并购是手段,效益是目的,整合是保障--对中国啤酒工业规模扩张潮的思考

近年来啤酒工业掀起并购扩张高潮，虽然规模扩张，但是却没有带来经济效益的同步增长。其主要原因是：扩张后生产能力未能充分发挥；价格战的扼制；没有充分的资金、人力对并购企业进行内部整合。而内部整合重于规模扩张建设，扩张的目的不是简单做大，而是要做强。有效的整合应做到：（1）具备充足的整合能力。（2）被并购企业积极支持内部整合。（3）加强企业文化整合，使两种企业文化完美融合，并形成一种新的文化。（君健）     

Invited review: Nitrogen in ruminant nutrition: A review of measurement techniques

Nitrogen is a component of essential nutrients critical for the productivity of ruminants. If excreted in excess, N is also an important environmental pollutant contributing to acid deposition, eutrophication, human respiratory problems, and climate change. The complex microbial metabolic activity in the rumen and the effect on subsequent processes in the intestines and body tissues make the study of N metabolism in ruminants challenging compared with nonruminants. Therefore, using accurate and precise measurement techniques is imperative for obtaining reliable experimental results on N utilization by ruminants and evaluating the environmental impacts of N emission mitigation techniques. Changeover design experiments are as suitable as continuous ones for studying protein metabolism in ruminant animals, except when changes in body weight or carryover effects due to treatment are expected. Adaptation following a dietary change should be allowed for at least 2 (preferably 3) wk, and extended adaptation periods may be required if body pools can temporarily supply the nutrients studied. Dietary protein degradability in the rumen and intestines are feed characteristics determining the primary AA available to the host animal. They can be estimated using in situ, in vitro, or in vivo techniques with each having inherent advantages and disadvantages. Accurate, precise, and inexpensive laboratory assays for feed protein availability are still needed. Techniques used for direct determination of rumen microbial protein synthesis are laborious and expensive, and data variability can be unacceptably large; indirect approaches have not shown the level of accuracy required for widespread adoption. Techniques for studying postruminal digestion and absorption of nitrogenous compounds, urea recycling, and mammary AA metabolism are also laborious, expensive (especially the methods that use isotopes), and results can be variable, especially the methods based on measurements of digesta or blood flow. Volatile loss of N from feces and particularly urine can be substantial during collection, processing, and analysis of excreta, compromising the accuracy of measurements of total-tract N digestion and body N balance. In studying ruminant N metabolism, nutritionists should consider the longer term fate of manure N as well. Various techniques used to determine the effects of animal nutrition on total N, ammonia- or nitrous oxide-emitting potentials, as well as plant fertilizer value, of manure are available. Overall, methods to study ruminant N metabolism have been developed over 150 yr of animal nutrition research, but many of them are laborious and impractical for application on a large number of animals. The increasing environmental concerns associated with livestock production systems necessitate more accurate and reliable methods to determine manure N emissions in the context of feed composition and ruminant N metabolism.     

Subject: Flavour problems in stored milk and cream:Types of off-flavour

The types of off-flavour likely to be found in raw milk and in heat-treated milks with and without storage are summarized and briefly described     

Research Watch: Sources of lead in sediments

Air.     

Subject: Flavour problems in stored milk and cream:Chemical causes of flavour deterioration in pasteurized milk

In a study related to domestic practice, milk was laboratory pasteurized to give the time-temperature conditions of HTST pasteurization and stored in full glass bottles at 7°C in the dark for up to 14 days. The consumption of O₂ during storage was monitored, and the factors responsible for its consumption were quantitatively assessed. The principal factors were: loss through septum, 7.I per cent; ascorbic acid oxidation, 34 per cent; bacterial growth, 36.1 per cent: sulphydryl oxidation. 3.4 per cent. Thus, some 80.6 per cent of the O₂ consumed was accounted for. Lipid peroxidation used only 0.07 per cent. Lipolysis was also determined. Nevertheless, preliminary organoleptic findings indicated that oxidized flavour was the predominant element in 'stale' milk.     

Representation of complexity in wine: Influence of expertise

The aim of the present study was to investigate the concept of complexity in wine as a function of domain-specific expertise. Thirty-nine wine professionals and 30 wine consumers participated in interviews aimed at inducing verbal responses concerning their representations of (i) wine complexity in general, (ii) wine complexity in relation to white wine with perceived ageing ability, and (iii) wine complexity in relation to red wine with perceived ageing ability. The verbal data were analysed with the textual data analysis software ALCESTE ( [Reinert, 1983], [Reinert, 1986], [Reinert, 2001] and [Reinert, 2008]). Results showed that wine professionals as a group tended to represent complexity in wine in terms of extrinsic factors such as oenological processes (e.g., lees stirring; use of oak) and terroir variables (e.g., soil; viticulture: see Moran, 2006). On the other hand, wine consumers’ representations of wine complexity were dominated by intrinsic factors relating to their experience of consuming wine (e.g., smell and taste of wines) and were personalised and subjective (e.g., about their own enjoyment and pleasure). Further, wine professionals’ representations clearly differentiated between characteristics of white wine with ageing potential and characteristics of red wine with ageing potential whereas those of wine consumers did not. The results are discussed in terms of the salient components of the concept of complexity in wine, including wine judged to have ageing ability, along with the cognitive processing associated with wine expertise.     

Research Watch: Analysis of PAHs in soils

Measurements.     

Detection of adulteration in milk: A review

Milk is a wholesome nutritious dairy product and is consumed by a majority of the population worldwide for drinking as such, as well as via dairy products. However, the practice of adulteration of milk invariably reduces its quality and may introduce hazardous substances into the dairy supply chain jeopardising consumers’ health. Various instances of adulteration of milk have been reported globally, wherein substances such as extraneous water, foreign proteins, whey proteins, melamine and urea, vegetable or animal fats, plus many minor constituents of milk fat have been added as potential adulterants in milk and milk products. This review focusses on the different methods of detection of these adulterants in milk using techniques such as DSC, RP‐HPLC, LC‐GC, HPTLC, immunoassays: CE, ELISA, FAMPST, FTIR, NIR spectroscopy, PAGE, IEF, DNA‐based methods and MALDI‐MS that have been developed and employed for the last 25 years. The combination of advanced IR spectroscopy and chemometrics provides a powerful tool for quality and authenticity analysis of milk. An electronic tongue is an easy and economic tool for the detection of caprine milk adulterations with bovine milk. Biosensors having the ability to furnish real‐time signals have been developed for the detection of urea in milk. An attempt has been made to give a clear understanding of the most suitable methods for the determination of various sources of adulteration.     

食品中百菌清残留检测方法研究进展

百菌清(CTN)是一种广泛、保护性有机氯杀菌剂,常用于防治蔬菜、瓜果、花生、水稻、小麦等作物真菌病害,但因其毒性及残留问题对环境和人体健康的危害,对其残留检测日益受到人们的重视。本文就CTN的性质与应用、毒性及残留检测方法等进行阐述,旨在为CTN的检测研发提供一定的参考。     

Progress in microencapsulation of probiotics: A review

The potential health benefits of probiotics may not be realized because of the substantial reduction in their viability during food storage and gastrointestinal transit. Microencapsulation can be used to enhance the resistance of probiotics to unfavorable conditions. A range of oral delivery systems has been developed to increase the level of probiotics reaching the colon including embedding and coating systems. This review introduces emerging strategies for the microencapsulation of probiotics and highlights the key mechanisms of their stress–tolerance properties. Recent in vitro and in vivo models for evaluation of the efficiency of probiotic delivery systems are also reviewed. Encapsulation technologies are required to maintain the viability of probiotics during storage and within the human gut so as to increase their ability to colonize the colon. These technologies work by protecting the probiotics from harsh environmental conditions, as well as increasing their mucoadhesive properties. Typically, the probiotics are either embedded inside or coated with food‐grade materials such as biopolymers or lipids. In some cases, additional components may be coencapsulated to enhance their viability such as nutrients or protective agents. The importance of having suitable in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the efficiency of probiotic delivery systems is also emphasized.     

中国本土公司制度研究的力作——评曾小萍著《自贡商人:近代中国早期的工业企业家》

本文介绍美国中国史学者曾小萍女士的新著《自贡商人：近代中国早期的工业企业家》。该书以19世纪中叶至20世纪中叶的自贡井盐业和自贡商人为对象,研究中国本土公司的历史变迁。该书作者认为,法律、金融习俗机制、宗族和族产制度是中国本土公司发展的制度基础,即使19世纪中叶以后西方的商业组织和法律进入中国,这些制度仍然表现了良好的适应性。     

Correction to: Research and prospects of bamboo bolts in China: state of the art

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products -     

Short communication: rearrangement of rumenic Acid in ruminant fats: a marker of thermal treatment

Rumenic (cis-9,trans-11 18:2) acid is the main conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer in milk and other ruminant fats. Anhydrous regular and high-CLA butterfats were heated at 200 degrees C for 2, 4, and 6 h under atmospheric conditions. [1,5] Sigmatropic isomerization of rumenic acid occurred, resulting in the formation of trans-8,cis-10 18:2 acid, as determined by mass spectrometry of its 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivative. Rate of isomerization was monitored by gas-liquid chromatography, using a 120-m capillary column coated with 70% equivalent cyanoalkylpolysiloxane polymer, and reaction was of first order. Furthermore, [1,5] sigmatropic rearrangement product analysis can be used as an indicator of heat treatment of natural fats and oils containing CLA.     

Peer reviewed: in situ bioremediation: defining the limits

New approaches to engineered and intrinsic bioremediation are being developed and field tested.     

Peer reviewed: fires in indonesia: crisis and reaction

Alarmed by fire and smoke pollution impacts, area nations are organizing to avoid another catastrophe.