Processing of array sonic logging data with multi-scale STC technique

It is desirable to develop new signal processing techniques for effectively extracting reflected waves under the strong interferences of borehole guided waves. We presented a multi-scale semblance method for the separation and velocity （slowness） analysis of the reflected waves and guided waves in borehole acoustic logging. It was specially designed for the newly developed tools with ultra-long source- receiver spacing for acoustic reflection survey. This new method was a combination of the dual tree com- plex wavelets transform （DT-CWT） and the slowness travel time coherence （STC） method. Applications to the 3D finite difference （FD） modeling simulated data and to the field array sonic waveform signals have demonstrated the ability of this method to appropriately extract the reflected waves under severe interference from the guided waves and to suppress noise in the time-frequency domain.     

Experimental Investigation of Second Interface Cement Bond Evaluation

Cement bond model wells (1:10 scaled-down) were made with a gradually degrading cement annulus for cement bond evaluation of the first interface (between the casing and the cement annulus) and the second interface (between the cement annulus and the formation). Experimental simulation on cement bond logging was carried out with these model wells. The correlation of acoustic waveforms, casing wave energy and free casing area before and after cement bonding of the second interface was established. The experimental results showed that the arrival of the casing waves had no relationship with the cement bonding of the second interface, but the amplitude of the casing head wave decreased obviously after the second interface was bonded. So, cement bonding of the second interface had little effect on the evaluation of the cement bond quality of the first interface by using casing head wave arrivals. Strong cement annulus waves with early arrivals were observed before the second interface was bonded, while obvious "formation waves" instead of cement annulus waves were observed after the second interface was bonded.     

Application of an Improved ISODATA Method to Pipeline Leak Detection

Increasingly serious leak problem in pipeline transportation has not only affected the operation of pipelines but also caused loss of precious resource and environmental damage. Based on the analysis of the occurrence of negative pressure waves and the unsupervised learning of pattern recognition, the Interactive Self-organizing Data Analysis Technique Algorithm (ISODATA) method was used to classify the negative pressure waves and then the states of pipelines could be determined. K_L transformation was used to eliminate the correlativity of feature parameters and to reduce the dimensionality of feature vector space to speed up calculation. Experimental results validated the accuracy and practical value of this method.     

Characteristics of internal-wave and internal-tide deposits and their hydrocarbon potential

The study of internal-wave and internal-tide deposits is a new research field on sedimentology during the last ten years. Deep-water traction currents induced by internal waves and internal tides are developed on the modern sea floor, which can form not only all kinds of small scale and dispersal deepwater traction currents deposits, but also large-scale sediment wave in km-size scale. In this paper, the concepts and features of internal waves and internal tides in oceanography are introduced, and the characteristics, sedimentary sequences, sedimentary microfacies and sedimentation models of internalwave and internal-tide deposits found and the origin of large scale sediment waves in deep sea bottom are summarized. The relationship between internal-wave and internal-tide deposits and petroleum is discussed, and finally internal-wave and internal-tide deposits are shown to be a new potential field for petroleum exploration.     

Revelation of Multinational Acquisition Theory for Chinese Oil Companies’ Overseas Investment

1. History and theory of multinational acquisition Multinational acquisition mainly involves asset acquisition and stock acquisition and is an important means of realizing overseas expansion and maximizing benefits by capital operation. Driven by international trade, the growing significance of the multinational corporation is shown by historical analysis, indicating several waves of worldwide acquisition on a large scale since the dawn of the modern industrial age. The first acquisitions occu…     

Design of a cross-dipole array acoustic logging tool

When entering an anisotropic formation, a shear wave splits into a fast wave and a slow wave. Based on the principle of four-component cross-dipole acoustic wave measurement, the anisotropy of HTI （Horizontal Transverse Isotropy） formation can be determined. The method of calculating the fast and slow wave data when a shear wave propagates along the borehole axis in anisotropic formation was analyzed, and the implementation of a cross-dipole acoustic logging tool was demonstrated. The tool was composed of transmitter electronics, transmitter mandrel, acoustic isolator, receiver mandrel and main control electronics. Sonde, transmitter circuit, signal receiving and processing circuit, data acquisition system, system control circuit and telemetry interface circuit were presented and analyzed. The test model was used in production wells and standard wells in various areas and the four-component cross-dipole waves were acquired and processed. The waves had good signal-to-noise ratio and clear characteristics, and the fast and slow waveforms, processed slowness curves, anisotropy and fast shear wave azimuth well matched with each other.     

Application of Amplitude Ratio Profiles Extracted with Prestack Kirchhoff Integral Migration

The Z component and X component profiles of seismic waves extracted with the prestack Kirchhoff integral migration could approximate to the primary wave(P wave)and converted shear wave(PS wave)profiles under certain conditions.The relative change of their reflection amplitude reflects the formation stress anomaly and subsurface media anisotropy.The principle and method for extracting amplitude ratios were studied and the application of amplitude ratio profiles was also examined when processing and interpreting actual seismic data.The amplitude ratio profile is an effective supplementary means of identifying the stratigraphic boundary and lithology.     

A Gradient Regularization Method in Crosswell Seismic Tomography

1. Introduction Crosswell seismics is a new technique in petroleum exploration and development. The transmitting system and receiving system are loaded down separate wells to stimulate and receive seismic waves into and from the target stratum. The distribution of physical properties of the crosswell media can be predicted by recording the seismic wave travel time, amplitude and frequency. By using the well logging data and surface seismic data comprehensively, we can recognize structural feat…     

Propagation effects of low frequency electromagnetic waves in production well

The frequency domain electromagnetic method has already been widely used for tomographic imaging or electromagnetic well logging. However, different from open hole logging, the metal casing existing in production well logging has a strong shielding effect on the electromagnetic waves, thus bringing some difficulties to the application of the frequency domain electromagnetic method in production well logging. According to the relation of the field source geometry to the ring around the mandrel, the general expressions of frequency domain electromagnetic responses in axially symmetrical layered conductive medium are deduced. The propagation effects caused by the low-frequency electromagnetic waves in cased hole are also analyzed. The distribution curves of eddy current density and magnetic flux density along the radial direction in the mandrel indicate that the eddy loss within the mandrel is proportional to the transmission signal frequency and the mandrel conductivity. The secondary field responses of different casing materials show that the transmission frequency has an important effect on the ability of electromagnetic waves penetrating the metal casing. The transmission frequency should be ultra-low in order to enable the electromagnetic signal to penetrate the casing easily. The numerical results of frequency responses for different casing physical parameters show that the casing thickness has a significant impact on the choice of the transmission frequency. It is also found that the effect of the casing radius on the transmission frequency can be neglected.     

英文摘要

A review of inverse Q filtering methods. Yu Zhen, Wang Yanchun,He Jing,Yang Rui. PEG,2009,32（5） ：309-314
The energy in seismic waves will be absorbed when the waves travel in the earth, which decreases the S/N ratio and resolution of seismic data. The most popular technique to com- pensate the attenuation is inverse Q filtering. There are many ways to achieve inverse Q filtering. The author reviewed the principles of inverse Q filtering and divided inverse Q filtering methods into three classes： series expansion based methods, wavefield continuation based methods and other methods. The efficiency and stability of different inverse Q filtering methods are analyzed. Problems about inverse Q filtering methods that are needed to be solved are summarized.
Keywords： inverse Q filtering; series expansion; wavefield con- tinuation; stability
Yu Zhen,Key Laboratory of Geo-detection,China University of Geosciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China     

局部频率域SVD压制随机噪声方法

常规SVD技术去除随机噪声是在时间域进行的,对水平同相轴有较好的去噪效果;但对同相轴是倾斜或弯曲的情况,则要进行局部倾角扫描校正,从而限制了其在实际中的应用。为此,本文研究了局部频率域SVD压制随机噪声方法,有效克服了时间域局限性。首先对时空域滑动窗口内地震数据进行傅氏变换,并对每个频率切片构建Hankel矩阵,再对Hankel矩阵进行SVD滤波(降秩重构),最后反变换到时间域,得到去除随机噪声的结果。通过构建块Hankel矩阵,将该方法扩展到三维地震数据体的噪声压制处理中。模型及实际资料处理结果对比表明,该方法在有效压制随机噪声的同时,能够较好地保留有效信号,优于常规频域预测滤波结果。     

地震资料信噪比估计的几种方法

本文给出了计算信噪比的三种不同方法，即叠加法，时间域ＳＶＤ法和频率域ＳＶＤ法。当各道之间的地震信号波形，振幅及相位保持不变时，可利用叠加方法进行信噪比估计；当各道之间的地震信息仅存在振幅变化时，可采用时间域ＳＶＤ方法进行信噪比估算；当各道之间的地震信息既存在振幅变化，又存在相位变化时，应采用频率域ＳＶＣ法来计算信噪比。     

f-x域Cadzow技术分块压制随机噪声及其应用

介绍了一种f-x域Cadzow滤波分块压制随机噪声的技术。首先构建Hankel矩阵,然后利用复数域奇异值分解(SVD)技术进行特征值分解,利用优选特征值的加权并通过替换频率切片实现随机噪声的压制。采用分块处理解决实际地震资料中存在的倾角变化非稳态问题,与传统的假设同相轴水平的SVD技术相比,该技术无需对同相轴进行任何相对时差校正,在假设线性同相轴条件下适应同相轴交错的复杂情况。模型数据处理结果表明,如果地层的倾角个数与选取的特征值个数相同,则对无噪数据没有损害。实际资料处理结果表明,f-x域Cadzow滤波技术是一种稳健的压制随机噪声的技术。     

小波包分析与奇异值分解（SVD）叠前去噪方法

小波分析多用于去除面波，奇异值分解多用于去除相干干扰，而对于强相干干扰和面波共存的地震记录，仅使用单一去噪方法难以奏效。为此本文将小波包分析与奇异值分解结合起来，就可以解决单一去噪方法难以解决的去噪问题。此法首先利用小波包变换进行分频处理，然后在分频的记录中，用自动追踪同相轴的方法找出相干干扰和面波同相轴的方向，再利用奇异值分解(SVD)方法恢复相干干扰和面波的波场，最后将其从原始地震记录中减去，即可获得去噪后的地震记录。通过对实际资料的试算，表明该计算方法的效果是明显的。     

利用波原子分解系数自适应Wiener滤波方法压制地震数据随机噪声

随机噪声是地震勘探数据中常见的背景噪声,会对有效信号产生负面影响,有必要研究更适用的方法去除随机噪声。为此,提出基于波原子分解系数自适应Wiener滤波,并对滤波后的系数进行波原子重构的方法,压制随机噪声以突出有效信号。针对人工合成地震记录,应用SVD阈值、二维多尺度小波分解阈值和波原子分解阈值三种滤波方法与所提方法进行对比测试及分析,可见所提方法在压制随机噪声的同时能充分保留有效信号,使反射同相轴更清晰且连续性更好。利用该方法还对实际地震记录进行了滤波处理,并与用上述三种阈值和时频峰值等滤波方法处理后的记录作对比,进一步表明所提方法在压制随机噪声与保持有效信号方面的性能更优,具有较强的实用性。     

小波包相关阀值去噪

在地震勘探中，随机口音是一种频带较宽，严重影响有效波信噪比的干扰波，一般的一维去噪方法效果都不理想，小波包变换是一种时频分析的方法，在分析中，高频方面优于小波变换，它结合相关阀值，能有效地在地震勘探剖面中消除随机干扰。分析了小波包优优于波变换的基本原理，以及小波包在地震记录中的分解，相关阈值去噪和地震记录重构，进行了实例分析对比，说明了小波包相关阀值法去噪优于其它去噪方法，且该方法计算速度快，简便可行。     

奇异值分解压制随机噪声的方法及应用

针对随机噪声压制问题，通过对多项式确定的同相轴形状重新选取数据矩阵，再对新选取的数据矩阵进行SVD滤波，从而压制随机噪声。通过对矩阵奇异值分解的研究，揭示了奇异值分解的原理和SVD滤波原理，将一个多道地震记录看作一个图，它可分解为由一系列正交的子图，通过对子图适当选择并结合其它手段，从而达到提高信噪比的目的，为奇异值分解在地球物理中的进一步应用提供了理论依据。实际数据应用表明，该方法去噪手段灵活、保真性好、分辨率高，对一些突然的脉冲干扰、侧反射、以及其他的反向干扰有明显效果。     

地震记录快速KL滤波的自组织神经网络方法

在地震数据处理中，常使用KL滤波来消除相干和随机噪声，以提高地震记录的信噪比。常规KL变换一般采用模式向量特征值分解（EVD）和相关的奇异值分解（SVD）等集中式计算方法，但记录道数较多时，计算成本就太高，难以在实际中应用。本文首次将人工神经网络引入到地震信号的KL滤波中，通过自组织（无监督）学习自适应计算网络连接的权值来得到正交分解的投影向量。通过理论记录的试算，将常规的KL变换方法和本文介绍的方法进行对比，表明两种实现方法所得结果一致，但本文方法在输入记录道数较多时比常规方法速度快，可极大地降低滤波处理的计算成本。这使得KL滤波摆脱了耗时量大的缺点，更具实用性。文章最后给出了对实际资料进行KL滤波的两个算例。     

高分辨率资料处理与高信噪比资料

目前有很多提高地地震资料分辨率的方法，如谱白化，外推展谱和小波变换等等。但不论何种方法，制约提高分辨率的主要因素是地震资料的原始信噪比，而不完全依赖所使用的处理方法。高分辨率地震勘探是一项系统工程，需要野外采集，室内处理等各方面的共同的努力才能实现，其中高质量的数据采集是最基础性的工作，是目前所有处理方法无法替代的，在处理方法上如何绕过线性滤波范畴和克服常规叠加中非同相叠加因素的影响，是进一步提高