国内外食品中铅限量标准现状与趋势研究

目的探讨我国食品中铅限量标准与国际接轨的程度,为我国食品中污染物限量标准完善提供参考。方法从标准涉及的食品类别和限量值两个方面来对比我国铅限量标准与国际食品法典委员会、欧盟、澳新制定的铅限量标准的异同。结果考虑到国际风险评估结果,我国基本对铅膳食暴露有贡献的食品都设置了限量值要求,因此我国标准涉及的食品种类要多于国际食品法典委员会、欧盟及澳新标准。但仍有个别食品的限量值较国际标准或其他国家标准宽松。结论建议加强对铅污染源头的治理,开展全国食品中铅污染情况的调研工作,为我国标准逐步完善打基础。     

Trace elements in Canadian field peas: a grain safety assurance perspective

Canada is a significant exporter of field peas and, thus, issues of food safety are important in all grain and food products within the international marketplace. Environmental contaminants, such as trace elements, may be present in all foods and, as a result, international standards have been established for a number of toxic trace elements, such as cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic, in raw food commodities and food products. The Canadian Grain Commission has undertaken a baseline study of various trace elements in Canadian peas to ensure compliance with international food safety legislation. Mean total cadmium content was found to be 0.023 mg kg^?1; arsenic and lead mean values were below the method limit of quantification of 0.050 mg kg^?1 and the total mean mercury level was below the quantification level of 0.002 mg kg^?1. All measured values in the study were below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by the FAO and WHO in the Codex Alimentarius. The mean total selenium content was 0.331 mg kg^?1, with 56% of the measured values exceeding the MRL established by the People's Republic of China (PRC) of 0.3 mg kg^?1. No Codex MRL has been established for selenium as it is regarded as an essential trace element for human health and the PRC is currently reviewing its MRL for selenium in light of this fact. For those parts of the world where selenium-deficiency is of nutritional concern, the higher level of selenium in Canadian peas and their products may be of nutritional benefit.     

欧盟、国际食品法典和中国食品标签标准比较研究(Ⅱ)

本文通过对欧盟食品标签标准的主要法规、立法程序和立法原则进行介绍、将其与国际食品法典和中国食品标签标准比较,得出欧盟食品标签标准比国际食品法典(Codex)和中国的标准复杂、完备的结论。进而结合国际贸易中技术性贸易壁垒的背景,指出在欧盟等国家复杂详尽的食品标签标准背后是这些国家的标准对本国消费者的更好保护和对中国出口食品产业的技术优势。     

欧盟、国际食品法典和中国食品标签标准比较研究(Ⅰ)

本文通过对欧盟食品标签标准的主要法规、立法程序和立法原则进行介绍、将其与国际食品法典和中国食品标签标准比较,得出欧盟食品标签标准比国际食品法典(Codex)和中国的标准复杂、完备的结论。进而结合国际贸易中技术性贸易壁垒的背景,指出在欧盟等国家复杂详尽的食品标签标准背后是这些国家的标准对本国消费者的更好保护和对中国出口食品产业的技术优势。     

The precautionary principle and other non-tariff barriers to free and fair international food trade

International food trade and world population are growing rapidly. National legislation has been enacted and implemented in many countries to assure good quality and safe foods to meet increased demand. No country is fully self-sufficient in domestic food production to meet population demands, and all require some food imports. Current international food trade agreements call for free and fair food trade between all countries, developed and developing. National food legislation and food production, processing and marketing systems have evolved in most countries to ensure better quality and safer foods. At the international level the work of the FAO/ WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) and the World Trade Organization Agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and related Uruguay Round agreements have been agreed to by over 140 countries with the aim to promoting the free and fair trade of good quality and safe foods between all countries. The SPS and TBT agreements rely on science-based Codex standards, guidelines, and recommendations as benchmarks for judging international food trade disputes. A number of non-tariff barriers to trade, often related to agricultural subsidies and other food trade payments in developed countries, continue to give rise to complaints to WTO. They also continue to prevent free and fair trade, particularly for developing countries in international food trade. A number of these non-tariff barriers to trade are briefly examined, along with other domestic and international food trade problems, and recommendations for improvements are made.     

International Risk Assessment Leading to Development of Food Safety Standards

The Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) provides the right to member countries trading in food commodities to take measures to protect plant, animal and human health. However, these measures cannot be arbitrary, but should be based on scientific risk assessments performed according to international standards. The agreement also requires countries to adopt international standards such as those developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for food safety and by the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) for animal health. Scientific risk assessments required for development of food safety standards are performed by FAO/WHO. Some examples of food safety standards set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission based on risk assessments are microbiological criteria for Listeria monocytogenes in ready to eat foods and Guidelines for control of pathogenic Vibrio spp in sea foods.     

Plenary Lecture 7: One World For All: International Harmonization of Food Regulations

ABSTRACT: Although the Codex Alimentarius Commission has functioned as part of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization since 1962, its activities have been of little more than occasional interest until recent years. However, with the advent of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the establishment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and other trading blocs, the deliberations of Codex have become significantly more important to the international trade interests of government and industry groups alike. Increased interest in the elaboration of Codex standards, guidelines, and recommendations may be attributed to increased international awareness of 2 very practical functions of the Commission and its numerous committees. First, some countries have become aware that the guidance and information needed to fill in their own regulatory gaps are often made available in the Codex. Second, multinational corporations and trade associations have become aware of the role that Codex has been given in the WTO agreements as the means by which disputes over trade in food products may be resolved. Increased awareness of the practical functions of Codex activities in shaping national legislation and establishing international trade standards appears to have strengthened Codex's role as the focal point of efforts to achieve internationally harmonized food standards. However, many international regulatory gaps show signs of being filled by legislation that imposes burdens on industry without demonstrable benefits to public welfare. In their most troublesome manifestations, some of these measures, especially recent regulations concerning biotech food labeling, could be viewed as technical barriers to trade.     

不同国家和组织食品标签技术法规的比较

食品标签已成为发达国家重要的技术贸易措施之一,各个国家纷纷加强了对食品标签的管理,食品标签问题已对我国食品出口贸易产生重要影响。本文概述了食品法典委员会和我国食品出口主要贸易国家美国、欧盟、日本、韩国、澳大利亚和新西兰、加拿大以及中国的食品标签技术法规,比较不同国家食品标签相关技术法规的差异,着重比较食品标签中过敏原、转基因及营养标签等内容的差异,以期为我国食品出口企业、相关协会提供帮助,也为相关食品标签管理部门制定食品标签标准及相关政策等提供参考。     

Trace element food toxicology: An old and ever‐growing discipline

Food toxicology (FT) is an old science whose origins may go back to primitive humans. However, due to major environmental damage, daily market launches of new food products, and the analytical ability to detect ever smaller quantities of toxicants in foods, FT is also an ever‐growing science with an enormous task ahead. With respect to trace elements, current research trends can be encompassed under the headings of detection, control, and toxicological evaluation. Under the heading detection, quality, sensitivity, speed, automation, and specificity for each food type are the characteristics currently sought when developing new methodologies. Under control, there is a great need for constant monitoring, on an international level, of the levels of trace elements present in foods; and for development and application of new methodologies to guarantee product and process safety. Under toxicological evaluation, information about the bioavailability of trace elements and consequently studies of the chemical species present in foods have top priority. The work still outstanding in the study of trace element FT is immense, because it is necessary to achieve a profound understanding of the toxicological characteristics of food products in relation to trace elements; to give information to food manufacturers that they can use to adapt their production so that it meets the requirements of international legislation and demands for quality and innocuousness on the part of the market and consumers; and to develop standards regulating the maximum content of trace elements, according to the content of the various species.     

黄曲霉毒素限量标准对我国居民消费安全和花生产业的影响

2009-2010年对全国产后花生黄曲霉毒素污染进行了普查监测,根据检测结果,利用蒙特卡罗方法,开展了我国与国际食品法典委员会（CAC）、欧盟、日本、澳大利亚和新西兰等国际组织和主要贸易国不同花生黄曲霉毒素限量对我国人群直接食用产后花生的致癌风险和对产业影响的研究。结果表明,不同花生黄曲霉毒素限量标准对我国人群摄入产后花生导致的原发性肝细胞癌年发生率影响差异不显著,但对经济和产业造成的影响差异显著。研究结果为制定我国花生黄曲霉毒素限量标准以及促进花生生产、贸易提供技术参考。     

中国与国际食品法典委员会动物食品兽药残留标准的比对分析

目的 对中国现行的新兽药残留标准与国际食品法典委员会的兽药残留限量指标进行比对,并对结果进行分析。方法 对我国标准与国际食品法典委员会标准中规定的兽药种类、涉及的物种及部位、残留限量进行逐级比对。我国兽药限量相关标准为GB 31650-2019《食品安全国家标准食品中兽药最大残留限量》,以及农业农村部公告第250号;国际食品法典委员会标准为CX/MRL 2–2018《食品中兽药残留的最大残留限量和风险管理建议》。结果 在可比指标中,我国与国际食品法典委员会限量相同的指标有316个,占全部可比指标的94.3%;我国比国际食品法典委员会更为严格的兽药残留限量指标有12个,占全部可比指标的3.6%;我国比国际食品法典委员会标准宽松的指标有7个,占可比指标总数的2.1%。结论 我国动物食品中兽药残留标准中,97.9%的可比指标达到或超过国际食品法典委员会标准规定。     

国内外食用色素标准的比较及检测方法的研究进展

随着食品工业的发展,国内外食品工业中大量使用食用色素作为添加剂用于改善食品的色泽。为了更好地理解食用色素的标准及分析检测状况,本文对中国、美国、日本、欧盟和国际食品法典委员会（Codex AlimentariusCommission,CAC）等主要国家和组织的食用色素标准的差异进行对比,对分析检测方法进行总结。结果表明中国允许使用的食用色素品种比美国、欧盟和CAC的多,多数色素允许使用的限量比欧盟限量更高。且国内外对食用色素的检测方法主要是：高效液相色谱法、薄层色谱法、极谱法、毛细管电泳法、光度法等。目前对食品中色素的分析检测方法较多,但对食用色素在体内的代谢分析鲜见报道。通过对食用色素的标准、分析检测方法及体内代谢几方面来阐述食用色素在食品安全和身体健康等问题中的影响。     

我国与国际食品法典委员会和欧盟婴幼儿食品安全标准中风险因子限量差异分析与思考

婴幼儿食品安全问题由于其高度敏感、影响深远受到各国政府及社会广泛关注。目前我国及国际组织包括国际食品法典委员会、欧盟均对婴幼儿食品中污染物、真菌毒素、微生物等风险因子做出限量规定,但也存在限量指标范围及限量值不统一、发展不均衡的现象。我国婴幼儿食品安全标准近年已取得长足进步,本文在系统调研目前我国及国际组织婴幼儿食品安全标准中风险因子限量现状的基础上,对风险因子限量指标及限量值差异进行深入分析,提出我国婴幼儿食品安全风险因子限量完善的思考建议,以期为我国婴幼儿食品安全标准提升提供参考依据。     

罐头食品安全标准体系国内外对比分析研究

目的 通过对国内外罐头食品安全标准中的安全指标进行对比分析,为我国罐头行业的发展及管理提供参考。方法 收集中国、国际食品法典委员会(CAC)、欧盟和美国四个国家和组织制定的有关罐头食品安全指标的相关标准及法规,从组胺、污染物、生物毒素、食品添加剂以及其他指标分别进行综述与对比分析。结果 在组胺的安全限量要求方面,美国相关的法规中并未规定,而中国和CAC在鱼类罐头相关标准中规定了其限量;在污染物安全限量要求方面,中国的规定较为完善,对各类罐头食品及食品接触材料中污染物限量规定比其他国家或组织更为全面;在生物毒素安全限量要求方面,仅中国、美国有明确要求;在罐头食品种类、可使用的食品添加剂品种及其功能和使用要求方面,中国、CAC、欧盟类似,美国的规定完全不同。结论 过程控制是罐头食品安全控制的本质,为今后我国食品领域的标准制修订工作提供思考,值得我国罐头食品生产行业学习和借鉴。我国应从原辅料、生产加工设备及食品接触材料等方面加强罐头食品中污染物的防控,进一步建立和健全食品安全风险控制及追溯体系。     

我国加入CAC后引发的思考和启迪

<正>全球食品安全形势相当令人担忧,主 要表现在食源性疾病不断上升,恶 性食品污染事件接二连三,世界经贸也 不断因食品安全问题引发纠纷,有鉴于 此,FAO和WHO以及世界各国均加强了 食品安全工作。 2000年,WHO第53届世界卫生大会 首次通过了“有关加强食品安全的决 议”。美国于1997年决定增拨一亿美元预 算,设立总统食品安全启动计划,1998年 组成了多部门的总统食品安全委员会。     

To substantiation of vitamin and mineral level in fortified food products

This review outlines the scientific rationale and commentary for the introduction of sanitary rules and norms governing the enrichment of foods of mass consumption with vitamins and minerals, which were harmonized with EU documents and Codex Alimentarius.     

Initial interlaboratory validation of an analytical method for the determination of lead in canned tuna to be used for monitoring and regulatory purposes

The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Standard Method 972.23 (dry ashing and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS)), applied to the analysis of lead in tuna, was validated in three selected local laboratories to determine the acceptability of the method to both the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) and the European Union (EU) Commission for monitoring lead in canned tuna. Initial validation showed that the standard AOAC method as performed in the three participating laboratories cannot satisfy the Codex/EU proposed criteria for the method detection limit for monitoring lead in fish at the present regulation level of 0.5 mg kg^-1. Modification of the standard method by chelation/concentration of the digest solution before FAAS analysis showed that the modified method has the potential to meet Codex/EU criteria on sensitivity, accuracy and precision at the specified regulation level.     

THE TOXIC POTENTIAL OF TRACE METALS IN FOODS. A Review

Our foods contain trace amounts of a wide range of heavy metals: some of these have a biochemical function, others are contaminants. Trace metals can contaminate foods through agricultural technology, industrial pollution, geological sources and food processing. Some results from recent Canadian monitoring surveys are given with particular emphasis on data from lead and cadmium analyses. Consideration is given to the criteria that can be used to determine the priorities in the design of a monitoring program for trace metals in foods.     

A survey of total hydrocyanic acid content in ready-to-eat cassava-based chips obtained in the Australian market in 2008

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a widely consumed food in the tropics that naturally contains cyanogenic glycosides (cyanogens, mainly composed of linamarin, acetone cyanohydrin, and hydrocyanic acid). If cassava is not adequately processed to reduce the level of cyanogens prior to consumption, these compounds can lead to the formation of hydrocyanic acid in the gut. Exposure to hydrocyanic acid can cause symptoms ranging from vomiting and abdominal pain to coma and death. In 2008, a survey of ready-to-eat (RTE) cassava-based snack foods was undertaken to determine levels of cyanogens measured as total hydrocyanic acid. This survey was undertaken in response to the New South Wales Food Authority being alerted to the detection of elevated levels of cyanogens in an RTE cassava-based snack food. This survey took 374 samples of RTE cassava chips available in the Australian marketplace. Significant variation in the levels of total hydrocyanic acid were observed in the 317 samples testing positive for cyanogens, with levels ranging from 13 to 165 mg of HCN equivalents per kg (mean value, 64.2 mg of HCN eq/kg for positive samples). The results from this survey serve as a timely warning for manufacturers of RTE cassava chips and other cassava-based snack foods to ensure there is tight control over the levels of cyanogens in the cassava ingredient. Evidence from this survey contributed to an amendment to the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code, which now prescribes a maximum level for hydrocyanic acid in RTE cassava chips of 10 mg of HCN eq/kg, which aligns with the Codex Alimentarius Commission international standard for edible cassava flour.