热处理大豆蛋白体外消化产物结构特征分析

以大豆分离蛋白为基础原料,运用多种蛋白分析检测手段,深入探讨70、80、85、90、100℃热处理条件对大豆分离蛋白体外模拟消化特性影响。从蛋白质水解度(the degree of hydrolysis,DH)曲线来看,随着热处理温度的升高,DH曲线呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,而长时间也会使DH呈现下降的趋势。傅里叶转换红外光谱及拉曼光谱图分析显示,经不同温度热预处理样品的消化产物二级结构中α-螺旋结构含量较未经预处理样品的高,而β-折叠结构含量降低,β-转角与无规卷曲结构含量变化不明显;随着时间的延长,α-螺旋结构含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,而β-折叠结构含量先降低后升高。拉曼光谱中酪氨酸峰变化较小且不规律,热处理使色氨酸残基更趋近于"包埋态"。     

热处理大豆球蛋白的体外消化稳定性

为了有效评估大豆球蛋白抗原性变化,对热处理后的大豆球蛋白进行体外模拟消化实验,考察其体外消化稳定性。首先采用碱溶酸沉法从脱脂大豆粉中提取大豆球蛋白,然后将其经400 MPa超高静压处理15 min后进行加热（70、90、110、130℃）处理20 min,然后进行体外模拟消化实验,采用SDS-PAGE、邻苯二甲醛（OPA）法和间接竞争酶联免疫（ELISA）法研究消化过程中大豆球蛋白的蛋白质分子质量、水解度和抗原性的变化。结果表明：经体外模拟消化实验后,与未处理样品相比,不同温度热处理后大豆球蛋白的蛋白质条带逐渐变浅,生成更多的小分子蛋白;在胃消化过程中,未处理和热处理大豆球蛋白的水解度逐渐增强,在肠消化过程中,经过90、110、130℃热处理的大豆球蛋白水解度总体先增加后降低;与未处理的大豆球蛋白相比,热处理大豆球蛋白经过胃肠消化后抗原抑制率显著下降,最低可从87%降至4%。大豆球蛋白经过热处理,通过胃肠消化后可显著降低其抗原性。     

不同热处理条件下大豆蛋白体外模拟消化产物结构和分子质量分布

采用胃蛋白酶对热处理后的大豆分离蛋白(SPI)进行体外模拟消化,对消化产物的亚基组成、蛋白质二级结构和分子质量分布进行研究。随着热处理温度和时间的增加,水解度先升高后降低,说明适当的热处理条件促进胃蛋白酶对SPI的消化降解。热处理能够改变SPI体外消化模式,使11S亚基消化程度降低,同时使不易消化降解的7S亚基组分被消化降解,形成分子质量低于17 ku或更低分子质量的组分。热处理主要使消化产物二级结构中α-螺旋含量增加,β-折叠含量降低,且SPI消化产物的分子质量分布也发生改变。随着热处理温度的升高,α-螺旋含量先增加后降低,β-折叠含量先降低后增加,而热处理时间对二级结构无显著影响。高温或长时间热处理使SPI消化产物在分子质量大于100 ku和3~10 ku范围内分布增多,在分子质量10~100 ku和小于3 ku范围内分布减少。     

不同品种大豆分离蛋白体外消化产物的结构特性

以我国5种大豆分离蛋白(SPI)为基础原料,运用多种蛋白分析检测手段,研究这5种大豆分离蛋白结构对体外模拟消化特性的影响。结果表明:大豆分离蛋白及消化产物的红外光谱、拉曼光谱分析二级结构元素含量变化规律基本一致,α-螺旋结构、β-折叠结构与DH呈现一定相关性。5种大豆分离蛋白样品及其消化产物的酪氨酸残基趋向于"暴露式",随着消化时间的延长,λmax整体上增大,拉曼色氨酸侧链归属谱带强度随消化时间的延长逐渐降低,表明色氨酸残基趋向于亲水性微环境。5种大豆分离蛋白经连续5 h的体外模拟消化试验,水解度DH随着消化时间的延长而增加,当消化时间超过1 h后,DH的增加速度减慢,而在相同条件下不同样品DH存在差异性。     

紫花芸豆蛋白体外消化产物的抗氧化活性及结构特征分析

为探究芸豆蛋白在体外模拟胃部消化期间抗氧化活性及结构特征，本实验以紫花芸豆蛋白为原料，采用体外模拟消化模型，并运用多种蛋白分析方法进行检测。结果表明：在消化期间因酶解作用，其水解度及溶解度明显提高，并且随着芸豆蛋白低分子质量肽段数量的增加，消化产物的抗氧化活性显著增加，其中总抗氧化能力、铁离子还原能力分别提高了296.97%、54.01%；通过傅里叶变换红外光谱分析发现，消化过程使芸豆蛋白二级结构发生显著变化，随消化时间的延长，消化产物中α-螺旋相对含量、β-转角相对含量不断提高，β-折叠相对含量不断降低；经模拟消化后的芸豆蛋白暴露巯基、总巯基含量下降幅度均较大，两者随消化时间延长均略有增加；扫描电子显微镜分析发现芸豆蛋白经胃部模拟消化后呈现颗粒状，且无序排列形成细密的网状结构。     

不同胃肠消化阶段紫花芸豆蛋白的抗氧化活性和结构特征

以紫花芸豆蛋白为原料,通过胃肠模拟消化模型解析胃肠不同消化阶段芸豆蛋白水解物的抗氧化活性及结构变化。结果表明:经胃肠蛋白酶消化,芸豆蛋白的溶解度、水解度显著提高,与胃部消化相比,胃肠消化芸豆蛋白水解度增加120.27%,溶解度下降3.46%。电泳图谱及抗氧化活性分析表明,肠道消化期间,因胰蛋白酶作用,蛋白亚基水解作用增强,导致低分子质量肽段增加,分子质量<14.4 ku的亚基条带加深,与胃部模拟消化相比,水解产物抗氧化能力显著增强,总抗氧化能力、Fe还原能力、ABTS清除率分别提高25.31%,85.76%,53.80%。对胃肠连续消化0.5,2,3 h水解产物超滤分级,随着消化时间的延长,分子质量<10 ku的消化产物增加,使水解产物表现出较强的抗氧化能力。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明,胃蛋白酶水解使蛋白质结构展开,空间结构较为紧凑的β-折叠被破坏,变为较松散的β-转角,继续肠道消化后芸豆蛋白稳定结构恢复,β-折叠由34.63%增至41.29%。胃肠消化产物中暴露巯基、总巯基含量、含硫氨基酸总量随水解程度的加深持续下降,肠道消化后,消化产物的暴露巯基、总巯基含量、含硫氨基酸总量分别降低为(4.94±0.23)μmol/g、(6.14±0.20)μmol/g、2.08 μg/g。SEM扫描分析结果表明,水解使芸豆蛋白呈絮状聚集,与胃部消化相比,肠道模拟消化后蛋白微观结构有序性增加,消化产物表面呈细密颗粒状。     

体外模拟消化过程中大豆蛋白的荧光光谱分析及热处理的影响

分析了不同温度热处理及不同时间热处理的大豆分离蛋白体外模拟消化过程产物的荧光光谱。结果表明:不同时间热处理及不同温度的热处理均对大豆蛋白的消化有一定促进作用,大豆蛋白的最佳热处理条件为85℃、20 min,蛋白质的消化程度最大。大豆分离蛋白经不同温度热处理后,消化1 h,消化产物的最大吸光波长(λ_(max))即随着加热温度的上升而红移,在加热90℃时达到最大值后下降,而荧光强度呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势。经过不同时间热处理后消化1 h,大豆分离蛋白消化产物的λ_(max)先上升后下降。且荧光强度随着加热时间的延长呈现出不同的变化趋势,在0~20 min不断升高时,20 min时达到最大值,而继续加热至60 min,荧光强度逐渐下降。     

体外模拟消化过程中大豆分离蛋白拉曼光谱和荧光光谱分析

采用胃蛋白酶在37℃和pH 1.2条件下对大豆分离蛋白(SPI)进行体外模拟消化,对体外模拟消化过程中SPI进行拉曼光谱和荧光光谱分析。随着消化时间的延长,蛋白质的消化程度逐渐增大,当消化反应超过2 h后,蛋白质的消化速率减慢。消化反应使SPI的α-螺旋含量升高,β-折叠含量降低,β-转角含量先增加后降低,而无规卷曲含量变化不规律。经长时间的消化反应使无规卷曲含量有所增加。在整个消化过程中,酪氨酸和色氨酸残基趋向于“暴露式”,这与消化过程中蛋白质变性以及分子结构展开有关。体外模拟消化反应使SPI的荧光强度降低,最大吸收波长(λmax)增加,即λmax发生红移,这表明色氨酸残基的暴露程度增大,同时使SPI三级结构变的松散。此外,随着消化时间的延长,SPI消化产物λmax的红移程度增加。     

热加工对小麦蛋白结构和消化特性的影响

研究100℃热处理不同时间（5min、15min、30min）对小麦蛋白分子结构及其体外消化的影响。结果表明,随着热处理时间的增加,麦谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白的α-螺旋结构逐渐减少,无规则卷曲结构的相对含量分别增加了8.2%、7.98%,这与小麦蛋白的电镜微观结果一致;麦谷蛋白与麦醇溶蛋白的平均粒径在热处理30min时分别达到了237.4μm、254.3μm;根据凝胶电泳结果显示,热处理对麦醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白的亚基分子量没有显著影响;在特定的热处理时间内,小麦蛋白的消化程度与加热时间呈正比关系。综上,麦醇溶蛋白与麦谷蛋白在热处理下发生的结构变化具有一致性,且在100℃ 30min处理下的小麦蛋白具有最高的消化率。     

动植物源蛋白体外消化产物结构性质及ACE抑制活性

为揭示动植物源蛋白对于血压调节功能上的差异是否由蛋白肽的血管紧张素转化酶（angiotensin conversion enzyme,ACE）抑制活性所引起,动植物蛋白经体外消化后,对蛋白肽的ACE活性抑制进行研究。采用胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶两步消化法,水解植物蛋白（大米、燕麦、大豆、豌豆）、红肉蛋白（猪肉、牛肉）和白肉蛋白（鸡肉）。测定所获蛋白肽的水解度、分子质量分布、氨基酸组成及其ACE抑制率。结果表明,随着蛋白质水解度的增加和分子质量的减小,3类蛋白消化产物的ACE活性抑制率均相应增大。其中,植物蛋白消化产物ACE抑制率最高（60.41%）,红肉蛋白最低（40.13%）。对蛋白质消化产物的氨基酸组成进行分析,结果表明,植物蛋白和白肉蛋白消化产物的疏水性氨基酸含量均显著高于红肉蛋白。3类蛋白中消化产物的疏水性氨基酸含量越高,则ACE抑制活性越高,说明疏水性氨基酸含量高可能是植物蛋白肽具有高的ACE抑制活性的主要原因之一。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status