喷气燃料添加剂对抗静电剂T1502感受性的影响

喷气燃料添加剂主要包括抗氧剂、抗磨剂、金属钝化剂、防冰剂、抗静电剂等。研究表明环烷酸型抗磨剂(简称抗磨剂)T1602、金属钝化剂T1201和防冰剂乙二醇甲醚对抗静电剂T1502的感受性有影响。抗磨剂T1602和金属钝化剂T1201会影响抗静电剂T1502的感受性,降低正十二烷的电导率。防冰剂乙二醇甲醚可以提高抗静电剂T1502的感受性,使正十二烷的电导率升高。抗磨剂T1602、金属钝化剂T1201、防冰剂乙二醇甲醚、抗氧剂T501协同使用时,正十二烷的电导率呈下降趋势。     

抗静电剂对3号喷气燃料电导率的影响

考察了T1502型和STIM50型两种抗静电剂对3号喷气燃料电导率的感受性、储存稳定性的影响，在此基础上对不同原油生产的3号喷气燃料电导率感受性差异和电导率的衰减情况进行了影响因素研究。试验结果说明：不同型号的抗静电剂对同一燃料的感受性不同、储存衰减程度不同，不同原油生产的3号喷气燃料对同型号的抗静电剂的感受性不同、衰减幅度不同。这些结果为今后更加科学地选用抗静电剂提供了理论依据。     

T1502和Stadis450抗静电添加剂感受性对比

对T1502和Stadis450抗静电添加剂在荆门炼厂生产的喷气燃料中进行了感受性对比研究。在荆门炼厂生产的喷气燃料中,T1502抗静电添加剂的电导率稳定性优于Stadis450抗静电添加剂;加入相同量的抗静电添加剂的情况下,Stadis450抗静电添加剂的电导率比T1502抗静电添加剂高。     

抗静电剂T1502对喷气燃料电导率的影响

T1502抗静电剂在喷气燃料中使用时，温度、储存时间、杂质、储存介质等因素会对喷气燃料电导率产生不同的影响。研究这些因素产生的机理、趋势及克服它们的方法，可有效改善T1502抗静电剂的使用环境，提高T1502抗静电剂的使用效率。     

容器对喷气燃料电导率的影响

在喷气燃料中添加抗静电剂可提高其电导率,防止静电放电引发火灾。将添加T1502抗静电剂的加氢裂化喷气燃料试样分别放入不同材质的容器储存1个月,考察储存容器对喷气燃料电导率的影响。实验结果表明：用透光率高、吸附能力强的容器储存的喷气燃料,其电导率衰减快。     

无灰型抗静电剂在燃油中感受性的影响因素

轻质油品在输送、贮存等过程中容易摩擦产生静电引发起火或爆炸,需加入抗静电添加剂。现阶段我国喷气燃料主要使用无灰型抗静电剂T1502,缺乏适合地面油用的国产抗静电剂。本文对无灰型抗静电剂在不同油品中的感受性,以及温度、组成对抗静电剂感受性的影响因素进行了详细的考察。     

含无灰抗静电剂喷气燃料电导率储存影响的研究

研究了加入抗静电添加剂的喷气燃料的电导率在储存中的衰减趋势和规律,并讨论了电导率衰减的原因及机理.研究结果表明,喷气燃料储存期、储存介质、喷气燃料变色等原因均会对喷气燃料的电导率产生影响.加人无灰型抗静电添加剂的喷气燃料,在长期储存时电导率衰减趋势为缓衰期、稳定期、快衰期;喷气燃料加入T1502抗静电添加剂后,储存在玻璃容器中的电导率比储存在金属容器中的电导率衰减快;另外,发生变色的喷气燃料会造成喷气燃料电导率严重衰减,因此喷气燃料在储存中应防止喷气燃料变色.     

喷气燃料无灰抗静电剂电导率储存影响研究

研究了T1502抗静电添加剂加入喷气燃料中，电导率在储存中的衰减趋势和规律，并讨论了电导率衰减的原因及机理。提出了避免喷气燃料储存中电导率衰减的一些有效方法，从而抑制喷气燃料在储存中电导率严重衰减现象，确保喷气燃料安全使用。     

喷气燃料中两种抗静电添加剂的协同效应研究

对抗静电添加剂T1502和杜邦450在喷气燃料中的协同效应进行了系统研究。结果表明,两种抗静电添加剂用量增加,燃料电导率也增加,杜邦450对燃料的电导率明显高于T1502;两种添加剂以不同配比掺合,燃料电导率随用量增加呈线性关系。以相同体积掺合,燃料电导率48h内维持在197-195pS·m^-1,稳定性好;含水量超标燃料的电导率出现急剧衰减现象。     

喷气燃料抗静电剂及其对电导率的影响研究进展

阐述了喷气燃料静电产生的原理以及抗静电添加剂的作用机理,介绍了国内外抗静电添加剂的发展历程。系统总结了抗静电添加剂加入喷气燃料后,温度、储存时间和硫氮化合物对电导率的影响规律及多种其它添加剂加入后对抗静电剂的影响效果。温度升高、硫化物和防冰剂的存在会使电导率升高,温度降低、时间延长、以及氮化物、抗磨剂和金属钝化剂的加入会使电导率降低。     

T1502抗静电添加剂在大庆3号喷气燃料中的应用

介绍了大庆石化分公司采用T1502喷气燃料无灰型抗静电添加剂,通过小样调试,选择最佳方案,应用到3号喷气燃料成品调合中。工业应用表明该添加剂加入量少,电导率上升快,水分离指数变化小的特点,是一种理想的抗静电添加剂。     

EFFECT OF CLAYS AND ADSORBENTS ON THE NITROGEN CONTENT AND THE STABILITY OF JET FUELS

The effect of composition, surface area and pH of different clays and alumina adsorbents on the stability of jet fuel was studied. The stability of jet fuel was tested following the ASTMD 3241 procedure. Under the batch adsorption conditions, clays and adsorbents were not effective in adsorbing polar molecules and improving the stability of jet fuels. Under the column adsorption conditions, the effectiveness of clays and adsorbents in improving the stability of jet fuel was found to vary. Clays having a high surface area and an acidic pH were found to be more effective in adsorbing polar molecules and improving the stability of jet fuel. High surface area alumina adsorbents were found effective in adsorbing basic nitrogen molecules and improving the stability of jet fuel despite having a basic pH. The basic type nitrogen compounds, pyridines and quinolines, were found to affect the stability of jet fuel. The initial effluent jet fuel passed through fresh clays was found to have no N compounds and a good stability. However, the analysis of effluent jet fuel showed a gradual increase in N content reaching the level of N content in untreated jet fuel. The effluent jet fuel reaching 9-10 ppm of N content failed the stability test indicating that clays need to adsorb and retain N compounds. The adsorbent capacity of different clays was studied but no significant difference in retaining N molecules was observed.     

EFFECT OF CLAYS AND ADSORBENTS ON THE NITROGEN CONTENT AND THE STABILITY OF JET FUELS

The effect of composition, surface area and pH of different clays and alumina adsorbents on the stability of jet fuel was studied. The stability of jet fuel was tested following the ASTMD 3241 procedure. Under the batch adsorption conditions, clays and adsorbents were not effective in adsorbing polar molecules and improving the stability of jet fuels. Under the column adsorption conditions, the effectiveness of clays and adsorbents in improving the stability of jet fuel was found to vary. Clays having a high surface area and an acidic pH were found to be more effective in adsorbing polar molecules and improving the stability of jet fuel. High surface area alumina adsorbents were found effective in adsorbing basic nitrogen molecules and improving the stability of jet fuel despite having a basic pH. The basic type nitrogen compounds, pyridines and quinolines, were found to affect the stability of jet fuel. The initial effluent jet fuel passed through fresh clays was found to have no N compounds and a good stability. However, the analysis of effluent jet fuel showed a gradual increase in N content reaching the level of N content in untreated jet fuel. The effluent jet fuel reaching 9–10 ppm of N content failed the stability test indicating that clays need to adsorb and retain N compounds. The adsorbent capacity of different clays was studied but no significant difference in retaining N molecules was observed.     

THE ROLE OF HETEROATOMS IN JET FUEL INSTABILITY

ABSTRACT

The test fuel used in this investigation was a petroleum derived jet A fuel from Rastanura refinery, Saudi Arabia. The physical and chemical tests of fuel, and one month sunlight storage experiment exhibited the stability of fuel. Accelerated and ambient storage stability tests, conducted using model nitrogen compounds in jet-A fuel and n-decane, indicated that the rate of sediment formation was dependent on the structural features of nitrogen compounds and storage conditions. The pyrrole and indole derivatives did not produce any appreciable sediment except 2,6-dimethylpyrrole. Air, temperature, dissolved oxygen and light all strongly accelerate the process of sediment formation. On the other hand removal of dissolved oxygen significantly reduces it. Acids and phenols act respectively as accelerator and inhibitor towards sedimentation. The reaction has a low apparent activation energy and appears to involve a free radical oxidative self condensation of nitrogen compounds. The tower O/C ratios of sediment also supported the view point that oxidation is a key aspect of jet fuel thermal instability. Approximately 25 different types of possible structures were identified from average properties of sediments as analysed by elemental analysis, infrared and mass spectrometric methods.     

NITROGEN COMPOUND DISTRIBUTION AND FUEL INCOMPATIBILITY REACTIONS IN A TAR SAND DERIVED MIDDLE DISTILLATE FUEL

A high paraffin, high nitrogen, low sulfur jet fuel derived from Athabasca tar sands was studied. The organo-nitrogen compounds in the fuel were isolated by mild acid extraction followed by silica-gel adsorption. Three extracts were derived from this fuel: a basic nitrogen compounds extract, BNC, in methylene chloride, a non-basic nitrogen compounds extract, NBNC, in methyl alcohol and an NBNC extract in methylene chloride. The major constituents of each extract were identified and quantitated by combined capillary column GC/MS. Alkyl substituted pyrroles, pyridines, indoles, tetrahydro-quinolines, carbazoles, and quinolines were the prevalent organo-nitrogen compounds present. Incompatibility tests were conducted on this fuel using the oxygen overpressure method with both doped and undoped fuel systems. The dopant of choice was cumene hydroperoxide. Practically no sediment formation was observed for the undoped fuel (0.1 mg/100mL fuel). The doped fuel matrix induced incompatibility behavior in proportion to the quantity of dopant present.     

柴油加氢精制装置生产喷气燃料存在问题及解决措施

对九江分公司柴油加氢精制装置在切换生产3号喷气燃料时银片腐蚀不合格的问题进行了研究。结果表明，喷气燃料携带微量硫化氢且没有有效的脱除是导致银片腐蚀不合格的主要原因。提出了调整加氢精制工艺条件以减少硫化氢的生成、改用氮气汽提、使用不含硫化氢的塔底喷气燃料作顶回流介质以及增设硫化氢吸附罐等措施以更好地脱除硫化氢。采取这些措施后，喷气燃料产品的银片腐蚀达到0级，并且其它性质均符合3号喷气燃料质量指标要求，年经济效益可达64．9万元。