玉米及其制品中伏马菌素的去除方法

伏马茵素分布广泛且毒性较大,丢弃受伏马菌素污染的玉米将造成巨大的经济损失,因此降解和去除玉米及其制品中伏马菌素的技术和方法日益受到人们的重视.介绍了伏马菌素的性质以及伏马菌素污染食品的情况,对去除伏马菌素的方法,如物理法、化学法、生物法进行总结和阐述,并对去除和降解伏马菌素的前景进行展望.     

伏马菌素研究进展

伏马菌素是串珠镰刀菌产生一类酶菌毒素,它能污染玉米及其制品,也可污染小麦、稻米等粮食及其制品;由于伏马菌素分布广泛且毒性较大,因此它在食品安全中意义越来越受到人们关注。该文介绍伏马菌素对食品污染状况、伏马菌素毒性及伏马菌素测定方法。     

挤压膨化和碱化湿磨法降低玉米中的伏马菌素

伏马菌素是一种重要的真菌毒素,主要存在于受镰孢菌污染的玉米及其制品中。伏马菌素能够引起人畜多种疾病,严重危害人畜的健康。为了减少伏马菌素对人畜健康的危害,采用挤压膨化法、氢氧化钙浸泡湿磨法降低玉米及其制品中的伏马菌素。结果表明,在不添加葡萄糖的情况下,挤压膨化能够降低玉米中40.42%～44.52%的伏马菌素,而添加葡萄糖(2.5%、5.0%和7.5%)的情况下,降解率则能达到71.82%～90.16%。氢氧化钙浸泡湿磨能明显降低玉米中伏马菌素的含量,并且随浸泡时间(8～24h)的延长,去除率逐渐升高,在0.03mol/L的氢氧化钙浸泡24h的条件下,湿磨玉米能够去除80.71%的伏马菌素。     

伏马毒素生物合成和降解的研究进展

伏马毒素(Fumonisins,FBs)一种由串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme)、轮状镰孢菌(Fusarium verticillioides)、多誉镰刀菌(Fusarium proliferatum)和其他一些镰孢菌种产生的水溶性次级代谢产物.广泛存在于玉米等农产品中,在较低的浓度范围内,可干扰植物正常生理代谢功能,不仅会造成农业经济损失,其严重的致癌性对人畜危害极大,因此开始受到广泛关注.目前国际上对伏马菌素的研究已经深入到分子水平,通过对产伏马菌素菌株的遗传学研究,鉴定出与伏马菌素生物合成相关基因及合成协同调节基因簇.本文介绍了伏马毒素的理化性质,以及伏马毒素作用机理,生物合成途径.阐述了伏马毒素生物合成的基因序列群以及基因簇的表达方式.论述了伏马毒素的降解方法,并为今后伏马毒素生物工程降解研究提出了建议.     

食品伏马菌素及其检测方法研究进展

伏马菌素主要是由串珠镰刀菌产生的一类真菌毒素,主要污染玉米及其制品,也可污染小麦、大米等粮食作物。伏马菌素的检测方法不断发展,有必要对其进行系统分析和研究。     

啤酒中伏马菌素的测定

本研究的主要目的是对斯洛伐克啤酒的伏马菌素污染情况进行调查。文中提出了合理的处理和分析方法，该方法对伏马菌素B1和82的检出限均达到了接近1μg/L的水平，对于伏马菌素B1和82的回收率分别是94％和79％。在样品的预处理中，文中采用了免疫亲和纯化的方法对来自国内的啤酒样品进行纯化，测定的结果显示了所有的样品中所含的伏马菌素都低于检出限。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定芝麻酱中16种真菌毒素

建立了芝麻酱中16种真菌毒素(赭曲霉毒素A、T-2毒素、伏马菌素B2、伏马菌素B1、O-甲基杂色曲霉素、蛇形菌素、新茄镰孢菌醇、杂色曲霉素、黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素B2、黄曲霉毒素G1、黄曲霉毒素G2、曲酸、青霉酸、橘青霉素、黄曲霉毒素M1)多残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLCMS/MS)的检测方法。芝麻酱样品经乙腈-水-乙酸(80∶19∶1,体积分数,下同)溶液提取,QuEChERS方法净化后,以含0.1%甲酸的水溶液与乙腈为流动相,经ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1mm×50mm,1.7μm)分离,以多级反应监测(MRM),外标法定量。结果表明:16种真菌毒素的检出限为0.03~1.5μg/kg,定量限为0.10~4.0μg/kg;线性范围在0.10~200μg/kg内各成分的线性相关系数均大于0.991;样品在定量限1倍、2倍和10倍3个添加水平下的平均回收率为70.7%~99.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.26%~10.5%。该方法简便、灵敏、快速,可用于芝麻酱中多种真菌毒素污染的监控分析。     

山东省玉米真菌毒素污染状况调查及分析

为掌握山东省玉米的真菌毒素污染状况,评估污染带来的安全风险,为加强真菌毒素污染防控提供依据,采集了山东省玉米主产县2013年~2014年收获和储藏的玉米样品共520批次,采用液相色谱—飞行时间质谱联用仪(UPLC-Q-TOF)方法检测了玉米中黄曲霉毒素(AFB_1、AFB_2、AFG_1、AFG_2)、伏马毒素(FB_1、FB_2、FB_3)、呕吐毒素(DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的污染水平。结果表明,AFB1、AFB2、AFG1在玉米中检出率分别为18.08%、7.88%、0.77%,平均含量分别为7.62、0.60、0.05μg/kg;FB1、FB2、FB3检出率分别为92.50%、88.08%、83.85%,平均含量分别为1 798.69、531.83、197.71μg/kg;DON检出率为26.35%,平均含量为240.44μg/kg;ZEN检出率为14.62%,平均含量为74.90μg/kg;AFG2未检出。调查结果还表明,伏马毒素在所测样品中污染最为严重,超标率达33.46%;单一样品受多种毒素混合污染的情况较严重。     

酒中伏马菌素的研究进展

伏马菌素是近年来发现的一种重要的霉菌毒素,其通过污染多种粮食、水果,继而进入包括酒类产品在内的多种食品中,在动物和人类表现出神经毒害、免疫毒害以及致癌性等,危害很大.该文针对伏马菌素对人畜的危害性、在酒精饮料中伏马菌素的来源、检测方法以及降低其危害的措施等方面,综述了近年来的研究进展,以期引起对伏马菌素的重视,并为深入研究伏马菌素奠定基础.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛奶中24 种真菌毒素

运用基质分散固相萃取净化,建立牛奶中24 种真菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素B2、黄曲霉毒素G1、黄曲霉毒素G2、黄曲霉毒素M1、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮、玉米赤霉酮、α-玉米赤霉烯醇、β-玉米赤霉烯醇、α-玉米赤霉醇、β-玉米赤霉醇、T-2毒素、HT-2霉素、伏马毒素B1、伏马毒素B2、伏马毒素B3、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、交链孢霉单甲基醚、交链孢酚、腾毒素、细交链孢菌酮酸）多残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品经80%乙腈溶液（体积分数）提取,通过基质分散固相萃取净化,氮吹至近干,1 mL 50%乙腈溶液（体积分数）复溶,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱进行测定。经ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3反相柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm）分离,梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源-多反应监测模式采集。24 种目标物的相关系数（R2）均大于0.985,加标回收率为71.0%～123.0%,相对标准偏差均小于10%。该方法具有操作简单、重复性好、灵敏度高、杂质干扰小等特点,可以用于牛奶中24 种真菌毒素的检测。     

A physical method for segregation of fumonisin-contaminated maize

A batch of naturally contaminated maize was treated with water and different concentrations of NaCl in water by immersing for 5 min and removing the upper buoyant fraction. Both the buoyant and non-buoyant fraction were analysed for fumonisin B1. With water alone upto 74% of the toxin was removed in the buoyant layer. Maximum effective removal was up to 86% with saturated NaCl solution. Thirty per cent NaCl solution and above can be effectively used for physical decontamination of fumonisin-contaminated maize. ©     

紫玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1和富马毒素B1的脱毒研究

为脱除紫玉米中富马毒素B1(FB1)和黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1),分别采用紫外、超高压、微波和NaCl处理,利用高效液相色谱方法进行检测。结果表明：紫外和超高压处理对两种毒素含量无影响,微波处理12min能去除90%以上的毒素,而30%以上NaCl浸泡10min即可去除99%的毒素。结论：NaCl浸泡是一种简单经济的脱毒方法。     

Sensitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and rapid one‐step immunochromatographic strip for fumonisin B1 in grain‐based food and feed samples

BACKGROUND: Maize contaminated with mycotoxin fumonisin B1 poses a global threat to agricultural production. In this study, polyclonal antibodies (pAb) specific to fumonisin B1 were generated from rabbits immunised with fumonisin B1–keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). These antibodies were used to establish a sensitive competitive direct enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (cdELISA) and gold nanoparticle immunochromatographic strip for detecting fumonisin B1 levels in maize‐based foods and feeds. RESULTS: In cdELISA, fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 at concentrations of 0.42, 0.58 and 81.5 ng mL^?1 respectively caused 50% inhibition (IC₅₀) of binding of fumonisin B1–horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to the antibodies. Effective on‐site detection of fumonisin B1 was achieved by developing a rapid and sensitive pAb‐based gold nanoparticle immunochromatographic strip. This strip had a detection limit of 5 ng mL^?1 for fumonisin B1 in maize‐based samples. Additionally, the whole analytical process could be completed within 10 min. Close examination of 15 maize‐based samples by cdELISA revealed that 11 were fumonisin‐positive, with a mean concentration of 435 ± 20.1 ng g^?1. These results correlated well with those obtained by immunochromatographic strip. CONCLUSION: Both cdELISA and immunochromatographic strip methods established in this study are sensitive for rapid detection of fumonisins in agricultural commodities. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定玉米中9种真菌毒素

为高效检测玉米中的生物毒素,采用80%乙腈?0.1%甲酸水溶液提取、QuEChERS法净化、甲醇?0.1%甲酸+5 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液经C₁₈柱梯度洗脱分离、电喷雾正负离子同时扫描并多反应监测模式采集数据的综合方法,对玉米中黄曲霉毒素B₁、B₂、伏马毒素B₁、B₂、B₃、呕吐毒素、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及玉米赤霉烯酮9种真菌毒素进行同时测定。结果表明,9种真菌毒素在0.25～250 μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均在0.9999以上,检出限在0.079～1.8 μg/kg之间,定量限在0.26～6.0 μg/kg之间,回收率在80.2%～113.8%之间,相对标准偏差≤7.7%。用该方法同时检测吉林省240份玉米样品中9种真菌毒素,其中未检测出黄曲霉毒素B₁、B₂,但其它7种毒素均有检出,其中ZEN检出率最小,为14.6%,FB₂检出率最大,达到98.3%。本方法操作简单、灵敏度高、重现性好,结果准确,适用于玉米中多组分真菌毒素同时检测。     

Removal of salt and organic acids from solution used to season salted Japanese apricots (ume) by electrodialysis, precipitation and adsorption

With the aim of repeatedly reusing the solution used to season salted ume (Japanese apricot), we investigated its desalting and deacidification by electrodialysis, precipitation, and adsorption. Although NaCl and acids could be easily removed from used seasoning solution by electrodialysis, useful substances such as amino acids were removed at the same time. Precipitation using Ca(OH)2 could remove only organic acids, but the treated solution became bitter. Two weakly basic commercial resins, DIAION WA30 and Chitopearl CCS, adsorbed organic acids selectively. Chitopearl CCS in particular selectively adsorbed citric acid in the used seasoning solution without also adsorbing useful substances. The equilibrium data of a citric acid, which was a main organic acid, were correlated by the Langmuir equation. The saturation capacity decreased with increasing concentrations of NaCl in the solution but the equilibrium constant did not change. By combining electrodialysis and adsorption, NaCl and organic acids could be removed while amino acids largely remained. The resultant solution was considered to be suitable for repeated reuse.     

Co-occurrence of aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in cereals and peanuts from C?te d'Ivoire.

This survey examined 30 samples of rice (n = 10), maize (n = 10) and peanuts (n = 10) from C?te d'Ivoire for aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1 and zearalenone using immunoassays, and ochratoxin A using a validated HPLC method with fluorescence detection. In C?te d'Ivoire, as in other countries, several mycotoxins are present in the same commodities. These mycotoxins are from different structural families: aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1, zearalenone and ochratoxin A, normally produced by fungal species from Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium genera. Some samples contained four mycotoxins (86%). Four peanuts samples did not show ochratoxin A (14%), whereas they contained aflatoxin B1 concentrations above the EU regulatory limits. Concentrations of ochratoxin A, zearalenone and fumonisin B1 were low and may not cause problems per se; however, fears remain that the tolerable daily intake may be exceeded due to eating habits and synergistic effects could be important with the combination of several mycotoxins. Investigations in this direction are underway, together with isolation and characterization of the fungal species involved.     

Occurrence of fumonisins B1 and B2 in broa, typical Portuguese maize bread

Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) and fumonisin B(2) (FB(2)) are mycotoxins mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides, and Fusarium proliferatum, fungi species most commonly isolated from maize. The natural occurrence of FB(1) and FB(2) in broa, typical Portuguese maize bread, was evaluated in 30 samples. Twenty five were found positive with levels ranging from 142 to 550 microg kg(-1). The limit established by the European regulations was exceeded by 27% of the samples. The tolerable daily intake for fumonisin B(1), and B(2), alone or in combination, for all of the analysed samples, was lower than 2 microg kg(-1) body weight per day established by the European Commission.     

Investigations on the change of fumonisin content of maize during hydrothermal treatment of maize. Analysis by means of HPLC methods and ELISA

The study was subjected to the investigation of the effects of extrusion cooking, gelatinization, and cornflaking on the stability of fumonisins in artificially contaminated maize grits, spiked with fumonisin B₁ and B₂ at levels of 2 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg, respectively. All the processed samples were analyzed according to the AOAC-HPLC method, and some selected samples were analyzed additionally by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and after alkaline hydrolysis. All the samples showed significant decreases of the fumonisin levels. If analyzed according to AOAC-HPLC method, cooking extrusion and gelatinization reduced fumonisin levels to approximately 30-55%, cooking the grits for flaking to approximately 20-65%, and roasting the flakes to approximately 6-35% (depending on the selected technological parameters). With ELISA the fumonisin contents were 15-50% and after alkaline hydrolysis 19-380% higher than with the AOAC-HPLC method. However, the fumonisin amount added before the technological tests could not be recovered in any of the samples.     

固相萃取柱净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定液态乳中14 种真菌毒素

建立使用固相萃取柱净化液态乳中14 种真菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素B2、黄曲霉毒素G1、黄曲霉毒素G2、黄曲霉毒素M1、赭曲霉毒素A、橘霉素、T-2毒素、杂色曲霉素、伏马毒素B1、伏马毒素B2、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、青霉酸）多残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品经含0.1%甲酸-乙腈沉淀蛋白和提取,固相萃取柱Oasis PRiME HLB净化后,以0.1%甲酸溶液与乙腈为流动相,经ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱（2.1?mm×100?mm,1.8?μm）分离,梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾-正离子多反应监测模式,外标法定量。结果表明：14?种真菌毒素的定量限（RSN≥10）为0.5～5?μg/kg,高、中、低3?个添加水平时,平均回收率为67.7%～112.7%,相对标准偏差为0.43%～7.28%。该方法的检测速度快,净化效果较好,基质干扰较少,灵敏度高,结果准确、可靠,可用于液态乳中真菌毒素的检测分析。