From MEMS to NEMS： Smart Chips with Senses and Muscles

The last half-century was transformed by the electronic revolution that essentially reproduced the human brain and its computing capacity on a chip. But over time, scientists have realized that something was missing to give life, so to speak, to the small chip with a brain： One needed to awaken its senses and develop its muscles! This challenge was solved through MEMS （micro electro mechanical systems）. Indeed, MEMS today are equipped with the sense of sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch through microsensors. They are also capable of physical exertion through small muscles called microactuators. These new capabilities open wide fields of imagination and important specific applications.     

Innovative Production of PCMs （Phase Change Materials） Preparation by Vacuum Impregnation： Thermal Insulation Efficiency

Energy is essential for every human activity for more comfortable life, but it also consumes more natural resources. Fossil fuel is the major energy source for energy consumption, and it also emits a lot of air pollution during usage to atmosphere and not reproductively. Electrical energy is the secondary energy sources from fossil fuel which is used to operate air conditioning system. In order to control human comfort temperature, it is usually required when the temperature differences swing between indoor and outdoor temperatures. PCMs （phase change materials） are the high latent heat materials which can be used in building materials for energy conservation purpose. PCMs can store thermal energy and prevent heat to pass through temperature control areas. Paraffin has been used as PCMs which is absorbed into the pore of fly ash as paraffin/fly-ash composite and mixed into the buildings materials. Paraffin is an organic material with high melting point （-59 ~C） and nonflammable material, therefore, it can be used as the building materials for the function of PCMs for energy saving purposes. Composite PCMs can be prepared by vacuum impregnation process. Paraffin in liquid form will be impregnated into the pore of fly ash by vacuum capillary force to form paraffin/fly ash composite PCMs. Vacuum impregnation pressures, vacuum times, impregnation times of liquid paraffin in fly ash pores and temperatures for melting the solid paraffin into the liquid form are all affect on the thermal properties of paraffin/fly ash composite PCMs. Composite PCMs will be selected by the optimum thermal properties with optimum of the production conditions for replace the cement powder in the mortar plate compositions. Cement mortar plate with and without composite PCMs will be tested for the thermal insulation properties by comparison as the real day and night time for 8 h period from spot light turn on and off. Temperature detection on the surface and inside the model building under mortar plate with and without composite PCMs is detected every 1 min. Temperature differences between surface of mortar plate over the model building and inside temperature of model building under mortar plates increase with more composite PCMs contents in mortar plates. Thermal insulation efficiency in the building can be enhanced by the composite PCMs utilization as the composition of the building materials.     

Electromagnetic Pump Made in a Hybrid Polymer-Ceramic Technology--Preliminary Results

This paper describes technology of the electromagnetic pump made in a hybrid polymer-ceramic technology. The pumping mechanism is realized with a mutual excitation between an electromagnetic coil and a neodymium magnet bonded to a flexible membrane. A PDMS （poly（dimethylsiloxane）） material was used to manufacture a membrane sufficient for the presented micropump. A fish trap construction is adapted to the ceramic technology. The bonding process of ceramics and polymer, using plasma oxidation method, is described as well. Moreover, a membrane deflection depending on magnet dimensions and applied voltage was measured.     

Perovskite Formation and Dielectric Responses in PZN Modified PMF-PZT Ceramics

PMF-PZN-PZT （0.01Pb（Mol/3Fe2/3）O3-xPb（Znl/3Nb2/3）O3-（O.99-x）P（Zro53Tio 47）03 piezoelectric ceramics）, where x = 0.00 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 were prepared by a conventional mixed-oxide method. The results show that the pure peroveskit phase forms in these ceramics. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the phase of the material is a MPB （morphotropic phase boundary） structure. The effects of PZN content on the crystal structure and electrical properties were investigated, optimal dielectric properties were achieved at composition x = 0.07 ceramics by calcination at 800 ℃ and sintering at 1,180 ℃, with a curie temperature of approximately 430 ℃. These results clearly show the significance of PZN in controlling the electrical responses of the PMF-PZN-PZT system.     

DFT Study of the Solvent Effects on the Structure, UV-Vis Spectra and the Antioxidant Activity of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester and Some of Its Derivatives

In this study, the antioxidative （3-methyl-2-butenyl caffeate）, BC efficiency of CAPE （caffeic acid phenethyl ester） and four of its derivatives （MBC （benzoic caffeate）, P3HC （phenethyl-3-hydroxy-cinnamate） and P4HC （phenethyl-4-hydroxy-cinnamate）） are compared in vacuum and in seven solvents. It turned out that the AA （antioxidant activity） in increasing order was P3HC 〈 P4HC 〈 CAPE 〈 MBC. Effects of solvents on the structure and the antioxidant activity of P3HC, P4HC, BC, MBC and CAPE, were studied at 133LYP/6-31G （d, p） then B3LYP/6-3 I＋G （d, p） level of theory using the conductor polarized continuum model methods. Thermodynamically, the authors showed that solvent effects on bond dissociation enthalpy are very weak （within 25 kJ/mol）, but sufficient to influence hydrogen bonds, O-H bond lengths and showed the preferential sites of hydrogen atom cleavage. In addition, solvent notably influences and changes the nature of the scavenging process of ROS （reactive oxygen species）, favouring by this way the HHAT （homolytic hydrogen atom transfer） in non polar solvents, the SPLET （sequential proton loss electron transfer） in polar solvents. Moreover, in chloroform and for the five molecules studied the SET-PT （sequential electron transfer proton transfer） mechanism is preferred compared to the HHAT, because in this solvent the IP is lower than the BDE. TD-DFT calculations revealed that solvent induce a bathochromic effect （red-shift of the wavelengths） coupled to hyperchromic or hypochromic effects.     

NO分解催化剂Cu/分子筛的ESR研究 Ⅰ.水合铜分子筛的ESR研究

系统地比较了在各种不同制备条件下制得的Ｃｕ／ＺＳＭ－５、Ｃｕ／丝光沸石、Ｃｕ／镁碱沸石和Ｃｕ／毛沸石的ＥＳＲ谱，至少六种水合Ｃｕ物种被发现，而且发现分子筛的腔结构对Ｃｕ物种的存在状态有很大的影响。     

Vapour Phase Alkylation of Naphthalene over Lanthana Modified Zeolites

Lanthanum oxide impregnated large-pore zeolite catalysts were prepared. The catalysts were characterized by XRD （X-ray diffraction）, PSA （particle size analysis）, TPD （temperature programmed desorption） and SEM （scanning electron microscope）. The performances of the catalysts were investigated using the alkylation reaction of naphthalene with methanol. Under comparable conditions, the La-impregnated β-zeolite catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity among all the catalysts tested. The lower reaction temperature is favorable for the formation of 2,6-dimethyl naphthalene.     

DFT Study of Geometrical and Vibrational Features of Sulfur Containing Amino Acids in Hydrated Media： L-Cysteine and L-Methionine

Geometry optimization at the B3LYP/6-31＋＋G＊ level of theory has been undertaken on clusters containing L-Met （L-methionine） or L-Cys （L-cysteine） surrounded by eight water molecules. The comparison of the structural parameters of L-Met and L-Cys with X-ray experimental values is in good agreement within 4.8%. This result shows that the privileged positions of water molecules and the possible hydrogen bonding network formed around the backbone of both AAs （amino acids） are adequate. Subsequent calculations of the harmonic vibrational modes followed by a post-processing treatment enable us to assign the vibrational modes of L-Met and L-Cys surrounded explicitly by eight water molecules. The frequencies of the assigned modes are in good agreement with available IR （infra red） and Raman values within 5%.     

Studies on the Authenticity of Local Wines by Spectroscopic and Chemometric Analysis

The authenticity of 91 wines produced in Cyprus from both indigenous and other vine varieties were investigated by a holistic approach, using, advanced technology such as SNIF-NMR （site-specific natural isotopic fractionation-nuclear magnetic resonance） and 1R-MS （isotope ratio-mass spectrometry） for the determination of the stable isotopes and ICP （inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy） for some heavy metals. The spectroscopic characteristics were evaluated statistically using different chemometric methods. The dependency of the D/H （deuterium/hydrogen） ratio of the methylene site in the ethanol molecule （D/H）ll and also theδ ^18O values of the wine water, were the most useful discriminators. Isotopic results allow us to have a complete idea about the regional variability of the isotopes. Among the metals, Ni followed by Pb was the ones with the highest discrimination value. The determined concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd that are related to the safety of wines were within the acceptable limits that have been established by the OIV （international organization of vine and wine） or comparable with the results of the wines of other European countries. The study of the correlation between the load of heavy metals and isotopes in wines showed a dependence on the grape variety but not the geographical location of the vineyard. This is probably due to the close proximity of wine regions in Cyprus.     

Interference-Free Determination of REEs in Electronic Waste Using ICP Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Recently, the demand for REEs （rare earth elements） has been heavily increasing, as they are used in many high-tech products （e.g., because of their specific magnetic behavior）. As a result, the supply situation for REEs is worsening and the world market is depending on Chinese exports, so that it may be worthwhile to recycle e-waste （electronic waste） in European countries. This article describes an analytical method to analyze REEs in different kinds of e-waste with the help of a simultaneous ICP-OES （ICP optical emission spectrometer）. The task is challenging because samples show significant differences in terms of major, minor and trace element concentrations. Depending on the field of application, the level of matrix elements and target elements differs completely, resulting in a wide variety of spectral interferences. The method presented in this article allows an accurate quantification of REEs as well as a high sample throughput. In addition to REEs, other elements of economic interest can be determined in the same way. The development of a sample preparation process is another important issue and considered as well.     

Search for New Three-, Four-Component Petasis,Passerini, Hantzsch,Kabachnic-Fields,Ugi Reactions with Organic Compounds of Phosphorus,Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth

It is discovered a new three-, four-component Petasis, Passerini, Hantzsch, Kabachnic-Fields, Ugi reactions with of arsine, stibine and bismuthine in organometallic chemistry. Modifications were replaced to a nitrogen atom of classical reactions of atoms of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. It has been proposed a new mechanism for possible reactions.     

A New Modification Michaelis-Arbuzov,Allen, Milobendzky-Shulgin,Michaelis-Becker and Raymond Reactions with Organic Compounds Arsenic,Antimony and Bismuth

In this work study, we investigated possibility of modifying the new Michaelis Allen, Milobendzky-Shulgin, Michaelis-Becker, Raymond reactions with organic compounds of arsenic, antimony and bismuth is discovered. A new mechanism for possible reactions has been proposed.     

LO-RAY-LIGH@ Diffraction Gratings in UV-VIS Spectroscopy

It has been more than half a century since the release of the first Shimadzu UV-VIS （UV-visible） spectrophotometer QB-50 in 1952, and during this time more than 160,000 UV-VIS spectrometers have been produced and installed in a wide variety of different applications. A lot of technical innovations have been implemented to improve the performance and significantly reduce the stray light levels. The latest innovation during development of sophisticated spectrophotometers is based on a new holographic exposure method and optimized etching process which has made it possible to produce both high-efficient and exceptionally low stray light gratings. These LO-RAY-LIGH~ gratings have guaranteed values of stray light at the intermediate position between zero-order and first-order lights. The values are measured by Shimadzu＇s laser stray-light-measuring system. The latest development in the series of UV-VIS spectrophotometers is the UV-2700 which is a true double beam double monochromator system in a compact design for high-precision spectral analysis of a wide range of samples including organic and inorganic compounds, biological samples, optical materials and photovoltaics. The high performance optical system is designed with ＂LO-RAY-LIGH＂ diffraction gratings, featuring highest efficiency and exceptionally low stray light. The spectrophotometer operates in the wavelength range from 185 nm to 900 nm and allows highly sophisticated applications such as direct measurement of high density samples up to 8 absorbance units without dilution.     

Nanosize Catalysis Nanoscale Moleculars Structures

The catalytic system is investigated in a computer chromatography. The sorbent represents the nanostructure composite with hardpolymer electrolyt. As the nanostructure polymeric system, it used dendrimer who are absorbed on a surface with formation of monolayer. In chromatography column watch dimensional effect. The size of a particle carries out a role of temperature. In the article, investigate solvatation and dimensional effect reaction self-assembling gas dimmers. Distance critical radius H＋ transfer define equation： rcr = 2rs. Reaction accompaniment transfer energy. Transfer energy realize on exchange-resonanse mechanism.     

New Modifications Bart,Bdchamp, Mayer,Rosenmund, Scheller,Sherlyn-Braz Reactions with Halides of Arsenic,Antimony and Bismuth

It was discovered a new approach modification Bart, Beschamp, Mayer, Rosenmund, Scheller, Sherlyn-Braz reactions with of arsine, stibine and bismuthine in organometallic chemistry. The authors have proposed a new mechanism for possible reactions.     

Manifestation If Substance Molecular Structure in Temperature Effects of Light Scattering

DCMSL （depolarization components of molecular scattering of light） have been studied within the wide spectral range （0-200 cm-1） and in the temperature intervals （20-200 ℃） in toluol （C6HsCH3） and aniline （C6HsNH2）. It has been shown that when a liquid is heated and temperatures approach to critical ones, a significant contribution of DCMSL is made by vibration motion of molecules. The special properties of the temperature-frequency behavior of DCMSL spectra are discussed from the view point of hindered rotation of liquid molecules with consideration of intermolecular interaction.     

Carbcations Chemistry： β-Methyl Shift--A New Rearrangement of the Carbcations Bridged Alicyclic Hydrocarbons

Results of researches on study of the kinetics and isomerization mechanism of the alkyladamantanes in the presence of the heterogeneous catalysts of the acid type are considered as detection and experimental proof of a new intramolecular rearrangement of the carbcations bridged alicyclic hydrocarbons--2,4-moving of the methyl groups （β-methyl shift）. The proof of realization of such rearrangement is direct and primary formation 1,4-dimethyladamantane from 1,2-dimethyladamatane, passing a formation stage of the thermodynamic much stable 1,3-dimethyladamantane; direct formation 1,3,6-trimethyladamantane from 1,3,4-trimethyladamantane, excepting a formation stage 1,3.5-trimethyladamantane, and also other isomers which formation is impossible to explain by means of known 1,2-methyl shift （a-methyl shift）.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Trithiocarbonate-Organoclays Nanohybrids and Their Interaction with MCF-7 Cancer Cells

This work presents a new approach for the fabrication of organic/inorganic nanohybrids as anticancer drugs by an intercalation method using S,S-bis（α,α′-dimethyl-α″-acetic acid） （trithiocarbonate） as a modifier and two organoclays, such as reactive octadecylamine/MMT （montmorillonite） and non-reactive dimethyldidodecyl ammonium/MMT. The chemical and physical structures and the surface morphology of these covalently and non-covalently linked nanohybrids were investigated by FT-IR （Fourier translbrm infrared） spectroscopy, ^13C and ^29Si solid state NMR （nuclear magnetic resonance） spectroscopy, XRD （X-ray powder diffraction） and SEM （scanning electron microscopy） analyses, respectively. To evaluate the anticancer activities of the novel BATC/organoclay hybrids against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, a combination of different biochemical and biophysical testing techniques were used. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were detected in vitro using a real-time analysis. Cell death was confirmed by using apoptotic and necrotic analyses, the effects of which were detennined by the double staining and Annexin-V-FLUOS testing method. The results demonstrate that intercalated hybrid complexes containing a combination of various anticancer sites, such as free and complexed carboxyl, trithiocarbonate, amine and ammonium cations significantly induced cell death in breast cancer via their interactions with the DNA macromolecules of cancer cells by destroying the self-assemb｜ed structure of growing cells. Fabricated hybrid complexes may represent a new generation of effective and selective anticancer drug systems with a synthetic/natural origin for cancer chemotherapy.     

A three dimensional CFD simulation and optimization of direct DME synthesis in a fixed bed reactor

In this study, a comprehensive three-dimensional dynamic model was developed for simulating the flow behavior and catalytic coupling reactions for direct synthesis of dimethyl ether （DME） from syngas including CO2 in a fixed bed reactor at commercial scale under both adiabatic and isothermal conditions. For this purpose, a computational fluid dynamic （CFD） simulation was carried out through which the standard κ-ε model with 10% turbulence tolerations was implemented. At first, an adiabatic fixed bed reactor was simulated and the obtained results were compared with those of an equivalent commercial slurry reactor. Then the concentration and temperature profiles along the reactor were predicted. Consequently, the optimum temperature, pressure, hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio in the feedstock and the reactor height under different operation conditions were determined. Finally, the results obtained from this three-dimensional dynamic model under appropriate industrial boundary conditions were compared with those of others available in literature to verify the model. Next, through changing the boundary conditions, the simulation was performed for an isothermal fixed bed reactor. Furthermore, it was revealed that, under isothermal conditions, the performed equilibrium simulations were done for a single phase system. Considering the simultaneous effects of temperature and pressure, the optimum operation conditions for the isothermal and adiabatic fixed bed reactors were investigated. The results of the H2＋CO conversions indicated that, under isothermal condition, higher conversion could be achieved, in compared with that under adiabatic conditions. Then, the effects of various operating parameters, including the pressure and temperature, of the reactor on the DME production were examined. Ultimately, the CFD modeling results generated in the present work showed reasonable agreement with previously obtained data available in the literature.