also showed low values for both tensile strength and elastic modulus. FTIR analysis revealed intermolecular interactions between the gelatin and starch. Edible film obtained in this work may have potential applications in many fields.     

Using Liquid Smoke to Improve Mechanical and Water Resistance Properties of Gelatin Films

Improvement of mechanical and water barrier properties is critical for gelatin films when applied to edible food packaging. A liquid smoke (LS) obtained from hawthorn nucleus was used to improve the performance of gelatin film based on its abundant compounds. Through SPME‐GC‐MS analysis, 86 volatile and semi‐volatile chemical compounds was detected in LS, in which the total carbonyl compounds were 27.60%, with the main aldehyde as 2‐furaldehyde (9.83%). For gelatin films, an observable influence of LS on film transparency was observed in gelatin films, but not for its thickness and microstructure. Desirably, adding LS into gelatin solution increased the tensile strength of the films, with a better value of 16.38 MPa as 3 wt% LS added, compared with the control (10.30 MPa). Accordingly, film elongation decreased with a LS dependent manner. Furthermore, the water resistance properties of gelatin film were improved by the LS addition, which was supported by the results of water contact angle, water vapor permeability. Moreover, the addition of LS also led to a higher insolubility for gelatin films. Also, thermal stability of the LS treated gelatin films was slightly enhanced with the DSC analysis. According to the FTIR spectra and crosslinking degree detection results, all the above enhancing of gelatin film should be attributed to the crosslinking between carbonyl groups in LS and amide functionalities in gelatin based on nucleophilic reaction.