Reducing tobacco addiction through tobacco product regulation

Tobacco product regulation has the potential to help reduce tobacco attributable disease by reducing the toxicity of these products and by reducing the prevalence of tobacco use and addiction.     

部分烟草种质主要病害抗性分析

通过频率分布及多样性评价,对1000多份种质的7个主要病害抗性进行了分析.结果表明,我国烟草种质资源大部分均为感病以上品种.TMV抗性资源相对较丰富,高抗或免疫种质达17%.其余病害抗病资源中,多为抗病或中抗,高抗种质很少,不到2%.我国主要病害抗性种质较为匮乏.     

Determination of perchlorate in tobacco plants and tobacco products

Previous field and laboratory studies with vascular plants have shown that perchlorate is transported from perchlorate fortified soils and is accumulated in the plant tissues and organs. This paper contains results of preliminary investigations on the occurrence of perchlorate in tobacco plants grown in soils amended with a fertilizer whose nitrogen content is derived from naturally occurring sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter). Ion chromatography (IC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) were used for quantitative analysis, while nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used for qualitative analysis of perchlorate. Results show that perchlorate is accumulated by tobacco plants into the leaves from soils amended with fertilizers that contain perchlorate. Also, perchlorate can persist over an extended period of time and under a variety of industrial processes as shown by its presence in off-the-shelf tobacco products including cigarettes, cigars, and pouch and plug chewing tobaccos in concentrations ranging from nd to 60.4 +/- 0.8 mg/kg on a wet weight basis.     

Endotoxins in tobacco smoke: shifting tobacco industry positions.

In the 1980s, the tobacco industry started a campaign to divert attention away from secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) as a major source of indoor air pollution in workplaces by highlighting the roles of other indoor air pollutants. The industry, working through "third parties," highlighted endotoxins, naturally occurring substances that cause numerous inflammatory reactions in humans, as an alternative explanation to SHS as causing indoor air problems. In 1995, Hasday and colleagues were the first to present findings that cigarette smoke contains significant quantities of endotoxins. This discovery surprised tobacco industry scientists. The 1999 publication of the full Hasday et al. findings received only limited media attention but got the full attention of Philip Morris scientists concerned about a new public health issue and a new basis for regulation of workplace smoking by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which already regulated workplace endotoxin exposures from other sources. Philip Morris undertook an internal endotoxin research project to test the Hasday et al. findings and to determine if endotoxin-free cigarettes were possible. Although experiments were conducted to remove endotoxin from the tobacco, there is no evidence that they were successful. Following confirmation of SHS as an important source of endotoxins, the scientist promoting endotoxins as an important indoor air pollutant for the tobacco industry softened his position on the role of endotoxins as indoor pollutants. The presence of endotoxins in SHS provides an additional mechanism for the adverse effects of SHS that should be researched further, and the risk of exposure should be assessed.     

不同烟区烤烟含钾量差异初步研究

在3个烟区（山东安丘，贵州湄潭和福建永定）采用相同品种（K326）完成的一组四处理（无肥、饼肥、烟草专用肥，饼肥加烟草专用肥）大田试验结果。结果表明，不同烟区烤烟团棵期茎叶中的含钾量相似，随烟株进入旺长期和成熟期，不同烟区的烟叶含钾量出现明显差异，石灰性土壤烟区（山东安丘）烤烟旺长期叶片和初烤叶的含钾量（K％）仅为酸性土壤烟区（福建永定）的60％－40％。作者认为，这种差异的基本原因，是不同烟区土壤溶液中阳离子含量和组成的差异，石灰性土壤溶液中活性Ca,Mg的含量高，在与阳离子K的竞争中处于优势，抑制了烟株对钾的吸收，同时还提供了若干有助于提高烤烟含钾量的措施。     

烟草种质材料TSNA含量的关联分析

摘要:利用分布于烟草24个染色体的具多态性的SSR标记和MFLP标记,分析24份烟草种质材料的遗传多样性,在此基础上对烟叶中烟草特有亚硝胺（TSNA）含量的表型变异与标记多态性进行关联分析。结果显示,33对MFLP引物和28对SSR引物在24份烟草材料中共发现188个多态位点;群体结构分析将24份烟草材料分为3个亚群,且亚群划分与烟草类型（烤烟、晾晒烟和白肋烟）基本一致;关联分析发现1个SSR位点和6个MFLP位点至少与1种TSNA含量的相关性在P<0.01水平上显著,其中标记MFLP26与烤后烟叶中NNN含量的相关性极显著（P<0.001）,表型变异解释率最高（R2=0.5831）。因此,这些显著关联的分子标记可为筛选低TSNA含量的烟草材料提供参考。      

Green tobacco sickness

OBJECTIVE—To describe the health impact of harvesting tobacco and to suggest prevention and risk reduction strategies to avoid contracting green tobacco sickness (GTS).
DATA SOURCES—A literature search of Medline, Toxline, and Toxline65 with the terms "green", "tobacco", and "sickness" covering the years 1966-1998.
STUDY SELECTION—All studies, reviews, and commentaries that provided information on the health effects of harvesting green tobacco and disease prevention strategies.
DATA SYNTHESIS—GTS occurs when tobacco workers hand-harvest, cut, or load tobacco plants, usually in the early morning or after a rainfall when tobacco plants are covered with moisture. GTS occurs through skin exposure to dissolved nicotine from tobacco leaves. Symptoms of GTS include weakness, headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, abdominal cramps, breathing difficulty, abnormal temperature, pallor, diarrhoea, chills, fluctuations in blood pressure or heart rate, and increased perspiration and salivation. The onset of the illness is three to 17 hours after exposure and the duration of illness is one to three days. Initial treatment includes cessation of work, change of clothing, showering, fluid intake, and rest. In more extreme cases, intravenous rehydration, anti-emetics, and dimenhydrinate are administered. Protective, water-resistant clothing; chemical-resistant gloves, boots, and socks; working in dry conditions; and dimenhydrinate can reduce the likelihood of contracting GTS.
CONCLUSIONS—It is important to provide education to tobacco workers and employers about GTS. An international public awareness campaign about GTS timed to coincide with the tobacco harvest, along with enforced worker safety regulations, should be undertaken to protect the health of individuals working in tobacco production.

     

现代烟草农业背景下烟农的意愿和行为特征——基于豫中烟区1920户烟农问卷调查分析

采取问卷调查的方式,以豫中烟区为对象,在推进现代烟草农业建设的背景下,分析了烟农年龄结构、文化程度、种植意愿及相关行为特征,从烟农视角查找制约现代烟草农业发展的障碍因素。结果表明:目前多数烟农年龄大、文化程度低,烟叶生产仍受制于小农生产方式,种烟劳动强度大,品种抗病能力差,生产基础设施薄弱,风险救助滞后,比较效益不高等。在此基础上提出了发展现代烟草农业的对策建议,即培养新型烟农,推动土地合理流转,加快烟用机械研发和推广,夯实生产基础设施建设,推进专业化分工,建立健全科技创新与推广体系,建立和完善生产宏观调控体系。     

烟叶原料生产应满足卷烟工业的要求

烟叶原料是卷烟生产的物质基础。随着市场的变化和科技的发展，卷烟工业对烟叶原料提出更高的要求，结合工业的生产现状和发展趋势，分析了卷烟工业对原料质量和稳定性的要求，针对当前我国烟叶原料生产供应存在突出问题，提出了一些建议。     

复合生物酶液处理低次烟叶制备烟用香料

为探讨使用复合酶液处理低次烟叶制备烟用香料的方法及评价反应产物的效果,采用单因素法分别对复合纤维素酶和木瓜蛋白酶的用量进行了优化.以混合酶解液为主要氮源,将红糖、丙二醇和乙醛作为主要碳源,通过美拉德反应制备烟用香料;采用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析产物化学成分,并评价其感官效果.结果表明:1)每g烟末复合纤维素酶与木瓜蛋白酶的最佳用量分别为1 000 U/g和5 500 U/g.2)反应产物对于降低卷烟烟气刺激性、谐调香味等具有较明显的效果.3)用GC-MS分析得到38种主要挥发性成分,其中包括3-羟基-β-大马酮、巨豆三烯酮、2,5-二甲基吡嗪和紫罗兰酮等对烟草香气品质贡献较大的化合物.     

生物制备全烟草组分再造烟叶及结构特性分析

为开发高性能加热卷烟用再造烟叶,利用烟草生物发酵获得的细菌纤维素(BC)及其发酵过程中的烟草浸提液和烟草滤渣,混合制备了基于全烟草组分的BC重组再造烟叶; 并将其与市售3种典型加热卷烟再造烟叶进行了对比,从外观形貌、微观结构、主要化学成分、热重性能、热裂解香味产物等方面进行了系统分析。结果表明:①BC重组再造烟叶具有良好的成型性,样品外观均匀,物理指标与市售产品中稠浆法再造烟叶接近; ②对比市售3种典型再造烟叶,BC重组再造烟叶具有相似的红外吸收特征峰,但是扫描电镜显示,BC重组再造烟叶结构致密,BC纤维直径分布在43.68~75.80 nm之间; ③BC重组再造烟叶总吸热量最大,为9.52 J·g-1; ④BC重组再造烟叶的水溶性总糖含量为6.17%,烟碱含量达13.17 mg·g-1,热裂解释放香味物质种类高达45种,其中酮醛类致香物质释放量明显高于对比样品。