零价铁法深度处理阔叶木化学浆制浆废水

应用零价铁法处理南方混合阔叶木化学浆制浆废水生物处理出水,考察了初始pH值、反应时间、反应温度、零价铁用量等因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明,零价铁法深度处理南方阔叶木化学浆制浆废水生物处理出水的效果良好,COD_Cr去除率可达52%,色度去除率可达82%,且能增强废水的可生物降解性。同时,零价铁法处理能有效去除制浆废水中残余的木素衍生物。     

氧化亚铜-纤维素复合材料的制备与应用进展

纤维素高值化利用是传统制浆造纸产业向生物质高效利用综合平台转型升级的关键。纤维素表面上的亲水羟基可通过配位作用和电荷效应促进晶体在其表面的成核生长,是负载无机纳米颗粒的优秀载体。氧化亚铜（Cu₂O）是一种具有可见光催化活性、广谱杀菌性能的p型半导体,可应用在传感器、能量储存与转化、抗菌材料等领域。本文介绍了通过水热法、化学液相还原法、电化学沉积法在纤维素上负载Cu₂O的研究进展,并总结了Cu₂O-纤维素复合材料在光催化降解、抗菌材料和新型织物等领域中的应用,最后对Cu₂O-纤维素复合材料的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

羧乙基微纤化纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合膜的制备与表征

以羧乙基微纤化纤维素为基体,分别采用物理混合法、化学原位吸附聚合法以及物理共混与化学原位吸附聚合相结合的方法经棒涂成型制备了羧乙基微纤化纤维素/石墨烯复合膜、羧乙基微纤化纤维素/聚苯胺复合膜和羧乙基微纤化纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合膜,对复合膜的微观形貌、化学结构、耐水性、热稳定性、力学性能和电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明,羧乙基微纤化纤维素具有良好的成膜性,可起载体和分散剂的作用。复合石墨烯或聚苯胺后,复合膜的力学性能和电化学性能明显增加。石墨烯可提高膜的热稳定性,聚苯胺可增加膜的耐水性。另外,当10%的石墨烯和30%的聚苯胺复合时,还会对羧乙基微纤化纤维素/石墨烯/聚苯胺复合膜的电化学性能产生协同增效的作用。     

基于NaOH-Urea预处理的微纤化纤维素制备研究

为开发高效制备微纤化纤维素的方法,探讨了基于氢氧化钠-尿素（NaOH-Urea）混合溶液对玉米芯微晶纤维素进行预处理后采用机械法处理的微纤化纤维素制备工艺。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FT-IR）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、热重分析仪（TG）、场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）对制备的微纤化纤维素化学结构、结晶度、热稳定性及微观形貌进行表征。结果表明,制备的微纤化纤维素为纤维素Ⅰ型;微纤化纤维素的结晶度为604%,得率高达78%;微纤化纤维素结晶度较玉米芯微晶纤维素有所提高;制备的微纤化纤维素表现出优良的热稳定性,热降解温度达238℃;微纤化纤维素呈棒状,直径为5～20 nm,长度大于200 nm。     

超声/紫外强化Fenton法深度处理造纸废水研究

本研究采用超声/紫外强化Fenton法深度处理造纸废水,以COD、BOD去除率为评价指标,研究反应时间、超声功率和频率、紫外强度、H₂O₂和FeSO₄·7H₂O投加量、pH值对处理效果的影响。结果表明,超声/紫外强化Fenton法深度处理造纸废水的最佳处理条件为：反应时间90 min、超声功率160 W,超声频率50 kHz、紫外光强度12 mW/cm²、H₂O₂投加量12 mL/L、FeSO₄·7H₂O投加量500 mg/L、溶液pH值=5,最佳反应条件下造纸废水的COD_Cr和BOD₅去除率分别为74.8%和75.5%。超声/紫外强化Fenton法深度处理造纸废水具有协同效应,其处理效果优于超声+紫外+Fenton法。超声/紫外强化Fenton法深度处理后,造纸废水满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》GB 18918—2002一级A排放标准。     

碳泡沫阴极电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水研究

本研究通过蔗糖发泡-碳化工艺制备了碳泡沫阴极材料并应用于电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对碳泡沫阴极表面形貌和化学结构进行表征。以COD_Cr去除率为评价指标,考察了阴极材料、反应时间、初始pH值、Fe²⁺投加量和电流密度对造纸废水深度处理效果的影响。结果表明,碳泡沫由大量孔洞结构堆叠而成,表面存在含氧官能团。反应时间180 min、pH值3、Fe²⁺投加量0.5 mmol/L、电流密度200 mA/cm²时,以碳泡沫为阴极的电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水的COD_Cr去除率最高,达到88.4%,相比常规碳毡阴极提高了1.3倍。以碳泡沫为阴极的电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水法具有良好的稳定性,10次循环的COD_Cr去除率均超过85%,效率降低率不超过5%。     

铁改性膨润土光催化剂的制备、表征及应用

以膨润土作为载体,制备了铁改性膨润土光催化剂,采用多种手段对其结构进行表征,将制备的铁改性膨润土光催化剂用于非均相Fenton法深度处理造纸法烟草薄片废水,考察了铁改性膨润土光催化剂的催化活性及稳定性。结果表明,膨润土经铁改性后X射线衍射（XRD）峰强度略有减弱,基本骨架未产生太大变化,层状结构变得疏松,比表面积也增大,膨润土经铁改性后Fe₂O₃的含量增加。对于COD_Cr值为365 mg/L的造纸法烟草薄片废水,当反应初始pH值为3.0、H₂O₂用量为3.0 mL/L、铁改性膨润土光催化剂用量为1700 mg/L时,采用光催化非均相Fenton法处理3 h时,废水COD_Cr的去除率达到80.2%。另外,铁改性膨润土催化剂具有较高的稳定性和较好的可重复使用性,催化剂的重复使用并不会改变原来的骨架及微观形貌。     

纳米纤维素的制备及应用

介绍了机械法制备微纤化纤维素(MFC)和化学法、生物法制备纳米微晶纤维素(NCC)及纳米纤维素在制浆造纸领域的潜在应用,并对纳米纤维素未来研究重点进行了总结。     

纳米TiO2胶体絮凝-光催化氧化-砂滤深度处理造纸废水研究

研究了纳米TiO₂胶体絮凝-光催化氧化-砂滤深度处理造纸废水的效果。分析了絮凝剂的选择和用量、光催化剂用量、光催化时间和外加氧化剂等对废水COD_Cr去除效果的影响；研究证实了样品中残留微量纳米TiO₂胶体对COD_Cr测定的影响，并利用砂滤除去。实验结果表明，以用量为0.01%(相对于废水质量，下同)的纳米TiO₂胶体为絮凝剂对经序列间歇式活性污泥法（SBR）处理后的造纸废水进行处理，在光催化剂用量（质量分数）0.05%，曝气并紫外光照射2 h时，沉降后的上层液体经过砂滤，废水COD_Cr从210 mg/L降到43.0 mg/L。     

电Fenton技术深度处理造纸废水

采用电Fenton技术深度处理二级生化后的造纸废水,以色度去除率和COD去除率为主要考察指标,研究不同因素对造纸废水深度处理效果的影响。反应的最佳条件为：反应时间120 min、初始pH值=3、电压12 V、Fe²⁺浓度0.8 mmol/L、H₂O₂浓度0.8 mmol/L、极板间距10 cm、电解质Na₂SO₄浓度6 g/L。最佳反应条件下,电Fenton法对造纸废水的色度去除率和COD_Cr去除率分别达到89.5%和68.4%。动力学分析表明,电Fenton技术对造纸废水COD的降解符合一级反应动力学规律,一级反应速率常数为k=0.2072 min^-1。     

Effects of MFC-modified GCC as Filler on the Opacity of Pulp Handsheets

Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) was obtained by mechanical grinding of different pulps. MFC-modified ground calcium carbonate (GCC) was prepared in two different ways, designated MFC-GCC composite filler and MFC-GCC flocs filler. The opacity of pulp handsheets loaded with MFC-modified GCC was measured. The effects of MFC originated from different pulps, pretreatment method, and filler modification on the opacity of handsheets loaded with MFC-modified GCC were discussed. The results show that MFC originated from alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp (APMP) was optimal for improving the opacity of the handsheets and PFI grinding pretreatment for MFC provided a denser structure in the corresponding MFC_APMP-GCC floc filler while enzyme pretreatment was more effective in increasing the opacity of the filled paper. Under the experimental conditions, the opacity of handsheets increased from 81.0% to 82.7% when the unmodified GCC was replaced by an equivalent amount of MFC_APMP-GCC composite filler, while other properties were unchanged.     

不同纤维原料对羧乙基微纤化纤维素膜性能的影响

采用6种不同的纤维原料（漂白硫酸盐阔叶木浆、漂白硫酸盐竹浆、漂白硫酸盐针叶木浆、棉短绒浆、漂白针叶木化学机械浆和玉米芯纤维素）经羧乙基化预处理和机械研磨制备了微纤化纤维素（Microfibrillarized cellulose,MFC）,并通过涂布法制备了MFC膜。探讨了原料羧基含量、研磨程度和原料种类对MFC及其膜性能的影响。结果表明,随着预处理后漂白硫酸盐阔叶木浆羧基含量的增加,MFC的保水值由98%增加到538%,MFC膜的孔隙率由37%下降至19%。当羧基含量为0.8 mmol/g时,MFC膜的抗张强度最高,达53 MPa。另外,随着研磨程度（次数）的增加,所得MFC纤丝化程度提高,MFC膜的强度先升高后降低,最高值为75 MPa。在最优的羧乙基化预处理条件和研磨程度下,由6种不同纤维原料制备的MFC膜中,漂白硫酸盐竹浆所得MFC膜的强度最高,为84 MPa,其孔隙率为25%。     

超声处理对制备竹浆微纤化纤维素的影响

以漂白竹浆为原料,采用中性2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-氮-氧化物(TEMPO)微波氧化预处理,然后在浆浓0.6%下结合超声波处理将竹浆纤维素分离解纤为微纤化纤维素(MFC)。通过表观分散性观察、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(FI-TR)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对不同超声时间所制备的MFC的分散特性、形态特征、化学结构、结晶度和晶型结构进行表征分析。结果表明,超声2 h可以得到分散性好、完全透明的MFC,其直径分布均一(5~15 nm),而长度在微米级;超声处理不会改变纤维素的化学结构和晶体类型,但对其结晶度有一定的影响,超声1.5 h其结晶度最高66.97%,超声2.5 h后其结晶度剧烈下降至39.16%。     

Benchmark and strategy development for microbial fuel cells in industrial wastewater treatment

The chemical energy hidden in wastewater can be extracted, turning an energy-intensive treatment process into an energy-independent one. However, conventional aerobic treat- ment is very energy intensive, and anaerobic treatment requires a post-treatment step to meet stringent discharge requirements. Therefore, Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) have attracted a lot of attention because of their ability to extract electrical energy directly from wastewater during the treatment process. Since combustion losses can be avoided, theoretically the greatest energy value can be obtained from the organic load. However, most MFC research is currently still taking place on a laboratory scale in the treatment of synthetic or municipal wastewater. Commercialization of MFC technology will require large-scale plants, for which a suitable MFC design and operation concepts must first be identified, since neither configuration nor operating system has been clearly established yet. In addition, no specific concepts and application fields currently exist for the treat- ment of industrial wastewater. Consequently, with regard to MFCs in industrial wastewater treatment, the aim of this work is to develop a benchmark that serves for modeling the required overall efficiency of MFCs and to identify the most relevant key factors in order to derive enhancement strate- gies. By providing an overview of current MFCs in industrial wastewater treatment and developing a benchmark, the targets for long-term operation of MFCs can be established allowing critical factors for design and operation to be identified. The resulting enhance- ment strategies were validated and the overall evaluation with the developed benchmark allowed an assessment regarding the commercialization potential. Compared to the first MFC design (MFC 1.0), the enhanced MFC design (MFC 2.0) increased the power density by a factor of up to 11 and extended the long-term stability to one year by increasing the specific cathode surface area and reducing the electrode spacing in conjunction with avoiding fiber clogging on the anode side. In addition to using beneficial brewery wastewater with high content of easily degradable organic acids and high conductivity, the performance of the MFC was further stabilized and improved by changing the operating mode to continuous operation and reducing the hydraulic re- tention time to 6 h, resulting in a mean organic removal rate of 6.5 ± 1.9 kg/(m³ · d). Although the overall energy efficiency is low compared to anaerobic treatment, the enor- mous wastewater treatment potential forms the basis for MFCs to become an alternative to conventional treatment technologies if self-sufficient treatment is targeted. Due to the wide range of operating conditions and the modularity of stack systems, MFCs can become a promising option especially for industrial wastewater treatment.     

Conductive Polyaniline/Cellulose/Graphite Composite Films with High Thermal Stability and Antibacterial Activity

Functional composite films were successfully prepared from cellulose, graphite (GP), and polyaniline (PANI) using a combination of physical and chemical processes. Cellulose was dissolved in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide monohydrate (NMMO) and regenerated in water to form the matrix. GP was dispersed in the NMMO solvent prior to the dissolution of the cellulose, and PANI was deposited on the surfaces of the cellulose/GP films by in situ chemical polymerization. The structures of the PANI/cellusose/GP composite films were investigated using X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and SEM/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The mechanical strengths, thermal stabilities, conductivities, and antibacterial activities of the films were studied in detail. The results showed that GP formed a multilayered structure in the cellulose matrix and that the PANI nanoparticles were tightly wrapped on the film surface. The film thickness increased from 40 m to 100 m after the addition of GP and PANI. The tensile strength of the composite films was 80~107 MPa, with the elongation at break being 3%~10%. The final residual weight of the composite films was as high as 65%, and the conductivity of the composite films reached 14.36 S/m. The cellulose matrix ensured that the films were flexible and exhibited desirable mechanical properties, while the GP filler significantly improved the thermal stability of the films. The PANI coating acted as a protective layer during burning and provided good electrical conductivity and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli; both of these characteristics were slightly enhanced by the incorporation of GP. These PANI/cellulose/GP composite films should be suitable for use in electronics, antistatic packing, and numerous other applications.     

Natural Polysaccharide: Modification and Application

Natural polysaccharides are synthetic macromolecules located in the cell wall and intracellular, intercellular, and secretory cells. These are essential components of life activities. Cellulose and its derivatives, chitosan, alginic acid, starch, and other natural polymer materials that exist in nature are polysaccharides. This article briefly reviews the structure and sources of several natural polysaccharides, focusing on the modification design strategies of polysaccharides such as graft polymerization, oxidation, etherification, and esterification on cellulose (mainly cellulose nanocrystals, CNC), chitosan (CTS), and other polysaccharides and derivatives in the fields of biomass energy, composite materials, wastewater treatment, and biomedicine. Based on the theory of modification and application of polysaccharides at the present stage, future research goals and modification strategy design are prospected.     

Production of electricity during wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have been used to produce electricity from different compounds, including acetate, lactate, and glucose. We demonstrate here that it is also possible to produce electricity in a MFC from domestic wastewater, while atthe same time accomplishing biological wastewater treatment (removal of chemical oxygen demand; COD). Tests were conducted using a single chamber microbial fuel cell (SCMFC) containing eight graphite electrodes (anodes) and a single air cathode. The system was operated under continuous flow conditions with primary clarifier effluent obtained from a local wastewater treatment plant. The prototype SCMFC reactor generated electrical power (maximum of 26 mW m(-2)) while removing up to 80% of the COD of the wastewater. Power output was proportional to the hydraulic retention time over a range of 3-33 h and to the influent wastewater strength over a range of 50-220 mg/L of COD. Current generation was controlled primarily by the efficiency of the cathode. Optimal cathode performance was obtained by allowing passive air flow rather than forced air flow (4.5-5.5 L/min). The Coulombic efficiency of the system, based on COD removal and current generation, was < 12% indicating a substantial fraction of the organic matter was lost without current generation. Bioreactors based on power generation in MFCs may represent a completely new approach to wastewater treatment. If power generation in these systems can be increased, MFC technology may provide a new method to offset wastewater treatment plant operating costs, making advanced wastewater treatment more affordable for both developing and industrialized nations.     

Preparation and Properties of Cellulose/Tamarind Nut Powder Green Composites

Using biopolymer cellulose as the matrix and tamarind nut powder (TNP) obtained from agricultural waste of tamarind nuts as the filler, the green composites were made. Cellulose was dissolved in environmental friendly solvent of aq. 8 wt. % Lithium hydroxide and 15 wt. % urea which was precooled to ?12 ° C. To the cellulose solutions, TNP was added in 5 wt. % to 25 wt. % of cellulose separately. Each solution was evenly spread on glass plates and the wet composites were prepared by regeneration method using ethyl alcohol coagulation bath. The wet films were dried in air at room temperature. The dried composite films were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and also tested for their tensile properties. The tensile strength and the % elongation at break of the composites were higher than those of the matrix and increased with TNP content. While the matrix had a tensile strength of 111.8 MPa, the cellulose/TNP composite loaded with 25 wt.% TNP possessed a tensile strength of 125.4 MPa (12% increase). Though the thermal stability of the composites was lower than cellulose matrix, all the composites were stable up to a temperature of 350 °C.     

Carboxyethylated Microfibrillated Cellulose Fibers Prepared from Different Raw Materials

Carboxyethylation pretreatment was used to prepare microfibrillated cellulose(MFC)in this study.In order to evaluate the adaptability of this pretreatment method,carboxyethylated MFC was prepared from six different cellulosic materials.The carboxyl content,degree of polymerization,water retention value,charge density,chemical structure,size distribution,and micromorphology of the materials before and after pretreatment and grinding were studied and compared.The viscosity,ultraviolet(UV)transmittance,and thermal stability of the MFC samples at a certain concentration were determined.The results showed that the carboxyl content,water retention value,charge density,degree of polymerization,size distribution,and micromorphology of the pretreated and ground samples varied with those of the raw materials.The initial viscosity varied based on the type of raw material used.The MFC suspension prepared from cotton linter pulp had the highest UV transmittance,while the MFC prepared from bleached softwood kraft pulp had the highest viscosity at a low shear rate.After thermal degradation,the amount of residual char from the MFC prepared with the thermo-mechanical pulp was slightly higher than that of the other MFCs.This study demonstrates that carboxyethylation is an effective pretreatment method for different cellulosic materials.     

Development of a novel bioelectrochemical membrane reactor for wastewater treatment

A novel bioelectrochemical membrane reactor (BEMR), which takes advantage of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and microbial fuel cells (MFC), is developed for wastewater treatment and energy recovery. In this system, stainless steel mesh with biofilm formed on it serves as both the cathode and the filtration material. Oxygen reduction reactions are effectively catalyzed by the microorganisms attached on the mesh. The effluent turbidity from the BEMR system was low during most of the operation period, and the chemical oxygen demand and NH(4)(+)-N removal efficiencies averaged 92.4% and 95.6%, respectively. With an increase in hydraulic retention time and a decrease in loading rate, the system performance was enhanced. In this BEMR process, a maximum power density of 4.35 W/m(3) and a current density of 18.32 A/m(3) were obtained at a hydraulic retention time of 150 min and external resister of 100 Ω. The Coulombic efficiency was 8.2%. Though the power density and current density of the BEMR system were not very high, compared with other high-output MFC systems, electricity recovery could be further enhanced through optimizing the operation conditions and BEMR configurations. Results clearly indicate that this innovative system holds great promise for efficient treatment of wastewater and energy recovery.