裂缝指示曲线在花岗岩潜山裂缝评价中的应用

渤中凹陷沙东南凸起带和渤南凸起带发育许多储集空间是裂缝、孔洞的花岗岩潜山。本文从分析裂缝在常规测井曲线上的独特响应特征出发,利用岩心、成象测井等资料给予标定,尝试建立裂缝指示曲线。现场岩心、成象测井以及动态测井资料证实,利用裂缝指示曲线评价花岗岩潜山裂缝发育状是切实可行、有效的。在此基础上,利用裂缝指示曲线对潜山构造进行裂缝识别、风化壳评价、裂缝带划分、裂缝带横向对比追 踪以及裂缝发育程度对比。     

利用综合概率曲线判别花岗岩潜山纵向裂缝发育带

依据花岗岩潜山发育裂缝在各种常规测井曲线上的不同响应特征,利用有限元的岩心资料和少量的成像测井图像标定常规测井曲线,进而建立裂缝指示曲线,可以行之有效地判别潜山裂缝发育带。海洋石油钻井实际例子也证实了该方法的正确性。     

基于深度学习的裂缝预测在S区潜山碳酸盐岩储层中的应用

准确描述并预测裂缝空间分布是裂缝型潜山油藏储层开发的前提条件,裂缝型潜山油藏构造复杂、断层发育、地震反射多表现为空白或杂乱反射,传统的依赖模型的反演方法难以表征复杂的潜山断裂系统。为此,提出了以测井裂缝敏感参数FIC c为训练目标的深度信念网络反演方法。首先基于碳酸盐岩裂缝在测井曲线上的响应特征,综合伽马、井径等曲线,构建敏感性裂缝识别参数FIC c;然后以基于优选井计算的FIC c曲线作为训练目标、以井旁地震数据作为训练特征构成训练样本,通过训练深度信念网络,建立井旁地震数据与FIC c曲线之间的非线性映射关系;最后将训练成熟的网络模型应用到整个地震数据体,反演得到裂缝识别参数FIC c,进而预测裂缝空间分布。S区潜山裂缝预测的应用结果表明,测井裂缝识别参数FIC c识别结果与成像测井裂缝识别结果基本吻合,FIC c作为训练目标在S区裂缝预测中具有较好的可靠性;应用深度信念网络反演的解释结果表明S区潜山主要发育北东向裂缝,呈带状沿断层大面积发育,与熵属性刻画的裂缝发育带一致性较好,钻井吻合率达71%。     

潜山灰岩溶蚀和裂缝的特征参数应用

潜山灰岩储层溶蚀和裂缝发育程度的差异造成在测井曲线上不同的响应特征，而且在钻井过程中具有不同的油气显示。主要高产油气层段都对应裂缝及溶蚀相对发育的层段，裂缝或溶蚀不发育层段对应致密灰岩层，一般为干层，而介于两者之间的弱溶蚀或裂缝发育差层段往往是低产油层。通过提取反映溶蚀和裂缝发育的控制特征参数——测井参数、溶蚀参数和录井参数，对潜山灰岩储层溶蚀和裂缝发育程度进行解释、分级与评价，最后给出了综合评价结果。     

基于常规测井与电成像测井多信息融合的裂缝识别

四川盆地普光气田区的碳酸盐岩储层具有溶蚀孔洞发育、裂缝张开度低、常规测井响应不明显等特征, 直接利用各种常规测井曲线识别裂缝时存在局限性。为此提出基于常规测井与电成像测井多信息融合的裂缝识别方法,对多种常规测井曲线进行重构, 充分突显裂缝在常规测井曲线上的响应特征, 同时对电成像测井进行孔隙度谱分析, 从孔隙度谱中提取反映裂缝的熵、能量等谱特征, 构建多信息融合的裂缝发育概率预测模型, 对储层裂缝进行识别。岩心观察和成像测井描述裂缝结果的对比表明, 文中方法取得了良好的效果。     

裂缝性碳酸盐岩储层裂缝网络测井响应特征——以沾化凹陷富台潜山为例

裂缝测井响应特征研究和裂缝网络模式划分是裂缝性碳酸盐岩储层测井评价的关键.裂缝发育的不均匀性造成储层各向异性,使得测井响应特征复杂化,常规测井评价方法难度大.以沾化凹陷富台潜山为例,选择岩心收获率较高且有成像测井资料的典型层段,利用岩心描述裂缝特征与成像测井资料对比,建立起不同状态裂缝在成像测井资料的显示模式,进而综合标定常规测井资料,分析描述了裂缝网络的常规测井响应特征.在此基础上,利用参数交会法建立测井参数与裂缝特征的相关性,归纳划分出9种裂缝网络模式.该方法为常规测井资料定量识别裂缝类型、研究裂缝网络的分布规律奠定了基础.     

渤海湾盆地锦州南油田太古界变质岩潜山储层裂缝三维地质建模

针对渤海湾盆地锦州南油田太古界变质岩潜山裂缝型油气藏的储层裂缝发育状况、分布规律的复杂性和多级性,以及较难开发的实际问题,为进一步研究古潜山岩性分布特征、储集空间分类及裂缝发育状况,综合运用岩心、录井、测井和地震等多学科资料,进行单井常规测井和成像资料的对比标定,对古潜山岩性进行识别,并根据储'层成像测井响应特征,将储层自上而下分为残积带、风化壳、缝洞裂缝带、内幕斜交高角度裂缝带和致密结晶带,重点对储层裂缝发育区和裂缝发育方向进行描述和预测;进而建立了锦州南油田太古界变质岩潜山储层裂缝三维地质模型,落实了研究区储层裂缝发育状况及分布规律,提出高效合理的开发方案.实钻开发井表明,建立的潜山裂缝地质模型较好地预测了储层裂缝发育的有利部位.     

东营凹陷太古界储层裂缝发育控制因素及油气勘探方向

东营凹陷太古界潜山内幕油气藏属于新勘探领域,其储层具有低孔、低渗特征,属裂缝性储集类型。利用岩心观察、岩石薄片鉴定和测井资料,对太古界储层裂缝类型、特征及受控因素进行研究,并对研究区进行了有利勘探目标预测。研究表明,东营凹陷太古界潜山裂缝多为高角度张开缝,裂缝发育井段井径曲线高、低幅度交替变化,声波曲线上出现时差增大或周波跳跃。高导缝和节理缝在FMI图像上均表现为深色正弦曲线。裂缝发育的主控因素为构造作用,多期构造运动改造下2组断裂的交汇处裂缝最为发育,成为潜山内幕储层的有利发育区。据此并结合油源及盖层条件即可预测有利目标区。     

裂缝性潜山储层地震描述技术

裂缝是潜山油气藏的重要储集层 ,潜山的油气产出与裂缝的发育情况密切相关 ,因此 ,对裂缝发育控制因素和裂缝发育规律进行了分析和探讨。尽管单条裂缝在地震资料上难以识别 ,但是裂缝带在地震资料上有其特征。描述了裂缝储层的地球物理特征 ,并利用测井约束反演技术、吸收系数技术、地震相分类和相干分析技术对潜山储层进行预测。通过在车古 2 0 1潜山的应用实例分析 ,说明以上 4种储层描述技术比较有效     

JZS油田潜山裂缝储层形成机制及分布预测

依据岩石化学指标和微观特征,JZS潜山纵向上自上而下化学风化程度相应地可划分为风化、半风化和未风化3个级别,以岩心观察、岩石薄片鉴定和成像测井等资料为基础,结合生产测井资料,认为JZS潜山由表及里也可分为风化壳、半风化壳和基岩3个带,与化学风化级别相对应;潜山储层储集空间主要为半风化壳的构造缝及风化壳的溶蚀缝;裂缝储层发育受岩性、构造运动及风化溶蚀作用等因素综合控制,主控因素是构造运动。按断裂期次及倾角大小,JZS潜山构造缝可划分为4类,即早期半充填-充填水平缝、早期半充填-充填垂直缝、晚期半充填碎裂缝和晚期开启倾斜缝应用原油包裹体检测技求确定JZS潜山主要有敏裂缝为晚期开启倾斜缝和半充填碎裂缝。通过岩心和成像测测井资料标定,建立了JZS潜山常规测井资料识别有敏裂缝的标准并重构有效裂缝识别曲线利用重构曲线,进行裂缝储层反演及分布预测。该方法预测结果与其他地球物理方法预测结果吻合较好,为开发井部署提供了地质依据。     

Integrating MDT,NMR log and conventional logs for one-well evaluation

This paper presents a case study for one-well evaluation integrating MDT, NMR logs and conventional logs. MDT, NMR logs and conventional logs provide formation permeability in different ways though the parameter can be derived in the three kinds of data. Integrating the three kinds of data and comparing the change trends among the data, the heterogeneity of reservoir and tiger interlayer are analyzed in this research. Furthermore, the characters of heavy oil in MDT data, CMR log and conventional logs are also compared in the research. On the profile of water–oil–water in the well XX-3-4, the characters between oil–water separator and oil–water transition are studied in terms of the data. T₂ cutoff, the key constant to determine permeability, is obtained when the core laboratory data is set to be the ruler. Our research conducted in the paper suggests CMR log can describe reservoir with more details duo to its high resolutions, but bad borehole wall and viscous oil may limit CMR log. Since MDT derived permeability shows good response to fluid flow on the condition of reservoir, the parameter plays an important role in oil and gas development.     

成像测井资料在湖盆沉积研究中的应用

湖盆沉积砂体规模小，分布不稳定，非均质性强，在研究过程中，特别需要运用具有高分辨率、高覆盖率、高直观性特点的成像测井资料。讨论了成像测井资料在湖盆沉积研究中的主要应用：①基于成像测井资料分析常规测井曲线形态对微相分析的可靠性，钟型、箱型曲线代表正韵律的可靠性很好，卵型曲线代表正韵律的可靠性较差，漏斗型曲线并不完全代表反韵律。②识别指相标志。除岩石的颜色外，大部分指相标志都可通过成像测井资料获取。③判断层段的砂体骨架主体。例如在H油田某构造沙三段辫状三角洲前缘亚相的沉积中，根据成像测井资料和常规测井曲线分析沉积韵律，结果是正韵律的数量及厚度远远大于反韵律，从而判断出该层段的砂体骨架主体是水下分流河道砂体，而不是河口坝砂体。④用经过刻度的成像测井资料反映的沉积特征修正地质录井剖面，不仅可以准确识别湖盆沉积的岩性、岩石组合和沉积序列，还可以修正复杂地质层段地质录井资料的失误，恢复正确的岩性剖面及沉积环境。     

永安砾岩体孔隙度的测井评价方法

郑金安等．永安砾岩体孔隙度的测并评价方法．测井技术，１９９４，１８（３）：２１２～２１８永安油田砾岩体是一套特殊储集层。本文探讨了利用常规测井资料评价这种岩性复杂的特殊储集层孔隙度的方法。     

“Detection and characterization of fractures in the Eocene Thebes formation using conventional well logs in October field,Gulf of Suez,Egypt”

Fractures are one of the most prevalent and important geological features in petroleum exploration and production, as they have a substantial impact as conduits for hydrocarbon flow and improve the overall permeability of the formation. Despite their necessity, detecting and characterizing natural fractures still represents a difficult challenge. This study provides a technique for detecting and characterizing naturally fractured reservoirs using conventional well logs in the Eocene Thebes Formation, October Field, Gulf of Suez. Especially as this technique is not applied widely in October Field or even in the Gulf of Suez. Most carbonate reservoirs are complex and heterogeneous; one of the reasons is their naturally fractured characteristics. These fractures can significantly affect reservoir behavior, performance, and production. Despite being the most commonly available data source, logs are rarely employed in a systematic way to have a complete quantitative analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs. Since the presence of fractures affects all well logs in one way or another. This study presents an integrated workflow for determining fracture presence potentiality by combining conventional well logs, thin sections, and other available data in absence of directly advanced logging technologies such as Formation MicroImager (FMI), Dipole Shear Image (DSI), and Borehole Televiewer (BHTV). This integrated workflow was very effective and useful in the evaluation of potential fractures' existence, reservoir characterization, and development. Finally, the results of this integrated workflow suggest a high probability of fracture existence and identification in Thebes Formation, confirming that integration between conventional logging and other available data is very precious, and has a good potential to be used in absence of direct advanced methods for fractured reservoir characterization. For further studies, core data and advanced logs would be beneficial for correlation, since they would provide a more accurate picture of the fracture parameters.     

利用国产测井系列资料识别夏子街油田三叠系油气层

由于石油及天然气均不导电,使得油层和气层在电阻率测井曲线上的显示通常没有大的差别,因此,利用电阻率测井发展起来的、依据地层含水饱和度参数进行测井解释的常规方法只能区分油气层及非油气层,但不能识别出是油层还是气层。 本文通过分析夏子街油田三叠系所具有的国产测井资料对油气层的响应特征,认为在夏子街油田三叠系应用电阻率及声波测井识别出油气层后,利用中子伽马及声波测井组合可进一步识别出是油层还是气层。本文给出的实例表明,效果是令人满意的。     

利用FMI成像测井识别柴西第三系藻灰岩储层

柴达木盆地西部地区主要储层藻灰岩厚度薄,多种岩性混杂,仅依靠常规测井评价精度低;藻灰岩本身的多样性又导致了测井响应的多样性,进一步加剧了储层识别和评价的难度.从分析藻灰岩的沉积特征入手,讨论了各种岩性的矿物组成,定量归纳了它们的测井响应特征,指出利用常规测井不能准确划分这类岩性.微电阻率成像测井对识别藻灰岩和区分非储层有着独特的技术优势.依据藻灰岩的图像形态特征,提出了以微电阻率成像测井为主,结合常规测井判识藻灰岩储层的方法.     

南海北部天然气水合物成矿区的地球物理异常特征

以南中国海北部天然气水合物勘探区的实际地球物理资料为依据,探讨了天然气水合物矿区的地震反射异常特征、地球物理测井异常特征、地热特征及其之间的关系。研究结果表明,常规地震剖面结合叠后地震属性剖面解释能够有效识别水合物成矿带;水合物声波速度、电阻率与密度等测井曲线的组合分析是判断水合物层赋存的有效途径;通过地震、测井及地热等多种地球物理特征联合分析与融合,能够优化、集成有效的地球物理技术,提高天然气水合物识别的有效性,形成可靠的水合物矿藏预测技术方法。     

拟声波反演技术在优质泥页岩储层预测中的应用——以焦石坝页岩气田为例

四川盆地焦石坝地区下志留统龙马溪组下部沉积了一套较厚的海相暗色泥页岩,由于其含气的优质泥页岩储层速度、密度变化小,波阻抗响应特征不明显,利用常规波阻抗反演技术进行优质泥页岩的定量预测存在困难。为此,提出了利用拟声波反演进行优质泥页岩定量预测的技术,即基于优质泥页岩具有高TOC值的这一特征,首先利用小波多尺度分解技术提取声波测井曲线中的低频信息,再利用信息融合技术将TOC曲线与原始声波曲线重构成拟声波曲线,结合该区地震数据和稀疏脉冲波阻抗反演技术实现了优质泥页岩的定量预测。预测结果表明:该区龙马溪组下部的优质泥页岩整体发育,主体部位优质泥页岩厚度大于35m,由东北向西南优质泥页岩厚度增加。拟声波反演预测结果与后续实钻结果基本一致,预测误差小于1m,同时龙马溪组优质泥页岩的纵横向展布特征也得到了有效刻画。     

Integrated NMR and Density Logs For Evaluation of Heterogeneous Gas-Bearing Shaly Sands

Petrophysical properties evaluation of heterogeneous gas shaly sands reservoirs is one of the most difficult problems. These reservoirs usually produce from multiple layers with different permeability and complex formation, which is often enhanced by natural fracturing. Therefore, using new well logging techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or a combination of NMR and conventional openhole logs, as well as developing new interpretation methodologies are essential for improved reservoir characterization. NMR logs differ from other conventional logs. Integration of NMR logs, density logs, and core data shall minimize uncertainties in the determination of formation porosity, permeability, and capillary pressure curve. The authors concentrate on determination of three petrophysical parameters of heterogeneous gas sand reservoirs: (a) determination of DMR porosity, Φ_DMR, which is deduced from NMR porosity and density porosity; (b) NMR permeability, K_BGMR, which is based on the dynamic concept of gas movement and bulk gas volume in the invaded zone; and (c) capillary pressure, which is derived from relaxation time T₂ distribution.     

Sedimentary facies analysis of the Upper Bahariya sandstone reservoir in East Bahariya C area,North Western Desert,Egypt

The present work aims to deduce the depositional processes of the Lower Cenomanian Bahariya Formation, that is one of the main hydrocarbon siliciclastic reservoirs in the Northern Western Desert of Egypt. This has been achieved through the analyses of the core photographs, micro-resistivity image logs, mud logs and conventional wireline logs. The Bahariya Formation comprises a complex of depositional lithofacies such as interbedded siltstone, shale, sandstones and pebbly sandstones. The current work highlights the effectiveness of the integrative approach. A variety of datasets including core photographs, micro-resistivity image logs, mud logs and conventional wireline logs are integrated to define the conceptual depositional model in the study area.Different recorded sedimentary features point to various depositional processes. Hummocky cross stratification (HCS) is the common sedimentary structure indicating the storm action. Wave ripples are recorded providing evidence for fair-weather action on shoreface. Rhythmic heterolithics, tidalites indicate the tidal processes. The upper part of the Bahariya Formation has been influenced by wave and storm processes more than the lower parts. The core and image facies are designated, being dominated by Sandstone (S), Siltstone (Z), Mudstone (M), Heterolithic (H) and Limestone (L.s). The studied core and image facies with wireline logs facies are grouped into five major facies associations (FA). They are Tidal Channel and Tidal Creeks, Tidal Flat, Storm, Shoreface, Offshore Transition to Offshore Facies Associations. The integrative approach indicates that the Upper Bahariya Member has been deposited in a storm influenced tidal coastal realm.