紫薯花色苷的超滤和树脂联用纯化工艺

利用超滤和大孔树脂联用的方法对紫薯花色苷粗提液进行了纯化,考查了不同截留分子量超滤膜对花色苷粗提液的纯化效果。结果表明:截留分子量为10 ku的膜可有效透过花色苷和截留大分子物质,花色苷的透过率为86.54%,蛋白质截留率为93.67%,透过液的可溶性固形物含量降低了14.29%,透光率提高了23.78%。通过对6种不同极性的大孔吸附树脂对超滤透过液中花色苷的吸附及解吸能力的考查,发现LS-305的吸附性能较好。其动态吸附及解吸条件为:上样流速5.2 BV/h,上样量35 BV;60%乙醇洗脱体积为9 BV可洗脱完全。花色苷产品色价由纯化前的1.59提高到纯化后的32.89。HPLC分析表明超滤和树脂联用纯化方法未对紫薯花色苷成分造成影响。     

膜技术分离七叶参皂甙研究

以七叶参为材料,研究了微滤澄清、超滤除大分子、纳滤分离、纳滤浓缩等膜技术在分离七叶参皂甙的应用效果。结果表明,采用0.2μm微滤膜在40℃条件下微滤经粗滤后的七叶参浸提液,且在微滤滤液达到浸提液重的80%时加入与原料等重的透析水透析残渣可作为微滤澄清的技术参数;选用截留分子量为10000Da的超滤膜能有效去除色素等大分子物质;利用截留分子量为2500Da或3500Da的纳滤膜分离七叶参皂甙,可制得纯度为42%以上的七叶参皂甙产品,且3500Da纳滤膜比2500Da纳滤膜的得率要高,但干粉中皂甙纯度略低;选用500D的纳滤膜在32℃左右、操作压力为1.8MPa的条件下浓缩七叶参皂甙不仅浓缩效率高,而且可进一步提高产品纯度。     

脱味紫薯花色苷色素的稳定性

研究了p H值、金属离子及有机酸对脱味紫薯花色苷色素溶液颜色特征及其稳定性的影响。结果表明,p H 3.0附近时脱味紫薯花色苷色素溶液最稳定;低浓度Fe3+有较强的增色作用,高浓度且随着时间延长Fe3+会导致花色苷降解;Fe2+不仅无增色效果,还会导致脱味紫薯花色苷降解褐变;低浓度的Ca2+、Mn2+和Cu2+对脱味紫薯花色苷色素有一定的辅色作用。草酸、丙二酸和L-苹果酸对紫薯花色苷色素有较好的辅色作用,提高了脱味紫薯花色苷色素的热稳定性,其中草酸辅色最显著,其次是丙二酸和L-苹果酸;柠檬酸和阿魏酸的增色效果不显著,抗坏血酸具有减色作用。     

微滤联合大孔树脂纯化蓝莓果脯糖浆中花色苷的工艺优化

本文使用微滤技术联合大孔树脂技术对蓝莓果脯糖浆分离纯化,以回收其中的蓝莓花色苷。首先通过静态试验对大孔树脂进行筛选,并在动态试验中以花色苷回收率和总糖去除率为指标,在单因素和Box-Behnken响应面试验的基础上,优化了上样流速、乙醇浓度和洗脱流速等工艺参数。结果表明：微滤透过液中花色苷含量为6.84 mg/100 mL,总糖含量为31.76 mg/mL。AB-8、D101、HPD600三种树脂中,优选出AB-8用于蓝莓果脯花色苷的纯化,大孔树脂纯化花色苷最佳工艺条件为：上样流速2.0 mL/min、乙醇浓度83%、洗脱流速2.0 mL/min,该条件下花色苷的回收率为86.68%,总糖去除率为84.13%。花色苷解吸液经旋转蒸发浓缩后,花色苷质量浓度为5.56 mg/100 mL,总糖浓度为5.24 mg/mL,花色苷的色价为31.43,约为原料中花色苷色价的5倍。微滤联合大孔树脂纯化蓝莓果脯糖浆花色苷效果明显,本研究为蓝莓花色苷的分离纯化提供了一定的技术参考。     

红小豆种皮色素提取及膜分离工艺研究

以水为溶剂对红小豆种皮中的红色素进行浸提,采用压力驱动的膜技术（微滤、纳滤等）优化红小豆种皮色素分离工艺。结果表明,红小豆种皮色素的最佳提取工艺为料液比（m_{红小豆种皮}∶V_水）1∶30 （g/mL）、浸提温度90 ℃、浸提时间90 min,此时浸提液的色价为7.53;优化的膜分离工艺为微滤（0.22 μm）和纳滤膜（NF245）相结合,微滤压力0.075 MPa,膜通量12.47 L/（m²·h）,色素透过率为87.16%;纳滤操作的最佳压力为0.3 MPa,稳定通量为16.06 L/（m²·h）,截留液中色素质量浓度提高至810.19 mg/L,总酚、糖和蛋白质浓度进一步降低。纯化后的红豆皮花色苷冻干粉中花色苷含量为（145.80±0.17） mg/g,色价为58.08±0.09,为纯化前的2.41倍。     

大孔树脂吸附法纯化紫薯花色苷的研究

目的研究大孔吸附树脂吸附法纯化紫薯花色苷成分。方法采用大孔吸附树脂静态和动态吸附解吸实验,结合花色苷p H示差法检测技术,分别考察了D101、AB-8、XDA-7、HPD-722、HPD-750、HPD-450、XDA-6、NKA-II、NKA9和S-8 10种吸附树脂对紫薯花色苷的吸附和洗脱性能,探讨大孔树脂柱层析纯化工艺。结果 XDA-7大孔吸附树脂对紫薯花色苷的吸附和洗脱性能较好。吸附过程中上样液浓度为450 mg/L,样液p H为4.0,上样速率为1 BV/h,树脂的饱和吸附容量为10.2 mg/g;洗脱液为60%乙醇溶液,洗脱速率为2BV/h时,洗脱解析率在94%以上,纯化效果较好。结论 XDA-7大孔吸附树脂可用于紫薯花色苷的纯化应用,该纯化分离工艺简单快速,适合紫薯类花色苷的纯化制备。     

不同中式烹饪热加工方式对鲜食及加工紫薯花色苷含量影响分析

目的:探讨鲜食/加工紫薯中花色苷类色素的种类及其组成的差异性,同时研究在5种常见中式烹饪热加工方式下紫薯总花色苷的损失情况,以得到一种紫薯最佳的食用方式。方法:采用液质联用(HPLC-PDA-ESIMSn)分析紫薯花色苷种类和结构,并用p H示差法探讨了5种中式烹饪热加工对紫薯总花色苷含量的损失。结果:鲜食紫薯共鉴定出17种花色苷,而加工用紫薯鉴定出9种花色苷。紫薯在5种热加工方式作用下,总花色苷含量均有损失,其损失率由小到大依次是微波蒸煮低温油炸烤。结论:经鉴定紫薯色素中花色苷种类组成非常丰富,但鲜食紫薯与加工用紫薯在其花色苷组成上还有较大差别。从花色苷损失率角度考虑,在5种中式烹饪热加工条件下,微波是其最佳食用方式。     

膜分离技术纯化栀子黄色素的研究

以栀子黄色素萃取液为原料,研究陶瓷膜微滤过程中不同膜孔径、不同操作压力对渗透通量和色素液品质的影响,确定孔径200nm的陶瓷膜、0.125MPa压力下微滤为栀子黄色素纯化的最佳工艺条件。栀子黄微滤渗透液再经聚酰胺膜纳滤,1.5MPa压力下浓缩倍数达到3倍以上。     

多级膜浓缩黄芩苷提取液的研究

本文开展室温下微滤-超滤-纳滤多级膜浓缩黄芩苷提取液的研究,采用HPLC法测定了黄芩苷在不同膜过程的透过液和浓缩液中分布情况.研究结果表明:多级膜分离浓缩法可以除出黄芩苷提取液55%水分,黄芩苷的保留率为96%,浓缩比为2.4倍,在常温下多级膜浓缩分离黄芩苷提取液是可行的.     

水提紫甘薯色素废渣花色苷提取工艺研究

目的研究水提紫甘薯色素废渣花色苷的提取工艺,旨在为紫甘薯废渣的综合开发利用提供参考依据。方法采用溶液浸提法、超声波辅助法、微波萃取法对水提紫甘薯色素废渣中的花色苷进行提取研究,通过单因素实验和正交实验确定最佳提取方法及工艺条件。结果水提紫甘薯色素废渣花色苷最佳提取方法为微波萃取法,其最佳提取工艺:pH 1.5柠檬酸溶液,料液比1:20,微波功率708 W,时间4 min。在此条件下累计提取6次并测得水提紫甘薯色素废渣中花色苷总量178.33 mg/100 g。最佳提取次数为2次。结论水提紫甘薯色素废渣花色苷含量较高,可考虑将其应用于食品工业、生态动物饲料生产等行业。     

膜分离技术处理制革污水

制革生产湿操作工序与微滤、超滤、纳滤、反渗透等膜分离技术结合，可便捷的实现各工序污水单独处理，回收未充分利用的化工材料和绝大部分水，回用于制革生产，有效提高化工材料的利用率和水的回用率、减少污水排放量、减轻污水处理负荷。     

膜分离在蛋白质分离纯化中的应用

以压力差为推动力膜分离过程（过滤，超滤，纳滤，反渗透）的分离性能由透过通量和截留率表征，其操作模式分浓缩和渗滤两种。膜分离技术用于分离，纯化，回收和浓缩蛋白质，如乳清蛋白，血清白蛋白，蛋清蛋白，西蒙德木蛋白，重组白细胞介素－2包涵体以及二元蛋白质混合物等。     

Production of a β-d-glucan-rich extract from Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) by an extraction/microfiltration/reverse osmosis (nanofiltration) process

A pilot-scale process combining extraction of Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) powder in water (98 °C, 1 h), cross-flow microfiltration and reverse osmosis (nanofiltration) was performed to obtain β-glucan-rich extracts. Suspensions (45–80 L) obtained after 3 extractions were clarified by microfiltration reducing their turbidity to <1 NTU. Membrane flux was completely recovered after filtration. One of the clarified extracts was concentrated (to 6–7 L) by reverse osmosis (Nanomax95) and the other two by nanofiltration (Nanomax50 and ALNF99-2517). Different physicochemical parameters (permeate flux, total soluble substances, total suspended particles and electrical conductivity) were monitored during filtration and the bioactive compounds present in the obtained fractions (β-glucans, total carbohydrates, chitins, eritadenine, lenthionine, ergosterol) were analyzed. The more adequate membrane for Shiitake extract concentration was Nanomax50 because it showed higher filtration flux and higher values of bioactive compounds in the obtained extract than the extracts obtained with the other two membranes.Industrial relevanceThis work describes a pilot-scale procedure for obtaining β-d-glucan-rich extracts from Lentinula edodes (Shiitake mushrooms). The extracts might be used in novel functional foods due to their high content in hypocholesterolemic compounds. The process combines extraction with boiling water, cross-flow membrane clarification and reverse osmosis/nanofiltration concentration of β-d-glucans. The procedure is scalable to industrial level.     

Buffering curves of ideal whey fractions obtained from a cascade membrane separation process

Skimmed milk was fractionated via a cascade system: Graphic plotting of microfiltration (MF); ultrafiltration (UF); nanofiltration (NF); and reverse osmosis (RO). The buffering curves of each fraction were studied over the pH range 4–7. Depending on their composition, the individual permeate streams showed different buffering capacity values and pH ranges where the buffering occurred. The concentration of active buffering substances in the permeates decreased (in mmol/L) from ~26.6 (MF) to ~17.4 (UF) to 1.39 (NF) to 0.07 (RO). Contributions to the total buffering capacity for MF permeate, which represents the serum phase of milk, were ~37% from whey proteins and ~63% from milk salts (especially citrates, phosphates and carbonates) including lactose and water.     

膜分离鸡骨素酶解液美拉德反应产物的初步研究

本研究对鸡骨素酶解液美拉德反应产物(MRPs)膜分离后的不同组分进行了初步分析。首先鸡骨素酶解液经美拉德反应制得鸡骨素酶解液MRPs,再利用膜分离技术将鸡骨素酶解液MRPs进行微滤、超滤、纳滤和反渗透,从而得到不同分子量范围的鸡骨素酶解液MRPs组分;然后通过吸光度和感官仪器分析,检测了鸡骨素酶解液MRPs各组分的褐变程度、风味色泽变化;通过对还原力、ABTS+自由基清除力、AEC抑制率、氧自由基吸收能力(ORAC)及对环状质粒DNA的保护能力的检测,研究了鸡骨素酶解液MRPs各组分的抗氧化特性,并最终对各组分进行了综合评价。结果表明:鸡骨素酶解液美拉德反应中引起褐变的物质分子量大于3 kDa,反应中间产物的分子量集中在0.3~1 kDa;鸡骨素酶解液经美拉德反应后风味得到改善,抗氧化活性显著提高(p < 0.05),其中呈味物质主要集中在微滤和纳滤组分,鸡骨素酶解液MRPs中各组分与未分离原液相比抗氧化活性有所降低,但都显著高于鸡骨素酶解液(p < 0.05);综合评价显示,鸡骨素酶解液美拉德反应原液的综合得分最高,鸡骨素酶解液MRPs各组分得分也高于鸡骨素和鸡骨素酶解液。     

Membrane Processing Technology in the Food Industry: Food Processing,Wastewater Treatment,and Effects on Physical,Microbiological, Organoleptic,and Nutritional Properties of Foods

Membrane processing technology (MPT) is increasingly used nowadays in a wide range of applications (demineralization, desalination, stabilization, separation, deacidification, reduction of microbial load, purification, etc.) in food industries. The most frequently applied techniques are electrodialysis (ED), reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), and microfiltration (MF). Several membrane characteristics, such as pore size, flow properties, and the applied hydraulic pressure mainly determine membranes’ potential uses. In this review paper the basic membrane techniques, their potential applications in a large number of fields and products towards the food industry, the main advantages and disadvantages of these methods, fouling phenomena as well as their effects on the organoleptic, qualitative, and nutritional value of foods are synoptically described. Some representative examples of traditional and modern membrane applications both in tabular and figural form are also provided.     

鳀鱼蒸煮液膜浓缩工艺研究及风味物质分析

采用微滤(MF)、超滤(UF)、纳滤(NF)组合膜浓缩技术进行鳀鱼蒸煮液营养风味物质的高效冷浓缩。结果表明:无机陶瓷微滤膜通量较高、浓缩时间较短,MF-NF工艺的蛋白质和氨基酸回收率分别为70.74%和39.83%～46.64%。MF截留液的蛋白质浓度提高3.30倍,腥味增强。NF截留液的氨基酸浓度提高2.71倍,其中谷氨酸和天冬氨酸含量分别增加了3.36倍和6.72倍,鱼腥味基本消失,蒸煮液的风味有效改善。MF-NF工艺比MF-UF-NF工艺经济简便可行,适合于鳀鱼蒸煮液船上浓缩。     

膜技术在处理大豆乳清废水中的应用

大豆乳清废水经预处理后,采用超滤膜技术回收含低聚糖废水中的乳清蛋白,再用纳滤膜脱盐、浓缩低聚糖,滤液过反渗透膜即可达到回用或排放要求。探讨了预处理工序的必要性,考察了不同型号膜的运行情况并进行了选择。实验证明,该工艺简单、节能、易操作,污水零排放,且回收产品质量有较大提高,中试数据可供工业化参考与借鉴。     

Reuse,treatment, and discharge of the concentrate of pressure-driven membrane processes

Application of pressure-driven membrane processes (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis) results in the generation of a large concentrated waste stream, the concentrate fraction, as a byproduct of the purification process. Treatment of the concentrate is a major hurdle for the implementation of pressure-driven membrane processes since the concentrate is usually unusable and has to be discharged or further treated. This paper reviews possibilities to treat or discharge the concentrate: (i) reuse, (ii) removal of contaminants, (iii) incineration, (iv) direct or indirect discharge in surface water, (v) direct or indirect discharge in groundwater, and (vi) discharge on a landfill. General guidelines are given for the choice of a proper method as a function of the origin and composition of the water treated. Next, the further treatment of the concentrates in four application areas of pressure-driven membrane processes (drinking water industry, leather industry, and membrane treatment of landfill leachates and of textile process waters) is discussed.     

膜技术在乳品废水处理中的应用

乳品废水经预处理后,采用微滤与超滤膜技术回收废水中的蛋白,再用纳滤膜脱盐、浓缩乳糖,滤液过反渗透膜即可达到回用或排放要求.探讨预处理工序的必要性,考查超滤与纳滤不同型号膜的运行情况.实验证明,采用膜技术处理乳品废水工艺简单、节能,污水零排放,且回收了废水中的蛋白和糖,实验数据可供工业化参考与借鉴.