随机中子输运方程数值解与近似解的对比分析

在描述具有弱源的有限增殖系统引发持续裂变链概率时,随机中子输运理论点堆模型近似解和考虑中子位置和速度方向(r,v)相空间模型的数值解的形式不同,用一个与球形堆半径r相关的改进点堆模型近似解与Sn方法数值解进行比较,由此可以看出两者的差异及非线性项的影响程度.     

关于引发持续裂变链概率的理论分析

对于具有弱源的裂变材料有限增殖系统,基于中子增殖随机理论,讨论分析了相关引发持续裂变链概率问题。在理论处理中,把常规点堆概念模型推广成为同中子位置、速度(x,v)的一种改进形式。加上使用扩散近似方法,给出了上述概率近似解及相关估算结果,还同前人工作的点堆概念模型结果做了比较,相应结果基本一致,但本模型方法能增添关于分布的细节内容。     

浅超瞬发临界系统中子引发持续裂变链的概率

根据中子在核系统中发生不同反应的概率,推导了中子引发持续裂变链概率W( r ,E, Ω ,t)满足的方程;在定态、浅超瞬发临界前提下,采用二阶近似和微扰方法,得到了引发中子源分布下中子引发概率的表达式。由表达式和Godiva-Ⅱ、Caliban、CFBR-Ⅱ脉冲堆的参数得到中子引发脉冲的平均概率分别为0.00032、0.00054和0.00027,采用Godiva-Ⅱ、Caliban自发裂变源引发脉冲实验数据对理论结果进行了比较和分析讨论。     

持续裂变链引发的零维蒙特卡罗模拟

采用基于点动力学模型的零维蒙特卡罗方法,模拟计算了自发裂变中子引发条件下,超瞬发临界5 c / 的GodivaⅠ快中子脉冲堆内持续裂变链引发时刻概率的分布。结果表明,零维模拟程序与基于Geant4 toolkit的三维直接模拟程序的计算结果一致,并与实验结果符合较好。另外,采用零维蒙特卡罗模拟方法,模拟计算了外中子源引发条件下快中子脉冲堆反应性动态加入过程中持续裂变链的引发概率。结果表明,零维方法用于反应性动态加入情形的模拟计算,其结果是合理可信的。可见,在研究快中子脉冲堆的动力学行为时,采用点动力学近似是合理的。     

中子引发持续裂变链概率对中子位置、能量和运动方向的依赖性

讨论了构形不随时间变化的系统中中子引发持续裂变链概率所满足非线性方程的求解途径。对微扰近似处理的相关物理进行了讨论,特别是讨论了在中子引发持续裂变链意义上中子源的有效性系数和在中子增殖意义上中子源的有效性系数的差异和关系。另外还讨论了不降低中子引发持续裂变链概率所满足的非线性方程次数的微扰近似处理的求解途径和不做微扰近似的求解途径。     

中子能谱在反应堆屏蔽计算中的应用分析研究

在反应堆的屏蔽设计中多采用蒙特卡罗中子-光子耦合输运程序(MCNP)计算反应堆压力容器和堆内构件的中子注量率,用以评估中子对结构材料的辐照损伤。MCNP在计算这类固定源问题时,源强的能量分布多采用MCNP自带的Maxwell裂变中子能谱或Watt裂变中子能谱,它们是典型能量的入射中子对应的向量裂变能谱。然而真正的裂变中子能谱是与入射中子能量相关的矩阵裂变中子能谱。为此,不同的中子能谱对反应堆屏蔽设计计算结果的影响被分析。结果表明:在反应堆屏蔽设计中应考虑不同能量的入射中子对裂变中子能谱的影响,即应该采用矩阵裂变中子能谱进行反应堆屏蔽设计计算。     

快中子脉冲堆弱源爆发脉冲实验理论研究

我们在应用Hansen理论研究快中子脉冲堆弱源爆发脉冲实验时发现,理论与实验结果差距非常大。对此,我们分析了原因,然后从求解系统中子数概率分布函数出发,研究和求解了系统有限长裂变链的期望值,给出了有限长裂变链期望值的求解方法和基本形式,讨论和定量计算了Godiva-Ⅱ和CFBR-Ⅱ脉冲堆有限长裂变链的期望值。然后研究了有限长裂变链导致缓发中子先驱核增值行为,结果表明,在等待爆发脉冲期间缓发中子数可发生数倍的变化。最后,在两种不同的物理假定下,对Hansen模型给予了改进。改进后的模型可以较理想地模拟Godiva-Ⅱ和CFBR-Ⅱ两个脉冲堆的实验结果,表明结果是可信的。     

裂变链初期增长过程的统计涨落现象研究

利用超临界系统达到临界后t时刻中子密度n的概率分布P(n,t)与系统内的中子源强度的关系,结合从第1个持续裂变链开始到系统的中子密度达到定值的时间分布,得到从系统达到临界开始到系统的中子密度达到定值的时间分布,并与Godiva的功率增长过程和BARS的脉冲提前引发概率的实验结果进行了比较,相互符合较好。该研究结果可用于脉冲堆安全分析、临界安全研究和反应堆启动程序制定等。     

点堆中子动力学方程的蒙特卡罗方法

基于广义半马尔科夫过程(GSMP)模拟方法实现点堆中子动力学方程的蒙特卡罗求解。该方法模拟裂变系统内中子数和缓发中子先驱核数目的瞬态演化过程,并计算出任意时刻裂变功率和缓发中子源强等物理量。利用本文提出的方法研究快中子增殖堆(简称"快堆")和热堆参数下的点堆动力学方程,对反应性的阶跃输入、斜坡输入和振荡输入的点堆中子场瞬态过程进行模拟,并与传统数值算法的计算结果进行比较。该方法不存在数值计算的刚性问题,能方便地对复杂反应性输入过程进行计算,并能充分考虑瞬态过程中反应性变化对中子代时间的影响。     

反应性动态加入对脉冲堆中子脉冲波形的影响

在点堆模型基础上开发了脉冲模拟程序,该程序考虑了缓发中子效应、裂变热反馈效应和脉冲棒的行进过程,可以描述脉冲堆爆发脉冲全过程的中子强度、裂变能以及反应性的变化,并经过实验数据验证。用该程序计算CFBR-Ⅱ堆在反应性动态加载过程中全波形、峰功率、反应性等脉冲特征参数,结果表明:脉冲引发的越晚,其峰功率和裂变产额越大,而且其最大裂变产额与静态爆发脉冲情况下的裂变产额相同。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Radioactivity levels in soil of salt field area,Kelambakkam,Tamilnadu,India

Soil samples in and around salt field area have been analyzed for natural radioactivity concentration using gamma ray spectrometer.The activity concentration for ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K are ranged from 27.88 to 45.27 Bq/kg, from BDL to 13.30 Bq/kg,and from 135.54 to 381.28 Bq/kg,respectively.The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with world average activity of soil.The average activity concentration of ~(232)Th in the present study is 1.19 times higher than world median value while the activity of ~(238)U and ~(40)K is found to be lower. The absorbed dose rates due to these radionuclides were calculated.The average absorbed gamma dose rate due to the presence of ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K in soil samples is 36.99 nGy·h~(-1).These results indicate no radiological anomaly. The data presented in this study will serve as a base line survey for primordial radionuclides concentration in the study area.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.