埃洛石纳米管负载氮掺杂二氧化钛的制备及其太阳光光催化性能

The N-doped TiO2-loaded halloysite nanotubes(N-Ti O2/HNTs) nanocomposites were prepared by using chemical vapor deposition method which was realized in autoclave. The photocatalytic activity of nanocomposites was evaluated by virtue of the decomposition of formaldehyde gas under solar-light irradiation. The XRD patterns verified that the anatase structured TiO2 was deposited on HNTs. The TEM images showed that the surface of HNTs was covered with nanosized TiO2 with a particle size of ca. 20 nm. The UV-vis spectra indicated that the N-Ti O2/HNTs presented a significant absorption band in the visible region between 400 nm and 600 nm. Under solar-light irradiation, the highest degradation rate of formaldehyde gas attained 90% after 100 min of solar-light irradiation. The combination of the photocatalytic property of TiO2 and the unique structure of halloysite would assert a promising perspective in degradation of organic pollutants.     

Ni修饰氧化钛相变的紫外拉曼光谱研究

The Ni-modified TiO2 was synthesized using two methods including co-precipitation(Ni doped TiO2, Ni-TiO2) and wet impregnation(Ni loaded TiO2, Ni/TiO2). The surface and bulk crystalline phases of Ni-modified TiO2 were investigated by using X-ray diffractometry(XRD), UV Raman spectroscopy, TEM, and SEM. It is observed that Ni doping can promote the phase transition and grain size growth of TiO2. Moreover, the propagation of the rutile phase from the bulk into the surface region of TiO2 is increased when the Ni doping amount reaches up to 3%. However, in Ni/TiO2, it is found out that the surface and bulk phase transformation of TiO2 can be inhibited after impregnation of 1% of Ni on the TiO2. Compared with the co-precipitation method, Ni species may be more enriched in the surface of the Ni/TiO2 sample upon adoption of the impregnation method, and the direct contact of anatase particles of TiO2 is avoided. As a consequence, the phase transition in the surface and bulk region of TiO2 can be effectively inhibited by Ni loading. Additionally, the activity of the photocatalytic degradation of RhB on the 3Ni-TiO2-600 ℃ sample is higher than that on the 3 Ni/TiO2-600 ℃ sample. The phase junction formed between anatase and rutile in the surface region of 3Ni-TiO2-600 ℃ may the main reason for its high photocatalytic activity.     

A numerical method for determining the stuck point in extended reach drilling

A stuck drill string results in a major non-productive cost in extended reach drilling engineering.The first step is to determine the depth at which the sticking has occurred.Methods of measurement have been proved useful for determining the stuck points,but these operations take considerable time.As a result of the limitation with the current operational practices,calculation methods are still preferred to estimate the stuck point depth.Current analytical methods do not consider friction and are only valid for vertical rather than extended reach wells.The numerical method is established to take full account of down hole friction,tool joint,upset end of drill pipe,combination drill strings and tubular materials so that it is valid to determine the stuck point in extended reach wells.The pull test,torsion test and combined test of rotation and pulling can be used to determine the stuck point.The results show that down hole friction,tool joint,upset end of drill pipe,tubular sizes and materials have significant effects on the pull length and/or the twist angle of the stuck drill string.     

Study of asphaltene dispersion and removal for high-asphaltene oil wells

Many wellbores are blocked by asphaltene deposits,which lead to production problems in the oilfield development process.In this paper,methods such as elemental analysis,and solvent extraction are adopted for the study of wellbore blockages.The content of organic matter in blockages is higher than 96% and asphaltene is the main component of the organic matter with n-heptane asphaltene content of 38%.Based on the above analyses,an agent for asphaltene dispersion and removal(named as SDJ) was developed.The performance of the SDJ agent was evaluated,and it was found that the dissolution rate of asphaltene can reach 2.9 mg.mL-1.min-1 at 60 oC.SDJ agent(1wt%) was added to crude oil with a colloid instability index greater than 0.9 can effectively inhibit asphaltene deposition in the wellbore.By the viscosity method,the dissolution amount of SDJ agent was calculated,and it was found that when the viscosity of the system is around 2,000 mPa.s(the common viscosity of crude oil),the amount of SDJ agent added to the blockage was at least 96 g per 100 g blockages.Therefore,SDJ agent has promising application for dispersion and removal of asphaltene deposition in high-asphaltene wells.     

Deformation Mechanisms and Safe Drilling Fluids Density in Extremely Thick Salt Formations

Hydrocarbons are very often associated with salt structures. The oil and gas industry is often required to drill along and through long salt sections to reach and recover hydrocarbons. The unique physical properties of salt require special techniques to ensure borehole stability and adequate casing design. This paper assumed that the mechanical behavior of salt is regulated by the magnitude of mean stress and octahedral shear stress and under the influence of different stress conditions, the deformation of rock salt can be represented by three domains, i.e. compression domain, volume unchanged domain, and dilatancy domain, which are separated by a stress dependent boundary. In the compression domain, the volume of salt decreases until all microcracks are closed, with only elastic deformation and pure creep; in the volume unchanged domain the deformation is considered steady incompressible flow controlled by pure creep; and in the dilatancy domain the volume of salt increases during deformation due to micro-cracking, causing damage and accelerating “creep” until failure. This paper presents a hypothesis that the borehole is stable only when the magnitude of octahedral shear stress is below the dilatancy boundary. It gives the design method for determining drilling fluids density, and calculates the closure rate of borehole with the recommended drilling fluids density. If the closure rate of the borehole is less than 0.1%, the drilling fluids density window can be used during drilling through extremely thick salt formations.     

Fe2O3复合BiOCl的制备及其光催化性能研究

Fe2O3 was synthesized by the solvothermal method, and the synthesized Fe2O3 was added in the process of preparing BiOCl by hydrolysis, and then Fe2O3/BiOCl photocatalytic materials with different composite ratios were prepared. The optimal Fe2O3/BiOCl (1Fe/50Bi) sample showed a highest photocatalytic efficiency for cationic dyes (Rhodamine B) and anionic dye (methyl orange) degradation irradiated with visible light, as compared with that of a bare BiOCl catalyst. Meanwhile, radical capturing experiments indicated that the photo-induced holes (h+) is the main active species. X-ray powder diffraction and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were used to characterize the structural and optical properties, which proved that Fe2O3 was successfully composited to the BiOCl surface and effectively reduced the bandgap of BiOCl. More importantly, the optimal 1Fe/50Bi sample shows the highest photocatalytic efficiency for tetracycline (TC) degradation (98%) irradiated with visible light, as compared with that of a bare BiOCl catalyst. Consequently, the Fe2O3/BiOCl photocatalyst have potential applications in environmental purification.     

Biodegradation and origin of oil sands in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

The oil sands deposits in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin （WCSB） comprise of at least 85% of the total immobile bitumen in place in the world and are so concentrated as to be virtually the only such deposits that are economically recoverable for conversion to oil. The major deposits are in three geographic and geologic regions of Alberta： Athabasca, Cold Lake and Peace River. The bitumen reserves have oil gravities ranging from 8 to 12° API, and are hosted in the reservoirs of varying age, ranging from Devonian （Grosmont Formation） to Early Cretaceous （Mannville Group）. They were derived from light oils in the southern Alberta and migrated to the north and east for over 100 km during the Laramide Orogeny, which was responsible for the uplift of the Rocky Mountains. Biodegradation is the only process that transforms light oil into bitumen in such a dramatic way that overshadowed other alterations with minor contributions. The levels of biodegradation in the basin increasing from west （non-biodegraded） to east （extremely biodegraded） can be attributed to decreasing reservoir temperature, which played the primary role in controlling the biodegradation regime. Once the reservoir was heated to approximately 80℃, it was pasteurized and no biodegradation would further occur. However, reservoir temperature could not alone predict the variations of the oil composition and physical properties. Compositional gradients and a wide range ofbiodegradation degree at single reservoir column indicate that the water-leg size or the volume ratio of oil to water is one of the critical local controls for the vertical variations ofbiodegradation degree and oil physical properties. Late charging and mixing of the fresh and degraded oils ultimately dictate the final distribution of compositions and physical properties found in the heavy oil and oil sand fields. Oil geochemistry can reveal precisely the processes and levels that control these variations in a given field, which opens the possibility of model-d     

Study on Performance of Hydrocracking Catalyst CHC-1

Evaluation of hydrocracking catalyst CHC- 1 showed superior qualities of catalyst CHC- 1.When it was used for hyd/ocmcking reaction, the yield of middle distillates (jet fuel and diesel fuel) can reach more than 71 m%. When it was used for medium-pressure hydro-upgrading of Daqing FCC diesel fuel, diesel density was decreased by 0.0284---0.0365 g/cm^3 (20℃). Cetane number increased by 7.8---10.5 and the contents of sulphur and nitrogen were remarkably reduced. The storage stability of the upgraded diesel was improved.     

Oxidation of Alcohols into Aldehydes under Normal Temperature and Pressure Developed by CAS Institute of Chemistry

The Photochemical College of CAS Institute of Chemistry by means of the principle of visible light photo-catalytic reactions in the presence of dyestuff/TiO2 has developed     

Preparation of Cu-BiVO4 and Its Photocatalytic Properties for Desulfurization of Model Oil

A photocatalyst Cu-BiVO4 was synthesized by the hydrothermal method and was characterized by XRD, UV-vis DRS, and N2 adsorption-desorption measurement. The catalytic activity of the Cu-BiVO4 samples was studied on desulfurization of thiophene dissolved in n-octane, which was used as a model light oil, via photocatalytic oxidation reaction under illumination by visible light. The catalyst characterization results indicated that the loading of Cu on the catalyst did not change the crystal phase of BiVO4, and the crystallinity of the Cu-BiVO4 sample was found to be better at pH=7. The Cu-BiVO4 samples presented a significant bathochromic shift of the absorption band in the visible region, and the absorption intensity increased for the composite catalyst. The desulfurization experiments showed that the Cu-BiVO4 sample prepared at a pH value of 7 had a better catalytic activity. Under proper operating conditions, the desulfurization rate of the model compound achieved by Cu-BiVO4 sample prepared at pH=7 could reach as high as 90%.     

光敏化Ag/TiO_2催化剂的制备及其催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法和水热法制备了Ag/TiO2催化剂,并对该催化剂试样进行了XRD和TEM表征。表征结果显示,纳米Ag/TiO2催化剂颗粒的直径在5～20 nm之间,催化剂中Ag纳米颗粒包裹在TiO2颗粒内部。将Ag/TiO2催化剂在叶绿素提取液中浸泡24 h,制成光敏化Ag/TiO2催化剂。以Cr6+溶液为研究对象,分别在紫外光和可见光下考察了纳米TiO2、纳米Ag/TiO2、光敏化TiO2和光敏化Ag/TiO2催化剂的光催化性能。实验结果表明,与其他3种催化剂相比,光敏化Ag/TiO2催化剂光催化还原Cr6+的性能最好,特别是在可见光下,光敏化Ag/TiO2催化剂光催化还原Cr6+150 min后,Cr6+脱除率达到100.0%。     

TiO2光催化氧化降解苯酚的研究

以TiO2为光催化剂,在紫外光照射下降解处理低浓度苯酚模拟废水,并以紫外一可见分光光度法作为分析手段,考察了TiO2光催化剂浓度对苯酚降解过程的影响。结果表明,当苯酚浓度为40mg／L时,TiO2光催化剂的最佳浓度为1．0g／L,此时苯酚去除率较高,达23．49％。同时对降解动力学的研究表明,苯酚的光催化降解过程符合一级反应动力学模式。     

可见光下亲水性TiO_2薄膜的制备与表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了具有可见光活性的掺氮TiO2薄膜,通过X射线衍射分析和原子力显微镜研究了其晶相组成、表面形貌及表面粗糙度;为确定氮的掺杂方式,用X射线光电子能谱对试样的表面态进行测试;并对掺氮TiO2薄膜亲水性的维持情况及在可见光照射下的亲水性恢复情况进行了研究。实验结果表明,掺氮TiO2薄膜的相组成为锐钛矿或锐钛矿与金红石的混合相,薄膜中大量的纳米微孔结构及尖锐的峰状突起增加了表面的粗糙度。掺入TiO2薄膜晶格中的氮原子显著地提高了薄膜在可见光照射下的亲水性。在无光照的条件下,掺氮TiO2薄膜的亲水性可维持20d以上;经可见光照射后,掺氮TiO2薄膜的亲水性能够恢复。     

Yb-La共掺杂TiO_2光催化降解炼油废水

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了镱镧共掺杂TiO2(Yb-La/TiO2)催化剂,将其用于光催化降解炼油废水,优化了光催化反应条件,对反应动力学进行了研究,并利用XRD,IR,BET等手段对催化剂的结构进行了表征。实验结果表明,Yb-La/TiO2光催化降解炼油废水的最佳工艺条件为:催化剂用量4.0 g/L,体系pH=5,紫外光照射时间3 h。在此条件下,炼油废水的COD降解率(η)可达90.90%。光催化降解反应符合一级反应动力学特征,其反应速率方程为:ln[1/(1-η)]=0.808t-0.169 4(t为时间)。表征结果显示,镧镱共掺杂TiO2降低了颗粒粒径,增大了比表面积,提高了催化剂的活性,镧镱共掺杂具有协同效应。     

吉X井煤层气绒囊钻井液实践

吉X井二开井段530.00~616.00 m为高压水层,780.00~860.00 m井段有80 m砾石层,目的层山西组地层压力系数0.55~1.00,太原组0.67~1.03,不同压力系数共存同一裸眼。采用膨润土钻井液、聚合物钻井液,钻穿高压水层。但聚合物钻井液在密度1.2~1.5 g/cm3、滴流状态时,仍无法解决砾石层的井壁失稳和岩屑携带问题。钻至井深925.00 m后,通井距井底70 m无法到底。后改用绒囊钻井液技术,用重晶石加重,密度1.03 g/cm3,漏斗黏度90 s,12 h清洗70 m沉砂;密度1.07 g/cm3,漏斗黏度70 s,顺利钻进到1278 m完钻,下套管和固井顺利。绒囊钻井液技术有效地提高了低压目的层承压能力,解决了不同压力系统共存同一裸眼的工程难题。     

新型Mo/TiO2的噻吩加氢脱硫性能

 以二氧化钛(TiO2)晶须成型材料为载体，采用过量浸渍法制备了MoO3负载量为7.2%(质量分数)的新型Mo/TiO2加氢脱硫催化剂。利用XRD、BET等手段对该催化剂进行表征，并且在催化剂中压微反活性评价装置上考察了不同操作条件对其噻吩加氢脱硫性能的影响。结果表明，新型Mo/TiO2为纯锐钛矿相；TiO2晶须成型载体负载了7.2%MoO3后，比表面积由93m2/g 变为72m2/g，孔容由0.27cm3/g变为0.23cm3/g，下降均不明显。该Mo/TiO2催化剂直接用于噻吩加氢脱硫反应时，5h内即达较高活性，能把模型溶液中的噻吩质量分数由1300μg/g降至5μg/g以下。在反应温度300~330 ℃、H2分压1.5~3.0 MPa、氢/油体积比155~250、体积空速3.0~5.0 h-1的条件下，新型Mo/TiO2催化剂上噻吩加氢脱硫转化率接近100 %，运行500h没有明显失活迹象。     

水热合成CdS/TiO_2复合光催化剂及其催化分解硫化氢制氢

以沉淀-水热法制备了系列CdS/TiO2复合光催化剂,采用紫外-可见光漫反射光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和表面光电压谱等方法对催化剂进行了表征,考察了CdS与TiO2的摩尔比和水热温度对CdS/TiO2复合光催化剂在波长大于400nm的可见光下光催化分解硫化氢制氢性能的影响。表征结果显示,该复合光催化剂表现出CdS与TiO2共有的光学性能,TiO2的吸收边向可见光区移动,扩展了光响应范围;CdS与TiO2得到很好的复合,可有效降低光生电子-空穴对的复合几率。实验结果表明,与纯CdS催化剂相比,CdS/TiO2复合光催化剂的光催化活性明显提高,CdS与TiO2摩尔比为0.5、水热温度为200℃时制得的CdS/TiO2复合光催化剂的性能最佳,产氢速率可达4.96mmol/(h.g)。     

Zr和S共掺杂TiO_2光催化剂的制备及性能

用固相浸渍法制备了Zr和S共掺杂TiO2(Zr-S-TiO2)光催化剂,用X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱和紫外-可见光漫反射等手段对Zr-S-TiO2光催化剂进行了表征。以可见光光解水制氢为探针反应,考察了Zr-S-TiO2光催化剂的活性。实验结果表明,Zr和S共掺杂提高了TiO2对可见光(波长大于420nm)的吸收,减小了TiO2的平均粒径,使TiO2晶格畸变应力增大,促进了光生电子-空穴对的分离,从而提高了TiO2催化可见光光解水制氢反应的活性。当n(S)∶n(Ti)=6∶1、煅烧温度500℃、Zr掺杂量(质量分数)为0.75%时,Zr-S-TiO2光催化剂制氢的活性最高。     

非零偏移距VSP资料在油气检测中的应用

非零偏移距VSP就是在距离井口有一定距离的位置放炮 ,在井内安置检波器接收地震波 ,属于二维观测。通过资料处理 ,可以得到井口附近的一段高分辨率的P波地震剖面、PS波地震剖面 ,也可以提取地层属性参数。联合应用P波剖面、PS波剖面和地层属性参数可以直接检测油气层和油气层的的横向分布范围。