超声超临界流体萃取烟叶中的烟碱

考察了夹带剂(75%乙醇)用量、萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量、萃取时间和超声功率密度对超声强化超临界CO2萃取烟叶中烟碱的影响.结果表明,超声强化超临界流体CO2萃取烟叶中烟碱的较佳工艺条件为:萃取压力21 Mpa、萃取温度50 ℃、萃取时间2.5 h、CO2流量3.0 L/h、夹带剂用量4 mL/g烟末、超声功率密度100 W/L、频率20 kHz.在此条件萃取下,烟碱萃取率超过94%.     

利用超临界CO_2流体萃取小球藻精油中活性成分的工艺

采用超临界CO_2萃取小球藻精油,通过单因素试验研究了萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间和夹带剂用量对精油得率和精油中叶黄素浓度的影响,进一步采用响应面优化萃取工艺,得到小球藻精油的最佳萃取工艺是:萃取压力为24 MPa,萃取温度为36℃,萃取时间为3 h,夹带剂无水乙醇用量为155 mL。此时小球藻精油得率为5.68±0.06 (g/100 g藻粉)。叶黄素的最佳萃取工艺是:萃取压力为16 MPa,萃取温度为30℃,萃取时间为2.8 h,夹带剂无水乙醇用量为199 mL。得到叶黄素浓度为7.13±0.10 (mg/g小球藻精油)。此研究为超临界CO_2萃取小球藻精油及其活性成分提供基础数据。     

超临界流体萃取芦荟苷的研究

研究了带夹带剂的超临界流体萃取芦荟中芦荟苷的工艺,讨论了萃取条件(温度和压力)、萃取时间等对芦荟苷萃取率的影响。通过正交试验对萃取釜条件(夹带剂用量、萃取温度和压力)进行了优化。结果表明,分离釜的温度和压力、CO2流量等对萃取效率影响较小;最佳工艺条件为:静萃取时间为40 min,动萃取时间为30 min,以乙醇作夹带剂、乙醇用量250 mL/100g芦荟、萃取温度30℃、萃取压力25 MPa。在此条件下萃取量达1.78%。     

超临界CO_2流体萃取法提取姜黄素的研究

姜黄素是国内外食品行业允许使用的重要天然色素之一,具有很大的市场潜力。本实验采用超临界CO2流体萃取法提取姜黄中有效成分姜黄素,通过正交实验探讨了原料粒度、萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间、CO2流量及夹带剂(95%乙醇)用量等对姜黄素提取效果的影响。结果表明:夹带剂用量和萃取压力是最重要的影响因素,最佳提取条件为原料粒度1.0mm,萃取压力为35MPa,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间3h,CO2流量30L/h,夹带剂用量1mL/g;在最佳萃取条件下,姜黄素含量为14.317mg/g。     

超临界CO2萃取核桃油的研究

研究了影响核桃油超临界CO2流体萃取的因素,在试验条件下,其影响因素次序为:夹带剂、萃取压力、CO2体积,萃取温度影响不大.优化了超临界CO2流体萃取核桃油的工艺条件:夹带剂无水乙醇,用量为投料量的质量分数的10%;萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度35℃,萃取时间3.5 h,CO2流量15～20kg/h.用气相色谱法分析了超临界CO2流体萃取核桃油的脂肪酸酸组成和含量,其不饱和脂肪酸含量较高.     

超声强化超临界CO_2萃取柑橘落果中辛弗林

对超声强化超临界CO2萃取柑橘落果中活性成分辛弗林进行研究,并对不同方法的萃取物进行比较。结果表明:超声强化超临界CO2萃取柑橘落果中辛弗林的最佳工艺条件为:超声功率250 W、萃取温度45℃、萃取压力20 MPa、流体流量9 L/h、夹带剂含量12%、萃取时间4.5 h,辛弗林萃取率达到43.9%。其萃取物中辛弗林的含量为51.2%,高于超临界CO2法萃取物中辛弗林的含量(44.7%),远高于溶剂法萃取物中辛弗林的含量(4.6%)。     

超临界CO2萃取竹叶中总黄酮的研究

采用超临界CO2萃取技术,在CO2流量为25L／h的条件下,对影响竹叶中总黄酮提取率的4个因素（温度、时间、压力和夹带剂用量）进行了研究。运用正交试验得出了最佳的萃取工艺条件为温度为40℃,时间为3h,压力为30MPa,夹带剂用量为4．5mL／g。     

超临界-CO2 提取苦瓜有效成分的研究

采用U11(1110)均匀设计试验优选超临界-CO2 提取苦瓜总皂苷和黄酮的最佳工艺条件。分别以苦瓜中总皂苷和黄酮含量为指标探讨萃取压力、温度、萃取时间和夹带剂(无水乙醇)用量等因素在不同水平下对苦瓜皂苷和黄酮提取工艺的影响,确定苦瓜皂苷和黄酮超临界-CO2 流体萃取最佳工艺参数。苦瓜皂苷的最佳萃取条件为萃取压力25.5MPa、温度42.5℃、夹带剂用量180mL;苦瓜黄酮的最佳萃取条件是压力27.5MPa、温度39.5℃、夹带剂用量226mL。萃取时间均为3h,采用一级分离,分离温度均为35℃。     

超临界CO2萃取车前草中熊果酸的工艺研究

目的:研究超临界CO2萃取车前草中熊果酸的工艺条件.方法:探讨萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间、夹带剂类型及用量对熊果酸收率的影响,确定了超临界CO2萃取车前草中熊果酸的适宜条件.结果:超临界萃取最优条件为萃取压力35 MPa,萃取温度为40℃,选择无水乙醇为夹带剂,夹带剂质量分数为20%,萃取时间2 h,CO2流量为20 L/h,产品的出膏率为3.58%,萃取物中熊果酸的含量为6.93%.结论:该法与传统方法相比,具有操作简便快速,溶剂用量少,有效成分提取率高等优点.     

超临界CO_2法萃取芹菜叶黄酮

在考察超临界CO2萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间以及夹带剂用量等单因素对黄酮萃取率影响的基础上,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面设计法,建立影响因素和黄酮得率之间的回归方程。结果表明:萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间对超临界CO2萃取芹菜中黄酮工艺影响极显著,夹带剂用量影响显著,最佳提取工艺条件为萃取温度70℃、萃取压力30 MPa、萃取时间2.5 h、夹带剂用量为1 mL/g。该条件下黄酮得率为9.03%,与预测值相近,差异不显著,符合实验要求。     

INVESTIGATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION OF PUERARIN FROM PUERARIA LOBATA

Puerarin, which is the most abundant isoflavone in Pueraria lobata , has many pharmacological effects. In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was employed as a novel and efficient technique to extract puerarin from Pueraria lobata. Effects of four variables (pressure, temperature, time and co-solvent amount) on the puerarin yield of Pueraria lobata were investigated. Up to a certain value, the puerarin yield increased with increasing pressure; thereafter, puerarin yield decreased as pressure increased. A similar effect of temperature was also found. When the temperature was at 50C or the pressure was at 20 MPa, the highest puerarin yield obtained was 5.8  ±  0.3 mg/g. Positive effects of time and co-solvent amount were observed on the puerarin yield. However, when the time was longer than 100 min or the co-solvent amount was greater than 120 g, no significant improvement was detected in the puerarin yield. It was therefore important to define the level of each variable for an efficient preparation of puerarin. From the results obtained, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was proved to be an efficient technique for extraction of puerarin from Pueraria lobata.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Pueraria lobata is a famous Chinese traditional medicinal herb which has been consumed by many people all over the world. Puerarin is the most abundant isoflavone in this herb, and it has been proven to have some important pharmacological properties. In this study, a novel technique called supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was employed to prepare puerarin from Pueraria lobata . Effects of pressure, temperature, time and co-solvent amount on the puerarin yield were evaluated. The results were helpful in understanding the extraction process of puerarin and could give evidence for further developments on this special medicinal herb.     

Optimizing the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Lutein from Corn Gluten Meal

Supercritical CO₂ was used to extract xanthophylls from corn gluten meal (CGM). Data from a Box-Behnken experimental design was used to model optimal lutein extraction based on extraction temperature (40–80 °C), pressure (5500–7500 psi), and fraction of ethanol co-solvent added (5–15% by volume of total solvent). Lutein extraction was also strongly correlated with zeaxanthin extraction with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.995. The response surface model for lutein extraction indicated that the amount of co-solvent had the largest impact (p?<?0.001) on lutein extraction yield. Influence of temperature and pressure were limited to quadratic or interaction effects (p?<?0.15). The optimal lutein extraction conditions predicted with the model were a temperature of 40 °C, pressure of 6820 psi, and co-solvent (ethanol) addition of 15% by volume. At these conditions, lutein recovery from CGM was 2.6 times higher than the amount recovered with a quintuple extraction using ethanol and chloroform/dichloromethane (2:1). The strong linear effect of co-solvent addition suggests the possibility of further increasing lutein extraction with the addition of more co-solvent. CGM protein loss during extraction was also calculated and determined to be negligible.     

超声波液态CO2提取分离芹菜籽油工艺条件优化的研究

目的：优选超声波液态CO2 提取分离芹菜籽油的工艺条件。方法：通过单因素试验和正交试验考察提取压力、超声时间、超声功率和料液比对芹菜籽油得率的影响。结果：以液态CO2 提取芹菜籽油各因素对芹菜籽油得率的影响大小依次为超声时间＞超声功率＞提取压力＞料液比,优化的提取工艺参数为超声时间30min、超声功率100W、提取压力4MPa、料液比1:7(m/V),在此操作条件下,芹菜籽油得率2.8%。结论：超声波液态CO2提取分离芹菜籽油是一种有效的新型分离技术。     

Optimisation of supercritical fluid extraction of flavonoids from Pueraria lobata

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was employed to extract flavonoids from Pueraria lobata. The optimal conditions for flavonoid extraction were determined by response surface methodology. Box–Behnken design was applied to evaluate the effects of three independent variables (pressure, temperature and co-solvent amount) on the flavonoid yield of P. lobata. Correlation analysis of the mathematical-regression model indicated that a quadratic polynomial model could be employed to optimise the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of flavonoids. From response surface plots, pressure, temperature and co-solvent amount exhibited independent and interactive effects on the extraction of flavonoids. The optimal conditions to obtain the highest flavonoid yield of P. lobata were a pressure of 20.04 MPa, a temperature of 50.24 °C and a co-solvent amount of 181.24 ml. Under these optimal conditions, the experimental values agreed with the predicted values, using analysis of variance, indicating a high goodness of fit of the model used and the success of response surface methodology for optimising supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of flavonoids from P. lobata.     

超临界CO2萃取杭白菊挥发油的工艺研究

采用超临界CO2 技术萃取杭白菊挥发油,以杭白菊挥发油得率为指标,采用正交试验考察萃取温度、萃取压力、CO2 流量、萃取时间4 个因素对杭白菊挥发油的超临界CO2 流体萃取的影响。结果表明萃取压力20MPa、萃取温度55℃、CO2 流量10kg/h 的条件下萃取2h 为最佳工艺,杭白菊挥发油得率达5.92%。     

Optimisation of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lutein esters from marigold (Tagetes erect L.) with soybean oil as a co‐solvent

Response surface methodology was used to optimise the conditions of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lutein esters from marigold (Tagetes erect L.) with soybean oil as a co‐solvent. The effect of pressure, temperature, CO₂ flow rate and soybean oil concentration, and their interactions on the yield of lutein was investigated. Results showed that the data could be well fitted to a second‐order polynomial model with a R²‐value of 0.9398. The independent parameters of flow rate, pressure, temperature, all quadratics as well as the interactions between flow rate and pressure, and between flow rate and temperature affected the yield significantly (P ≤ 0.05). The model predicted that the optimal conditions were 35.5 MPa, 58.7 °C, CO₂ flow rate of 19.9 L/h with 6.9% of soybean oil as a co‐solvent, and under such conditions, the maximum yield of 1039.7 mg lutein /100 g marigold could be achieved.     

Coumarin Extraction from Cuscuta reflexa using Supercritical Fluid Carbon Dioxide and Development of an Artificial Neural Network Model to Predict the Coumarin Yield

Coumarin found in Cuscuta reflexa (a medicinal herb) is a phytochemical that possesses blood-thinning, anti-fungicidal and anti-tumor activities, and increases the blood flow in the veins and decreases capillary permeability. Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction is an effective method for extraction and separation of organic compounds. Coumarin was extracted using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide associated with a small amount of a co-solvent methanol to increase the selectivity of carbon dioxide and identified by high-performance liquid chromatography comparing with authentic coumarin standard. Determination of proper extracting temperature, time, and pressure is essential for the maximum extract of coumarin yield. Coumarin was extracted under different extraction conditions of temperature (35–75 °C), time (30–150 min), and pressure (15,160–34,450 kPa). Central composite rotate design was used to plan the experimental extraction conditions. The highest yield of coumarin was 90.13 ± 0.11 (μg/g), while extraction was done at 55°C for 150 min under 24,805 kPa. A feed-forward multilayer backpropagation artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed for the prediction of coumarin yield (μg/g), where input variables were temperature, time, and pressure. Several configurations were evaluated while developing the optimal ANN model. The optimal ANN model consisted of one hidden layer and five neurons. This model was able to predict coumarin yield quantitatively. Prediction of coumarin yields using the ANN model was proven to be a simple, convenient, and accurate method.     

Optimization of the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Natural Vitamin E from Wheat Germ Using Response Surface Methodology

ABSTRACT: Natural vitamin E was extracted by supercritical fluid extraction of carbon dioxide (SFE-CO₂) from wheat germ. Several SFE-CO₂ parameters, such as extracting pressure, extracting temperature, and flow rate of carbon dioxide were examined as the independent variables of central composite rotate design (CCRD). Through the response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal processing conditions were determined and the quadratic response surfaces were drawn from the mathematical models. The results demonstrated that the extracting pressure, temperature, pressure × temperature interaction, and flow rate of CO₂ significantly affected the yield of the natural Vitamin E's extraction, while two interactions containing the flow rate of CO₂ had no significant effect on the yield of natural vitamin E. The optimal processing conditions of the extraction of natural vitamin E in wheat germ by SFE-CO₂ were: extracting pressure 5000 PSI, extracting temperature 316 K, and flow rate of carbon dioxide 1.7 ml/min. Optimum value predicted by RSM for the concentration of natural vitamin E was 2307 mg/100g. Close agreement between experimental and predicted values was obtained.     

An Improved Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Method by Optimizing the Ultrasonic Frequency for Enhancing the Extraction Efficiency of Lycopene from Tomatoes

In order to assess the optimization of the ultrasonic frequency in a range of 18–146 kHz for extracting lycopene from tomatoes and evaluate its influence on the extraction efficiency, an improved ultrasonic-assisted extraction (IUAE) method was proposed by using a novel ultrasonic extraction and detection system, in which the ultrasonic frequency information could be converted to intuitive waveforms that are easily identified by eyes. Additionally, to improve the extraction yield of lycopene, in this work, the optimization of various process parameters by ultrasonic treatment, including extraction time, solvent/material ratio, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic power for improving the yield of lycopene were investigated. These results indicated that all of the considered parameters had effected on the yield of lycopene significantly, and the optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time duration 20 min; ratio of solvent to material 2:1; extraction temperature 25 °C; ultrasonic power 200 W; ultrasonic frequency 46–48 kHz. In comparison with other extraction methods, such as conventional solvent extraction (CSE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), supercritical carbon dioxide co-extraction (SC-CO₂), and existing UAE, the IUAE method achieved a far more extraction yield, a reduction of extraction time, and a smaller amount of solvent at lower temperature, which showed a great promising prospect in the extraction and separation of natural products.     

甜瓜蒂中葫芦素的超临界CO2流体提取及HPLC分析

为系统全面的研究SFE-CO₂流体萃取甜瓜蒂中葫芦素的过程,对主要控制变量进行全面分析,通过单因素实验研究携带剂用量、萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间、CO₂流速及粒度对葫芦素萃取率的影响,并在单因素实验的基础上,采用正交试验优化SFE-CO₂葫芦素的萃取工艺,得出SFE-CO₂萃取葫芦素最佳条件为:携带剂用量200 mL、萃取温度35℃、萃取压力25 MPa、萃取时间30 min、CO₂流速20 kg·h-1、粒度60~80目,在此条件下葫芦素的萃取率为1.443%。使用HPLC对萃取物进行分析。结果显示甜瓜蒂中含有葫芦素B、D、E和I,含量依次为7.83、1.03、3.25、2.38 mg·g-1,以葫芦素B为主,结果表明SFE-CO₂萃取葫芦素可避免热敏性葫芦素的损失。