强筋小麦磨制面包粉工艺研究

为了研究中国育成并大面积推广强筋小麦品种的面包粉制粉工艺,以中国第一批确定的强筋面包小麦品种陕优225为主要原料,以国产4皮3芯中型加工设备进行工艺研究,同时也进行了以陕优225小麦为主原料的配麦试验。结果表明,面粉蛋白质品质,即蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量均以皮磨高于芯磨,皮磨由1B到4B逐渐升高,芯磨则由1M到3M逐渐降低;面团流变学品质除吸水率外,形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸性均与蛋白质品质规律基本一致,所不同的是面团流变学品质以3B为最高;面包烘焙品质面包体积和面包总评分其规律性与面团流变学品质相一致,皮磨以3B皮最好,以1B最差,芯磨以1M最好,3M最差。配麦试验结果显示,以陕优225与另一形成时间长的强力面包小麦以85:15配麦,取2B、3B、4B、1M、2M、3M前路粉,依次配置筛目目数为100、120、130、100、120目和130目,面粉品质明显改善,面包烘焙评分提高5.0～8.8分。     

方便面专用小麦粉配粉方法及配粉效应的研究

本文选用3个小麦品种磨粉,通过分析小麦的籽粒品质、粉质特性,按湿面筋含量比例配粉,并对配粉效应进行了研究。结果表明,配制不同湿面筋含量面粉对方便面质量影响不同,配粉可明显改善面粉的面团品质特性;方便面的感官评价与湿面筋含量、蛋白质含量和稳定时间极显著相关。     

陕西省小麦品种资源加工品质性状及利用研究

通过对250份小麦材料的品质分析，摸清了陕西省小麦品种资源的籽粒品质、蛋白质品质、面团流变学特性和蒸煮品质特性等品质状况，提出了利用的途径。结果表明，陕西省小麦品种资源材料的面筋强度以中筋偏弱为主，优质强筋小麦和弱筋小麦材料较少。本省小麦品质改良应重点利用优质硬麦和优质软麦资源材料，改造不软不硬的中间类型。面粉加工企业则应合理利用有限的优质小麦，通过与中筋小麦混配生产优质小麦粉。     

中筋小麦粉流品质特性及馒头蒸煮品质研究

为了考察不同出粉部位面粉的品质,更好的实现在线配粉,优化产品结构和生产方案,本实验测定了各粉管面粉的常规指标和粉质指标,并对各系统面粉进行馒头蒸煮实验。结果表明：皮磨面粉水分高于心磨面粉,皮磨面粉灰分高于心磨面粉,后路粉灰分高于前路粉,前路粉的白度明显高于后路粉,皮磨面粉的湿面筋含量高于心磨面粉,后路粉的湿面筋含量高于前路粉;系统粉蒸煮品质显示,前路心磨（1M、2M、3M、4M）和前路渣磨（1S）粉面粉粉色较好,面团弹性适中,易揉光,操作性好,起发度比较好,较适宜制作馒头。     

文献导读

<正>强筋与弱筋小麦配麦面粉及馒头和面条品质的研究以强筋小麦"新麦26"与弱筋小麦"皖麦47"为材料,按10∶0、9∶1至1∶9、0∶10共11个比例配麦处理,分析其籽粒、面粉、加工馒头和面条的品质及其相关性。结果表明,籽粒和面粉21个品质性状、馒头11个品质性状和面条8个品质性状处理间差异显著或极显著。"新麦26"与"皖麦47"在配麦8∶2和6∶4处理时,馒头评分均在75以上,其中以配比8∶2时馒头评分最高;配麦9∶1、8∶2和7∶3时,面条评分     

文献导读

<正>小米粉对小麦粉品质及面包加工品质的影响以优质强筋小麦品种藁优2018和小米粉为材料,研究了小米粉对小麦面粉面团流变学特性及淀粉糊化特性影响,并进行了面包实验室制作和质构仪测定。结果表明:随着小米粉添加量的增加,藁优2018面粉面团吸水率、稳定时间、粉质质量指数、面团拉伸能量、最大拉伸阻力、拉伸长度、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、衰减值、最终黏度和回生值逐渐降低,面     

甘肃环县商品小麦的配麦配粉效应分析

以甘肃环县的5种商品小麦为材料．系统分析和比较了商品小麦的籽粒品质、蛋白质品质、磨粉品质、粉质参数和蒸煮品质，并对甘肃环县商品小麦与陕253的配麦配粉效应进行了研究。结果表明：甘肃环县商品小麦的容重、籽粒硬度较高，蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值和面团稳定时间较低，筋力较弱。不同品种小麦以相同比例与陕253搭配。其品质也有较大差别。陕253的搭配比例在40％以上时，搭配效果较为理想。     

小米粉对小麦粉品质及面包加工品质的影响

以优质强筋小麦品种藁优2018和小米粉为材料,研究了小米粉对小麦面粉面团流变学特性及淀粉糊化特性影响,并进行了面包实验室制作和质构仪测定。结果表明:随着小米粉添加量的增加,藁优2018面粉面团吸水率、稳定时间、粉质质量指数、面团拉伸能量、最大拉伸阻力、拉伸长度、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、衰减值、最终黏度和回生值逐渐降低,面团弱化度、淀粉糊化温度逐渐升高,拉伸阻力、拉伸比例和最大拉伸比例先增大后减小再增大;说明小米粉降低了小麦面团的筋力。结合小米面包质构特性的显著性分析以及小米面包中小米粉最大化的目标得出,在藁优2018小麦面粉中小米粉最佳添加比例为15%,此比例保证了小米面包的感官品质,满足了小米面包的营养最大化。     

中澳小麦配麦对小麦粉和面条品质的影响

将三种澳洲小麦按不同比例分别与两种中国小麦配麦制粉,研究配麦对小麦粉和面条品质的影响。结果表明:在相同灰分含量的条件下,澳麦的实验制粉出粉率高于参试中国小麦,配麦可以改变小麦粉面筋强弱、面团流变学等品质特性;澳麦A1(优质白麦)对两种中国小麦面条品质的改良效果均达到显著水平,澳麦A2(优质硬麦)对品质稍差的中国小麦面条品质的改良效果显著,澳麦A3(普通硬麦)对两种中国小麦的面条品质改良效果均未达到显著水平。最佳配麦组合是C3A1(50∶50)。配麦后的品质特性与原料小麦的品质密切相关。     

小麦剥皮制粉技术现状综观

本文介绍中国小麦剥皮制粉技术现状和剥皮优缺点，存在电耗高剥皮不净的问题；提出小麦剥皮应剥去种皮，面粉质量应以粉色、面团流变学品质指标及烘焙、熟食品质评价；建议小麦剥皮机研制要求，建议小麦剥皮后制粉工艺应研究皮磨磨辊技术参数，加强渣磨、清粉系统研究。     

Distribution of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in milling fractions from fusarium-infected Japanese wheat cultivars

The fate of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and nivalenol during the milling of Japanese wheat cultivars artificially infected with Fusarium was investigated. Grain samples with different mycotoxin concentrations were milled using a laboratory-scale test mill to produce eight fractions: three breaking flours (1B, 2B, and 3B), three reduction flours (1M, 2M, and 3M), wheat bran, and wheat shorts. Patent flour for human consumption was made from the 1B, 2B, 1M, and 2M flours, and low-grade flour was made from 3B and 3M flours. The four resulting samples (patent flour, low-grade flour, bran, and shorts) were analyzed for deoxynivalenol and/or nivalenol with an in-house validated analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection. In samples with different mycotoxin concentrations, the distribution of those toxins differed among the milling fractions. Grains with a lower level of contamination produced bran and shorts samples with a high relative concentration of nivalenol. A high percentage of nivalenol was found in patent flour, followed by bran. Contrary to the less-contaminated sample, the concentration of nivalenol in moderately contaminated grain was high only in the shorts sample. The highest percentage of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol was observed in the patent flour. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in milled Japanese wheat could be influenced by the contamination level of the original grain, and the milling process is not always effective for removal of toxins from wheat grains.     

八种木聚糖单酶对裸麦粉品质影响的评价研究

本文采用质构分析法、感官评价法、流变学法、糊化特性测定等方法,探讨了不同添加量的8种木聚糖单酶(xyl-A1、xyl-A2、xyl-A3、xyl-A4、xyl-A6、xyl-A7、xyl-HI、xyl-HII)对裸麦粉面包品质、裸麦粉面团流变特性、裸麦粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明：裸麦粉面包中8种木聚糖单酶xyl-A1、xyl-A2、xyl-A3、xyl-A4、xyl-A6、xyl-A7、xyl-HI、xyl-HII的适宜添加量分别为0.5mg/kg、5mg/kg、0.1mg/kg、0.5mg/kg、0.5mg/kg、2mg/kg、0.2mg/kg、0.1mg/kg。其中,添加木聚糖酶xyl-A2对裸麦粉面包的品质改善最好,其次是木聚糖酶xyl-A7。添加木聚糖酶xyl-A2能显著改善裸麦粉的稠度特性和拉伸特性;木聚糖酶xyl-A3可以改善裸麦粉面团的稠度特性,但对拉伸特性无明显影响;添加木聚糖酶xyl-A7、xyl-HI、xyl-HII也可改善裸麦粉面团的稠度特性,但对裸麦粉面团的拉伸特性有一定的负面影响。添加木聚糖酶在一定程度上可改善裸麦粉的糊化特性,增强裸麦粉的热稳定性,改善裸麦粉面团的老化速度。     

陕西省主要推广小麦品种配粉特性的研究

分析了陕西省15个推广小麦品种及其26个混配粉的面团流变学特性。结果表明，年际间和不同批次制粉间强筋小麦品质变化较大，中筋和弱筋小麦品质变化相对较小。不同混配方式配粉由于其面团流变学特性变化规律不同而产生不同的配粉结果。混配粉面团评价值、拉伸阻力和延伸性测定值与由基础品种估算的理论值无显著差异，而且有板显著正相关性。混配粉品质趋于混配品种平均值，并有“超高种”、“超低种”现象。陕253、绵阳19、小偃22、武农148等作为配粉品种较为理想。     

发芽小麦与正常小麦混合后的品质研究

为了开发发芽小麦的合理利用途径,以小堰6号和陕225为试验样品,制备7种混合小麦,混和小麦中发芽小麦比例分别为0%、5%、10%、20%、30%、40%、100%,系统研究了混和小麦的品质特性。结果表明,随着发芽小麦比例的增加,混和小麦的籽粒品质、磨粉品质、小麦粉蛋白质品质和面团流变学特性均呈下降趋势,即发芽小麦含量越高,混和小麦的评价值越低,品质越差;小麦中发芽小麦含量小于10%时,其各项品质指标与正常小麦相比,均无显著差异。     

小麦籽粒不同部位蛋白质形貌与流变特性

目的:探索小麦籽粒不同部位蛋白质形貌和流变特性及其分布规律,为解释磨制所得不同粉路粉质量差异提供理论依据。方法:通过碾米机、三皮三心实验磨和六皮八心磨粉机制备参试粉,采用亮度值(L*)与灰分的比值定量表征籽粒的部位。参试粉在检测蛋白组分含量和质量指标的基础上,检测十二烷基硫酸钠可溶蛋白的形貌和谷蛋白大聚体动态流变学特性。结果:结果表明,从小麦籽粒外围到胚乳中心,粗蛋白的含量从205.9 mg/g降低至93.4 mg/g;干面筋在总蛋白中的占比从0 mg/g蛋白升高至1210.2 mg/g蛋白,而谷蛋白大聚体在总蛋白中占比变化趋势不明显;面筋持水率越高,十二烷基硫酸钠溶剂的保持力越低。十二烷基硫酸钠可溶性蛋白的密度总体上呈逐渐降低的趋势,谷蛋白大聚体凝胶的储能模量平台值从13.5 Pa上升至141.6 Pa,损耗模量平台值从5.3 Pa上升至26.2 Pa。结论:本研究结果表明靠近胚乳中心的蛋白质构象结构松散。     

不同筋力小麦磨粉各出粉点小麦粉品质特性分析

采用布勒实验磨制粉,分别测定了强、中、弱筋3个小麦品种不同出粉点小麦粉的品质特性。结果表明,同一品种不同出粉点小麦粉的品质特性具有明显差异及变化规律,同一出粉点不同小麦品种的品质特性具有明显差异。在皮磨粉和心磨粉中,蛋白质含量、吸水率和PPO活性分别随出粉点后移而增大。三道心磨粉的小麦粉色泽a~*值和b~*值随出粉点后移均呈升高趋势;而小麦粉亮度L~*值、面团稳定时间、直链淀粉含量、峰值黏度、稀懈值和反弹值随出粉点后移有下降趋势。     

不同粒度小麦粉的蛋白质性质研究

选用75~123μm的筛网将小麦粉进行筛理分级后,得到7种不同粒度的小麦粉颗粒,并将其分为大中小3种颗粒。通过对其总蛋白质含量、蛋白质组分含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、巯基二硫键及蛋白质二级结构的分析,探究不同粒度小麦粉的蛋白质性质。结果表明,不同粒度区间小麦粉的蛋白质性质存在显著差异。与中小颗粒粉相比,大颗粒小麦粉中蛋白质含量、面筋含量、二硫键含量较高,面筋质量较好,蛋白质的二级结构较为稳定,且大颗粒小麦粉的蛋白性质与原粉较相似,其中3号粉的蛋白质品质高于原粉,这表明当小麦粉粒度在95~112μm时,小麦粉蛋白质性质得到提升。而中小颗粒小麦粉的蛋白质性质差异性不显著。整体而言,大颗粒小麦粉的蛋白质质量及结构稳定性相对较好。     

BREAD MAKING OF DURUM WHEAT WITH CHICKPEA SOURDOUGH OR COMPRESSED BAKER'S YEAST

Two ways of improving durum wheat bread-making quality were evaluated.
First, durum wheat (cultivar "Papadakis") was blended with bread wheat flour of good (A-flour) or medium (B-flour) quality (70% durum and 30% bread wheat flour). Durum wheat flour displayed the γ-gliadin 45 electrophoretic band and acceptable bread-making quality. Breads from flour blends had better volume, particularly the durum and A-flour blend. The addition of ascorbic and citric acid and malt flour improved dough rheological properties and thus bread volume, as well as staling rate and sensory characteristics. These were more pronounced in the blend of durum with B-flour.
Second, durum wheat flour alone was used to prepare chickpea sourdough-leavened bread, as flavor is important for consumer acceptance. With the addition only of salt, the chickpea sourdough-leavened durum wheat bread displayed acceptable loaf volume, distinguished flavor and longer shelf life compared with bread prepared with compressed baker's yeast.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

One of the practical applications of this study is the possibility of using a common durum wheat cultivar instead of local varieties as is the case with traditional breads. Results of this work may be useful for promoting greater acceptance of durum wheat breads as well as expansion of the use of a traditional Mediterranean chickpea sourdough-leavened durum wheat bread with distinguished flavor and taste.
This work may serve as a guide for determining the quality of flours suitable for production of "home made" or "village" bread (which has high market value as specialty bread) by blending durum and bread wheat flours. Best results are obtained with good-quality bread wheat flour, regardless of the good quality of durum wheat cultivar used, together with the use of the dough improvers implemented in this work.     

Effect of Milling on the Starch Properties of Winter Wheat Genotypes

Fifteen winter wheat varieties (12 hard and 3 soft genotypes) produced in Martonvásár were selected to study the effect of milling on flour starch properties. Differences in protein and starch content, flour yield, water absorption, starch damage, particle size and pasting properties were studied. Significant difference was observed in the starch properties of the different wheat genotypes when milled with different laboratory mills (Chopin CD1, Brabender Junior, FQC‐109). Brabender Junior differed significantly from the other two mills for the properties of starch content, and final viscosity. That was Chopin CD1 which most differed from the other two mills, as it produces flour with the smallest particle size. It also produces flour with the lowest water absorption, and the highest breakdown‐ and lowest trough‐ viscosity parameters. The damage of starch was the smallest for Brabender Junior and the highest for FQC‐109 and they were statistically different. It was concluded that according to the purpose of the processing industry, starch properties can be varified by an appropriate wheat choice, grain preparation and mill‐choice, ‐setup and ‐adjustments.