塔里木盆地塔中低凸起地层水与油气关系

通过对塔中地区地层水矿化度、水型及水化学指数分析认为,塔中地区封闭保存条件良好。除志留系外,石炭系和奥陶系高矿化度中心和正、负向地层水化学指数中心与油气分布匹配良好。石炭系,塔中东南部保存条件较好;奥陶系,塔中北坡Ⅰ号断裂带保存条件较好。石炭系和奥陶系油气运移与水动力有关,分别受重力流和压实流影响。前者由北西向南东运移,后者由北东向南西运移。地层水总矿化度和水化学指数变化与含油气性关系密切,就塔中地区而言,有利于油气保存的地层水化学指标分别为:地层水矿化度大于35g/L,变质系数大于0,钙镁系数大于1,钠氯系数小于0.9,脱硫系数小于3,碳酸盐平衡系数小于0.2。      

东营凹陷沙河街组地层水化学特征及其石油地质意义

对东营凹陷沙河街组地层水化学研究结果表明:沙河街组地层水为矿化度较高,阴、阳离子分别以Cl-和Na++K+为主的氯化钙型水,rNa/rCl平均值在0.92～1.12之间,rSO4×100/rCl平均值在3.68～5.73之间,rCl-Na/rMg平均值在-0.52～5.37之间;剖面上,沙河街组地层水化学成分和离子比值随深度表现为阶梯式增加型、增加-减小交替型和变化混乱型3种变化类型.平面上,沙河街组矿化度由凹陷边缘向中心递增,并且沙三段-沙一段矿化度高值区主要分布在中央断裂带附近;沙河街组现今地层水总体处于封闭的流体动力环境,但同一地层不同构造单元的地层水的流体动力环境相差较大,油气的聚集和保存条件也相差较大;在地质历史时期流体曾沿中央断裂带由深层向浅层运移,且中央断裂带受大气淋滤水影响较弱,有利于后期油气的聚集和保存.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘地层水化学特征及与油气保存关系

准噶尔盆地西北缘油气富集,油水关系复杂。基于研究区大量地层水化学数据,分析了石炭系—白垩系各含油层系地层水化学垂向、平面分布特征,并结合地质背景,对红山嘴油田进行解剖,探讨了地层水化学特征与油气保存之间的关系。研究区纵向上从深到浅、地层由老到新,地层水矿化度逐渐减小;平面上,石炭系—白垩系,地层水矿化度高值区呈现从西北缘逐渐往盆地内部迁移的趋势。盆缘地区或克—乌断裂上盘等地区受地表水或大气水下渗淋滤影响较大,地层水处于自由交替循环带,分布低矿化度、低氯离子浓度的Na₂SO₄型或NaHCO₃型水,地层封闭性较差,通常形成稠油;往盆地内部或克—乌断裂下盘等地区,地层水处于交替停滞带或阻滞带,浓缩程度高,主要分布高矿化度、高氯离子浓度CaCl₂型水,地层封闭性好,形成保存较好的中—轻质油。      

鄂尔多斯盆地南部地区上三叠统延长组6段地层水成因及其油气意义

鄂尔多斯盆地南部地区延长组6段（长6段）地层水化学分析结果表明，地层水总矿化度较高，离子以Cl^-、（Na⁺+K⁺）和Ca²⁺占绝对优势，水型主要为CaCl₂型。总矿化度主要受Cl^-和（Na⁺+K⁺）控制，纵向上，其随深度的增加具有递增趋势，反映深部地层水逐渐浓缩，环境封闭性增强。平面上总矿化度与砂体厚度具有较好的一致性，沉积相控制了总矿化度的分布。南部地区长6段地层水具有较小的钠氯系数、镁钙系数、脱硫系数和阳离子交换系数，较大的变质系数，表明长6段地层水整体位于交替停滞带，为封闭缺氧的还原环境，有利于油气聚集和保存。分析表明，南部地区长6段地层水为与地表水隔绝的深层封闭水，总矿化度及Ca²⁺浓度均与孔隙度具有一定正相关关系，结合区域热演化史，综合表明长6段地层水成因与成岩作用和有机质的热演化等有密切联系，其是经过较强浓缩变质作用并受油气等有机流体影响的原始沉积成因水。综上所述，长6段油气伴生地层水反映的盆地南部油气藏处于稳定封闭的环境下，油气勘探前景良好。     

准噶尔盆地乌夏地区地层水与油气保存条件

针对准噶尔盆地乌夏地区地质流体分布的复杂特征,从水文地质条件和地层水化学特征分析入手,剖析了地层水与油气保存条件的关系。研究认为,处于交替阻滞带和交替停止带的二叠系、三叠系的大气水下渗阶段时间较短暂,而压榨水阶段时间较长,且受深部热液影响大,地层水以CaCl₂和NaHCO₃水型为主,矿化度高,钠氯系数和脱硫酸系数低,属于未破坏或微破坏型,保存条件优越,有利于油气聚集成藏。      

长岭断陷营城组水文地质特征及油气地质意义

对长岭断陷腰英台—查干花地区营城组主要探井油田水常规化学组分特征和微量元素特征进行了分析.该区NaHCO₃型水占总样品数的80%,CaCl₂型水主要分布于YS1和YS2井区;ρ(HCO₃-)、总矿化度、脱硫系数等参数之间存在着较好的匹配性,矿化度高值区对应脱硫系数低值,反映地层封闭性好、水交替作用缓慢,有利于油气聚集及保存.钾含量高可能是储层储渗性能好的一个标志,钡含量较高则反映了其地层处于较强的还原环境中,可能具有更为有利的天然气保存环境.结合该区构造活动的影响,表明根据油田水水文地质特征能有效地判断油气储集和保存条件.      

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区延长组长6油层组地层水特征与油藏聚集关系

利用鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区319个实际测试的长6油层组地层水分析资料,研究了地层水类型、化学成分、离子比例系数、矿化度特征及其平面分布规律,揭示了地层水特征与油藏聚集保存的关系。长6油层组地层水矿化度在中生界中整体偏高,为以Cl~-和K~++Na~+为主的CaCl_2Ⅴ型和Ⅳ型地层水,地层水钠氯系数平均值分布在0.49~0.53,脱硫酸系数平均值分布在5.8~7.2,变质系数平均值分布在40~51,地层总体封闭环境很好。姬塬地区长6油层组现今地层水总体处于封闭的流体动力环境,但在纵向和平面上存在一定的差异。在长6油层组顶部的长61段中,西部区域和东部区域地层水矿化度和变质系数总体较中部区域高、地层水钠氯系数和脱硫酸系数较中部区域低,总体反映了西部区域和东部区域流体动力环境的封闭性要好于中部区域。这与在西部区域和东部区域已发现的油藏比中部区域多有很好的吻合性,地层水所反映的现今流体动力环境条件较好地代表了油藏的富集保存程度,现今流体动力环境更弱的区域更有利于油藏的保存。     

塔中奥陶系地层水化学特征及其成因与演化

塔中地区奥陶系地层水化学组成以(K⁺+Na⁺),Cl^-离子为主,大部分为CaCl₂型水,矿化度变化介于4.8～220.2g/L,r_Na+/r_Cl-比值变化介于0.26～0.85之间,说明变质程度小,可能是海水发生蒸发浓缩作用之后被淡水所混合的产物。受断裂作用影响,地层水矿化度在平面上具有明显的分区性;受区域不整合影响,纵向上地层水离子浓度和矿化度存在明显的分带性。地层水中阴离子Cl^-和HCO₃^-的浓度与阳离子(Na⁺+K⁺)和Ca²⁺的浓度的关系表明,本区可能的成岩作用过程主要为氯化钠矿物和碳酸盐矿物的溶解作用,而方解石的(铁)白云石化及钠长石化作用导致了Ca²⁺离子的富集与Mg²⁺离子的亏损,形成了CaCl₂型流体。区内地层水可分为常压高矿化度水和异常高压低矿化度水两种类型。前者可能与大气淡水淋滤和埋藏过程中的水-岩相互作用有关,后者可能与其形成的封闭体系有关。油气聚集和保存条件较好的区域位于塔中Ⅰ号坡折带和Ⅱ号构造带之间。     

鄂尔多斯盆地寨科地区延长组长2油层组地层水化学参数特征及对致密油藏的指示作用

鄂尔多斯盆地寨科地区长2油层组油水分布关系复杂,地层水化学组分及其分布规律认识不清。基于此,对寨科地区长2油层组地层水矿化度、离子特征参数分布及其与致密油分布之间的关系进行了深入研究。结果表明,目的层的水型为CaCl₂型,地层水的矿化度、钠氯系数、脱硫系数、变质系数的平均值分别为39 805 mg/L、0.32、2.68、58.80,表明目的层整体封闭性较好,有利于油藏的保存。地层水化学特征参数与沉积相及砂地比之间具有较好的相关性,分流河道地层水矿化度、变质系数值大于分流间湾,脱硫系数和钠氯系数值小于分流间湾,表明研究区长2油层组分流河道封闭性好于分流间湾,更有利于油气的聚集;地层水矿化度值随砂地比的增加具有先增加后减小再增加的趋势;变质系数随砂地比的增加具有先增加再减小的趋势;脱硫系数和钠氯系数随砂地比的增加整体呈现出递减的趋势,总体而言,砂地比值越大的区域,其地层封闭条件越好,越有利于油气的聚集。综合研究认为,长2段低渗透致密油藏的聚集受多个地层水特征参数共同影响,地层水矿化度、变质系数、钠氯系数、脱硫系数可以作为延长组低渗透致密油藏甜点评价指标。其中,地层水矿化度和钠氯系数对油气聚集的指示作用好于脱硫系数,而变质系数对油气聚集的指示作用较弱。     

东营凹陷地层水化学特征与油气聚集关系

对东营凹陷沙河街组地层水化学场的研究发现,地层水的总矿化度具有明显的垂向分带性。沙四段矿化度最高,向上逐渐降低。根据地层水中Ca2+和K++Na+含量随Cl-浓度增大而升高的特征,提出该区地层水化学成分来自于地下岩盐的溶解。水型有CaCl₂型、NaHCO₃型、MgCl₂型和Na₂SO₄型4种,其中,NaHCO₃型水的比重大小与地层水矿化度呈反相关关系。垂向与侧向矿化度分布特征表明,东营凹陷内地层水的流动受断裂与沉积砂体的控制。地层水作为盆地流体的一个重要组成部分,其演化反映了盆地内油气运移、聚集的规律。地层水流动样式为盆地内自生自储式和下生上储式油气藏的形成提供了一个有力的证据。      

Average reservoir pressure determination for homogeneous and naturally fractured formations from multi-rate testing with the TDS technique

Average reservoir pressure is an important parameter which is utilized in almost all reservoir and production engineering studies. It also plays a relevant role in the majority of well intervention jobs, field appraisal, well sizing and equipment and surface facilities design.The estimation of the average reservoir pressure is normally obtained from buildup tests. However, it has a tremendous economic impact caused by shutting-in the well during the entire test. Since buildup tests are the most particular case of multi-rate tests, these are also used for estimation of the average reservoir pressure. Among them, two-rate tests present drawbacks because it is operationally difficult to keep constant the flow rates. Conventional methods for determination of the average reservoir pressure can be readily extended to multi-rate tests once the rigorous time is converted to equivalent time by time superposition.In this article a new, easy and practical methodology is presented for the determination of the average pressure in both homogeneous and naturally fractured reservoirs from multi-rate tests conducted in vertical oil wells located inside a close drainage region. The methodology which follows the philosophy of the TDS technique uses a normalized pressure and pressure derivative point found on any arbitrary point during the pseudosteady-state flow regime to readily provide the average reservoir pressure value.For verification of the effectiveness of the proposed solution, several field and simulated examples were worked out. We found that the average reservoir pressure results obtained from the proposed methodology match very well with those estimated from either conventional techniques or simulations.     

适合锦西石化水质的药剂评价与分析

针对中国石油锦西石化分公司循环水系统的不同水质，对各循环水场的现用药剂进行了实验室综合评价．考察了在高硬度高碱度水质与中硬度中碱度水质条件下各药剂的缓蚀阻垢性能，并针对不同水场的水质状况提出了优化方案。     

Microbiological and biochemical changes during processing of the traditional chinese food douzhi

The microbiological and biochemical changes during douzhi processing were studied. The sedimentation process was shown to follow a lactic fermentation course. The main fermenting bacteria were identified to be Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc citreum; the former played the main role in producing acids, and the latter ensured a better flavor of douzhi. Yeasts thrived during the late part of fermentation were believe to account for the decrease in acidity. Tracing the change of chemical compounds suggested that active metabolic activity was induced when beans were steeped in water, in which significant reduction in crude protein and sugars were observed, but levels of soluble proteins, free amino acids increased. Fermentation by lactic acid bacteria caused a rapid reduction of soluble proteins, soluble sugars and reducing sugars, but significant accumulation of free amino acids and slight changes in crude protein. Mung bean endogenous protease and amylase activity dropped significantly during fermentation.     

Inactivation of food poisoning bacteria and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores by high pressure carbon dioxide treatment

Inactivation of the vegetative foodborne pathogens by high pressure carbon dioxide treatment (HPCT) was investigated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa IFO3445, Aeromonas hydrophila IFO13286, Salmonella enteritidis JCM3313, Salmonella typhimurium IID1000, Yersinia enterocolitica JCM1677, Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC35150, E. coli O157:H7 ATCC43889, Staphylococcus aureus FDA209P and Listeria monocytogenes 1/2a were used in this study. In all cases, HPCT at 35 °C, 10 MPa for 1 min reduced initial numbers by approximately 6 logs. In addition HPCT inactivation of 9 pathogenic strains of Bacillus cereus (mixture of spores and vegetative cells) was investigated. HPCT at 75 °C, 10 MPa for 120 min resulted in significant inactivation in all the strains. The effect of HPCT (30 MPa at 95 °C for up to 120 min) on the inactivation of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores in the presence of sodium chloride (3% and 6% w/v), glucose (6% and 12% w/v) and ethanol (10% and 20% v/v) was also studied. Both sodium chloride and glucose had a protective effect and the level of inactivation was reduced. The effect was in proportion to the solute concentration. However, 10% and 20% ethanol did not significantly affect the level of inactivation.     

UV-C-inactivation of microorganisms in naturally cloudy apple juice using novel inactivation equipment based on Dean vortex technology

A novel UV-C irradiation device in laboratory scale was tested for its potential to inactivate bacteria in naturally cloudy apple juice. In this device, liquid flows through a helically wound tubing wrapped around a quartz glass tube containing a 9 W UV lamp with an irradiation intensity of 60 W/m² at 254 nm. The equipment was capable of reducing numbers of inoculated Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus brevis from an initial concentration of approximately 10⁶ CFU/ml or 10⁴ CFU/ml to below detectable limits in commercial naturally cloudy apple juice at a flow rate of 2 l/h, and to well below 1 × 10² also at higher flow rates of 4 and 8 l/h. Numbers of Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be reduced from an initial level of ca. 1 × 10⁴–1 × 10² CFU/ml or less at flow rates of 2 and 4 l/h. Although E. coli could be effectively inactivated also in self-extracted, as well as industrially processed apple juice, contaminating yeast and lactic acid bacteria were not completely eliminated.     

长庆马岭油田注水地层结垢的水化学特性

本文概括地论述了在长庆马岭油田注水开发过程中注入的淡水与地层高矿化度盐水之间、与储层岩石之间的化学作用以及这些作用对产出水组成的影响，分析了水的化学变化与结垢的关系     

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��The application of chemical methods in treating the wasted gas field waters is increasing dayvby day. Gas field waters containing S^2- from 20 to 200mg/l are treated by using oxidants such as KMnO₄ H₂O₂ and CaCl(OCl), and the treated waters contain S^2- less than 4mg/l. By using precipitation method and lime-ferric salt neutralization method to treat the drainage, the content of poisonous heavy metal Cd²⁺,Pb²⁺ and As etc. reaches a ideal requirement. This paper introduces the test and auplication of these techniques.     

阿克库勒及其邻区地层水同位素特征和油气地质意义

阿克库勒及其邻区主要油气储层的地层水以高矿化度为特征,长期以来多数人认为这类地层水是互不沟通的深层封存环境的产物。通过对该区地层水的系统采样分析,依据地层水的同位素组成特点及所反映的成因环境,提出:1阿克库勒及其邻区主要储层的地层水同位素具有相同的组成,反映了它们之间的成因联系;2氢(δD)和氧(δ18O)同位素明显偏轻,δD最大值为-42.0‰,最小值为-66.0‰,δ18O最大值为2.7‰,最小值为-6.0‰,表现为有地表水渗混溶滤成因的地层水;3通过对比研究区内地层水的主要成因是地表水渗流和溶解地层中的NaCl所形成高矿化度地层水。因此,对阿克库勒及其邻区油气的运聚、保存条件需进行进一步的研究。     

泰州地区古水文地质条件与油气

从生油母质的堆积、保存,到油气生成、运移、聚集或分散的整个过程,都是在水的积极参与下进行的。故油气水具有成生联系和相似的产出状态。要弄清油气藏的形成和破坏规律,就必须研究古尔文地质。 地下水的来源很复杂,有源于地球深部的初生水和再生水;也有源于地球外部的大气降水、地表渗入水、沉积水和古代渗入水等。这些地下水在不同类型的储集层中,其运动规律受不同时期的水文地质条件所制约。     

塔里木油田水溶重烃研究及其应用

采用有机溶剂定量萃取方法,从塔里木油田水中分离得到溶解重烃。通过气相色谱、气相色谱—质谱、稳定碳同位素等分析手段,可鉴定出这些溶解重质烃(>C₇)部分组成,主要为中长链正、异构烷烃,也包括烷基甲苯、烷基环已烷系列,其组成和碳同位素分布范围与油藏中原油类似,表明油田水中溶解重烃的来源及其分布与油藏有着直接的联系。对油田水中溶解有机物的研究,可以获得有关油(气)显示的信息,指示邻近油气藏的存在,判断外来污染情况,并为油气运移、聚集方向和路径的确定提供一种新思路。