Comparative study of the phenolics,antioxidant and metagenomic composition of novel soy whey-based beverages produced using three different water kefir microbiota

Water kefir microbiota was used to develop novel soy whey-based beverages that have antioxidant activity. In the present study, comparative phenolics, antioxidant and metagenomic composition of the soy whey beverages fermented using three different water kefir microbiota, named WKFS-A, WKFS-B and WKFS-C were investigated. WKFS-B beverage had the highest concentrations of isoflavone aglycones (208.73 ± 2.78 mg L⁻¹) and phenolic acids (132.33 ± 3.41 mg L⁻¹) compared with WKFS-A (193.88 ± 1.15 mg L⁻¹) and (91.73 ± 2.34 mg L⁻¹) and WKFS-C (160.63 ± 1.76 mg L⁻¹) and (97.13 ± 2.63 mg L⁻¹), respectively. The WKFS-B also showed higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power compared with WKFS-A and WKFS-C beverages. Microbial species diversity index analysis showed that a higher concentration of isoflavone aglycones, phenolic acids and increased antioxidant activity in the WKFS-B beverage correlates with the higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus genus. This study thus revealed that Lactobacillus dominated water kefir microbiota produces soy whey beverages with high phenolic acids, isoflavone aglycones and antioxidant activity.     

Changes in phenolics, γ-aminobutyric acid content and antioxidant,antihypertensive and hypoglycaemic properties during ale white sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) brewing process

Effects of white sorghum brewing process on free amino-acids, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), phenolics and bioactivity, including antioxidant (by ABTS⁺ and reducing power, RP, methods), antihypertensive (angiotensin converting enzyme-I, ACE-I inhibition assay), and hypoglycaemic activity (α-glucosidase inhibition assay) were evaluated. From the wort to the beer, free amino acids decreased, but GABA and phenolics increased significantly, positively modifying the bioactive potential. ABTS and α-glucosidase inhibition activity correlated positively with at least one of the phenolic acids evaluated. Ale white sorghum beer presented high content of GABA (7.8 mg L⁻¹), phenolics (40.7 mg total phenolic acids L⁻¹), antioxidant activity (9.14 mmol Trolox equivalent L⁻¹, and 48.8 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent L⁻¹, for ABTS⁺ and RP, respectively), and exhibit ACE-I inhibition (1.0 μg captopril equivalent L⁻¹) and α-glucosidase inhibition (34.5 mg acarbose equivalent L⁻¹) activities. The level of bioactive compounds and its low ethanol content (2.3%), make beer obtained from malted white sorghum a potential functional beverage.     

Effect of wine barrel ageing or sapa addition on total polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of some Italian craft beers

Beer is a complex mixture of bioactive polyphenols with positive health effects, and its composition is influenced by some technological variables. In this study, the total polyphenol content (TPC) and the antioxidant activity of some Italian craft beers produced by ageing in wood barrel that previously contained red or white wines, and by addition of sapa, a cooked must from wine grapes, were investigated. TPC greatly vary among different beer types. Craft beers stored in wood barrels that contained red wines, such as those added of sapa from red wine grapes, showed a TPC up to 2.5 times higher (1000 GAE mg L^?1) compared with other craft beers, and 3.6 times higher than the industrial beer. The antioxidant activity is remarkably different depending on beer type and strictly correlated with TPC. Results indicate that antioxidant properties of the craft beers could be efficiently improved by the explored technological processes.     

Influence of fermentation parameters on phytochemical profile and volatile properties of mulberry (Morus nigra) wine

In the present study Box–Behnken Design was employed to analyse the effects of fermentation parameters such as temperature (T _F), pH, inoculum size (I _S) and °Brix (B_X) on total phenolic concentration (TPC), total flavonoid concentration (TFC), total anthocyanin concentration (TAC), ethanol concentration (ETHC), total higher alcohol concentration (THAC) and total ester concentration (TESC) for the development of a phytochemical‐rich wine using mulberry as a substrate. The results demonstrated that fermentation parameters significantly alter the wine characteristics. Hence, a wine with excellent consumer preference (overall acceptability of 8.51) and high concentration of phytochemicals (TPC = 6014.03 ± 27.80 mg L⁻¹, TFC = 4791.35 ± 21.22 mg L⁻¹, TAC = 1480.72 ± 5.33 mg L⁻¹) as well as good aromatic properties (ETCH =82.85 ± 0.87 g L⁻¹, THAC =249.91 ± 0.31 mg L⁻¹ and TESC =52.55 ± 0.17 mg L⁻¹) with high antioxidant activity (DPPH =220.18 mmol·l⁻¹) was obtained at optimized fermentation conditions of T _F = 25°C, pH = 4.00, I _S = 10% (v /v) and B_X = 26. The results from the present study might contribute to strengthening the development of wine containing high concentrations of phytochemical compounds with attractive olfactory attributes. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Variation in content of tyramine,histamine, 2-phenylethylamine,tryptamine and their precursor amino acids in a Chardonnay wine by using different commercial active dry yeasts and nitrogen sources

Wine is a fermented beverage that could be affected by high concentrations of biogenic amines, thus altering organoleptic and health properties. In this work, the capacity of different selected yeast strains regarding to affect the content of tyramine, histamine, 2-phenylethylamine, tryptamine and their precursor amino acids (pAA) during fermentation has been described. Overall, biogenic amines (BAs) and pAA contents appeared significantly related both to the strain and to the nutrient supplementation applied. Among BAs, without and (with) nitrogen source addition, the concentrations covered a range between 0.1 and 9.5 (0.1–10.3) mg L⁻¹ for tyramine; 0.1 and 4.4 (0.1–4.6) mg L⁻¹ for histamine; 0.4 and 1.1 (0.4–1.4) mg L⁻¹ for 2-phenylethylamine; and 0.02 and 0.14 (0.01–0.12) mg L⁻¹ for tryptamine, respectively. Considering that also wine yeast species are responsible for BAs formation, the evidence from fermentation trials underlined the relevance of a careful choice of ADY strains and nitrogen sources in the management of alcoholic fermentation in wine.     

Physicochemical characterization of special persimmon fruit beers using bohemian pilsner malt as a base

This study involved the production of special fruit ale beers with different concentrations (100:0%, 75:25%, 50:50% and 25:75% v /v) of barley malt and persimmon juice from the ‘Rojo Brillante’ variety. Fermentation took place under beer quality control parameters and the influence of persimmon juice on beer quality was investigated. Colour, turbidity, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, sugars, organic acids, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and ethanol formation were determined during the fermentation process. These fruit beers, whose alcoholic contents were within the standards (3.6–5.63% v /v ethanol), were characterized by a normal acid pH (3.97–4.13) with citric and lactic acids the most abundant organic acids, a clear golden colour without turbidity [2.05–2.83 European Brewery Convention units], intermediate total phenolic compound values (283.0–327.1 mg GAE/L) and antioxidant activities between 1.65 and 5.78 mm TE/L. The persimmon beverage which contained 75% fruit juice was the most valued and preferred by the panelists followed by the 50:50% wort–persimmon beer. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Total hordatine content in different types of beers

Hordatines are phenolic secondary metabolites typical of barley. Hordatines withstand at least moderate processing, and thus they are also found in barley malts and beer. So far, no published data on the hordatine content has been available in beers or different styles of beer. The aim of this study was to produce information on the total hordatine content in beers and statistically compare the hordatine content of different beer types. In the current study, hordatines were analysed in 208 beers by high‐performance liquid chromatography equipped with a diode array detector (HPLC‐DAD). The average total hordatine content of all beer samples was 5.6 ± 3.1 mg L^?1 as p‐coumaric acid equivalents (PCAE), with a minimum values 0 to a maximum value 18.7 mg L^?1 PCAE. The total hordatine content correlated positively to the alcohol content in lagers, ales, stouts and porters, but not in wheat beers. There was no statistically significant difference in hordatine content in different types of beer, excluding the non‐alcoholic group of beers. It is noteworthy that non‐alcoholic beers also contained hordatines. More research would be needed to understand how parameters, such as mashing, should be chosen in order to achieve maximum recovery of hordatines in wort and beer.     

Production,iron analysis and consumer perception of functional Thai Sinlek iron rice (Oryza sativa) drink

We produced the iron rice (IR) drink, determined the relevant chemical composition and antioxidant activity and tested the consumers’ degree of satisfaction. IR grains were digested with α-amylase and analysed chemical composition and antioxidant activity, while the hydrolysate (pH 4.0) and flavouring agents were added for final preparation of the IR drink. The IR hydrolysate contained a total iron content of 13.9 mg g⁻¹, a total phenolic content of 1.33 ± 0.07 mg gallic acid equivalent g⁻¹ and γ-oryzanol of 70.12 ± 2.7 mg kg⁻¹ rice grain, all of which inhibited the generation of free radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. The IR drink was composed of flavonoids and phenolic acids for which kaempferol was predominant. The members of all three groups of elderly subjects who consumed the low-dose IR (1.47 mg iron/100 mL), high-dose IR (2.74 mg iron/100 mL) and white rice (WR; 0.5 mg iron/100 mL) drinks expressed satisfaction and interest with the beverages at 91.2%, 100% and 88.9%, respectively. In terms of sensory evaluation, the low-dose IR drink revealed a higher acceptance rating than high-dose IR and WR (P < 0.05). Notably, the Sinlek rice drink was abundant with iron, anti-oxidative phenolics and γ-oryzanol, for which consumers expressed an overall degree of acceptance (8.1 ± 1.1).     

Survey of deoxynivalenol and its conjugates deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol in 374 beer samples

Beer is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. Malted cereal grains are among the basic ingredients and hence mycotoxin contamination might occur. Previous studies reported the presence of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON), as well as of the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) in beer. In the present survey, 374?beer samples from 38?countries with a focus on Austrian (156) and German (64) beers were analysed for the presence of D3G, DON and 3ADON. Beers were assigned to the following six categories: pale (217), wheat (46), dark (47), bock (20), nonalcoholic beers (19) and shandies (25). In total, 348 and 289 beers (93 and 77%, respectively) contained D3G and DON at the levels above the limit of detection, whereas 3ADON was not detected in any of the samples. Average concentrations of all beers were 6.9?µg?L^?1 for D3G and 8.4?µg?L^?1 in the case of DON. Nonalcoholic beers and shandies showed the lowest contaminations, 1.5 and 3.2?µg?L^?1 for D3G and 2.7 and 4.4?µg?L^?1 for DON, respectively. In bock beers characterised by a higher gravity, a significant trichothecene load of 14.8?µg?L^?1 D3G and 12.4?µg?L^?1 DON was found. The highest contamination (81?µg?L^?1 D3G, 89?µg?L^?1 DON) was detected in a pale beer from Austria, underlining the importance of this study for food safety. The molar D3G to DON ratio ranged between 0.11 and 1.25 and was 0.56 on average. Concluding, the average contamination of beer is not of toxicological concern for moderate beer drinkers. However, in the case of heavy beer drinkers, beer consumption may considerably contribute to the overall intake of DON, which might even lead to exceeding the maximum tolerable limits established for this Fusarium toxin.     

Rapidly colorimetric detection of caffeine in beverages by silver nanoparticle sensors coupled with magnetic molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres

Excessively intaking caffeine can harm human health, and it is imperative to develop a rapid method to identify caffeine for food safety. The magnetic molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres (MMIPs) were prepared to pretreat samples before silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) colorimetric detection of caffeine. Using Fe₃O₄ as supporting core, mesoporous SiO₂ as intermediate shell, α-methylacrylic acid as functional monomer and caffeine as template, the prepared MMIPs were characterised by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. Adsorption process followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm with maximum adsorption capacity at 38.8 mg g⁻¹ under 298 K. The MMIPs extract caffeine from beverages, then the AgNPs colorimetric method rapidly screened and semi-quantified caffeine ≥5 mg L⁻¹ by naked eye, and accurately quantified caffeine ranging 0.1–5 mg L⁻¹ by UV-vis spectroscopy at 393 nm, which were consistent with HPLC analytical results. Thus, this method might be used to rapidly enrich and analyse caffeine in beverages.     

Feasibility of incorporating buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) oil nanoemulsions in isotonic sports drink

Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) oil is one of the richest vegetal sources of carotenoids, and its use in food industry is interesting considering the growing interest of the consumers for healthier products. Nanoemulsions of buriti oil were produced by phase inversion temperature (PIT) method for subsequent incorporation in isotonic beverage. The incorporation of nanoemulsions of buriti oil in beverages aims to replace artificial colouring by natural dyes. The nanoemulsion stability was evaluated by measuring average droplet size (73–86 nm), polydispersity (0.08–0.15), lipid oxidation quantification (0.05–0.1 mmol MDA kg^?1), and total carotenoids. The beverages were evaluated in terms of pH (2.72–3.05), osmolality, total titratable acidity (0.164–0.177 g citric acid L^?1), soluble solids (4.23–5.13 °Brix), and colorimetric parameters. Microbiology and sensory evaluation were also carried out, and the results indicated that buriti oil nanoemulsions can be incorporated in isotonic beverages.     

Bioactive compounds,antioxidant activity and sensory properties of Tarhana,a traditional fermented food,enriched with pickling herb (Echinophora tenuifolia L.)

The addition of pickling herb (Echinophora tenuifolia L.; PHET) resulted in increase in the total phenolic and flavonoid contents in Tarhana in both free and bound fractions' extracts. The antioxidant activity of Tarhana containing 2%, 6% and 18% PHET was 81.45–81.72% in bound fraction whereas in free fraction it was up to 88.27% (6% PHET). The gallic acid contents of Tarhana with PHET in free fraction were between 0.49 mg L⁻¹ (10%) and 2.75% (14%) and that in bound fraction varied between 0.36 mg L⁻¹ (10%) and 3.61 mg L⁻¹ (18%). Statistically significant differences (with control) were observed among the contents of individual phenolic compounds in free and bound fractions of Tarhana depending on PHET concentrations. The addition of higher PHET contents in Tarhana showed negative effects hence, a low concentration (2%) of PHET is recommendable for Tarhana with enhanced nutritional properties.     

Characterization of Brazilian lager and brown ale beers based on color, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity using chemometrics

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have shown that beer has positive effects on inhibiting atherosclerosis, decreasing the content of serum low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, by acting as in vivo free radical scavenger. In this research, the antioxidant activity of commercial Brazilian beers (n = 29) was determined by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^·) assays and results were analyzed by chemometrics. RESULTS: The brown ale samples (n = 11) presented higher (P < 0.05) flavonoids (124.01 mg L^?1), total phenolics (362.22 mg L^?1), non‐flavonoid phenolics (238.21 mg L^?1), lightness (69.48), redness (35.75), yellowness (55.71), color intensity (66.86), hue angle (59.14), color saturation (0.9620), DPPH^· values (30.96% inhibition), and ORAC values (3, 659.36 µmol Trolox equivalents L^?1), compared to lager samples (n = 18). Brown ale beers presented higher antioxidant properties (P < 0.05) measured by ORAC (1.93 times higher) and DPPH (1.65 times higher) compared to lager beer. ORAC values correlated well with the content of flavonoids (r = 0.47; P = 0.01), total phenolic compounds (r = 0.44; P < 0.01) and DPPH (r = 0.67; P < 0.01). DPPH values also correlated well to the content of flavonoids (r = 0.69; P < 0.01), total phenolic compounds (r = 0.60; P < 0.01), and non‐flavonoid compounds (r = 0.46; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION The results suggest that brown ale beers, and less significantly lager beers, could be sources of bioactive compounds with suitable free radical scavenging properties. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Determination of ganglioside concentrations in breast milk and serum from Malaysian mothers using a high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-multiple reaction monitoring method

Gangliosides, found in blood, tissues and in human breast milk, are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids with implicated bioactivities in neural and brain development, maturation of the gastrointestinal tract, and the immune system. In a cross-sectional study, high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to measure the average total ganglioside concentrations in Malaysian mothers' colostrum and transitional milk; results were 26.8 and 18.9 mg L⁻¹, respectively. In mature milk, the average ganglioside concentrations at 2, 6, and 12 months lactation were 14.8, 25.3, and 16.6 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Considering the data from the typical exclusive breast feeding period (2 and 6 months) and adjusting for outliers, the trimmed mean was 18.5 mg L⁻¹. The average total ganglioside concentrations in maternal serum increased from 14.7 mg L⁻¹ during the second trimester to 19.6 mg L⁻¹ during the third trimester. However, in 45% of the mothers total serum ganglioside decreased in the third trimester.     

Dynamic changes in flavonol glycosides during production of green,yellow, white,oolong and black teas from Camellia sinensis L. (cv. Fudingdabaicha)

Flavonol glycosides with low thresholds are important flavour substances in tea leaves. This study monitored the dynamic changes in flavonol glycosides during the production of different teas. The fresh leaves of cv. Fudingdabaicha with 15.77 mg g⁻¹ of total flavonol glycosides (TFG) were respectively processed into green, yellow, white, oolong and black teas. A reduction of TFG was observed for different teas, amongst which black tea contained the lowest level of TFG (9.83 mg g⁻¹), followed by oolong tea (11.96 mg g⁻¹), while green, yellow and white teas contained similar levels of TFG (~13.70 mg g⁻¹). Fixation was crucial to maintain the stability of flavonol glycosides due to its inactivation effect on enzymes at high temperature. Principal component analysis results indicated that flavonol glycosides were vulnerable to fermentation, and the stabilities of flavonol glycosides were related with aglycone and glycoside moiety.     

Fermentation optimization for a probiotic local northeastern Indian rice beer and application to local cassava and plantain beer production

Response surface methodology was employed to determine the optimal conditions of time and temperature for the fermentation of a local North East Indian rice beer. The same conditions were then applied to prepare local beers from cassava (Manihot esculanta) and plantain (Musa ABB). Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae and Lactobacillus plantarum were used to carry out the fermentation process. Thirteen experimental runs, based on a two‐factor five‐level design were carried out according to a central composite rotatable design. The independent variables were fermentation time (24–216 h) and temperature (25–40°C). The responses studied were content of protein, alcohol, total polyphenols, reducing sugars as well as titratable acidity and L. plantarum count. Numerical optimization predicted that a fermentation period of 143 h at a temperature of 33°C would result in a desirable rice beer, with response values of protein content OF 0.77%, alcohol content OF 6.99%, L. plantarum count of 7.08 log CFU mL^?1, polyphenol content of 34.46 mg/100 g, reducing sugars of 2.39% and a titratable acidity of 0.34%. Cassava and plantain beers were prepared using the optimized parameters of the rice beer experiments and the resultant beers exhibited the desired chemical parameters, suggesting applicability of the conditions to preparing these types of local beers from a wider range of substrates. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Mixed fermentation of jujube juice (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) with L. rhamnosus GG and L. plantarum-1: effects on the quality and stability

This study was conducted aiming at improving the quality of jujube juice by mixed fermentation of lactobacilli. Selection of favourable lactobacilli and addition of nitrogen sources were explored as an efficient method to improve the viability of probiotic in jujube juice. After fermentation, the viability increased to 9.15 ± 0.10 Log CFU mL⁻¹, while the content of lactic acid increased to 5.61 ± 0.03 mg mL⁻¹. The total phenolic and total flavonoid content were 2663.03 ± 11.95 μg mL⁻¹ and 163.95 ± 0.47 μg mL⁻¹ respectively. Moreover, the stability of fermented jujube juice during refrigeration was investigated, which showed that the viability dropped to 8.84 ± 0.6 Log CFU mL⁻¹ and the concentration of lactic acid slowly increased to 6.51 ± 0.04 mg mL⁻¹; the ABTS value showed a 4.26% reduction and FRAP value did not significantly (P < 0.05) change during refrigerated storage. In addition to the existing knowledge, our data aid to the future applications of the jujube as a potential ingredient in novel probiotic foods formulation.     

Content of biogenic amines and polyamines in beers from the Czech Republic

Altogether 114 samples of alcoholic and non‐alcoholic bottled beer produced in 28 breweries in the Czech Republic were monitored for levels of biogenic amines (BA) and polyamines (PA). The beers were analysed immediately after purchase and then at the end of the best‐before period (storage temperature 8 ± 1 °C). The concentrations of histamine, phenylethylamine and tryptamine in the studied samples were very low (mostly under 30 mg L^?1). The studied PA spermine and spermidine also occurred in small amounts. Nevertheless, the levels of tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine reached significant values, especially in alcoholic beers. In almost 25% of the tested samples of alcoholic beers (at the end of the best‐before period), the total amount of all the monitored BA and PA exceeded the ‘healthy’ level of 100 mg L^?1, which is considered toxicologically significant, especially in alcoholic beverages. Copyright © 2012 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Determination of phospholipid concentrations in breast milk and serum using a high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry–multiple reaction monitoring method

Phospholipids (PLs), including sphingomyelin, play important roles in cell membrane integrity, neural and brain development, and inflammatory responses. They are found in tissues and biological fluids, including human breast milk. In this cross-sectional study using high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, the average total PL concentrations in Malaysian mothers' colostrum and transitional milk were determined as 331 and 266 mg L⁻¹, respectively. In mature milk, the average total PL concentrations were 170, 210 and 220 mg L⁻¹ at 2, 6 and 12 months, respectively, with a strong correlation between the total PL concentration and the fat concentration (p < 0.001). The dominant PL class in mature milk was sphingomyelin (36–38%), followed by phosphatidylethanolamine (27–37%). The average maternal serum PL concentrations were higher in the third trimester (2089 mg L⁻¹) than in the second (1667 mg L⁻¹), with phosphatidylcholine predominant at 66% and with sphingomyelin at 22–24% of total PLs.     

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of Brazilian hop (Humulus lupulus L.) extracts

Bioactive compounds from Brazilian hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivars were extracted by ultrasound and their phenolic profile compared with commercial hop from the USA. The most effective extraction conditions (solution of ethanol 49%, at 52 °C and a solid/liquid ratio of 1 g per 34 mL) for the total phenolic compounds (TPC) were determined using a Central Composite Rotatable Design. The Brazilian hop showed higher content of TPC (33.93 ± 0.67 mg GAE g⁻¹), total flavonoids (54.47 ± 0.10 mg QE g⁻¹) and higher antioxidant activity (ABTS: EC₅₀ 21.29 ± 1.36 μL mL⁻¹; DPPH: EC₅₀ 3.91 ± 0.17 μL mL⁻¹) when compared with the USA hop. The main phenolic compounds present in the extracts were the flavonoids isoquercitrin and quercetin. The antioxidant properties of the Brazilian hop extract had not been reported yet in the literature for this raw material, thus showing potential to be incorporated in polymeric films used as active packaging.