压水堆下腔室流量分布数值分析

建立了压水堆下腔室流场的三维数值计算模型,计算了不同环腔厚度和环腔内冷却剂速度条件下,下腔室内冷却剂的流场,分析了环腔厚度和环腔内冷却剂速度对下腔室流向堆芯的流量分布的影响。入口速度不同或环腔厚度不同,在下腔内冷却剂流动形成漩涡的位置、大小和流动速度均会发生改变,导致通过流量孔板通孔的流量分布不同。入口速度较低时,流量孔板上所有通孔的流量分布比较均匀,在平均值附近波动,流量最高的通孔小组出现在边缘处;入口速度较高时,流量明显地呈现出中心高边缘低的特点。通孔小组的流量最大值随着环腔厚度增加由孔板的中心向边缘移动。     

摇摆条件下矩形通道内冷却剂温度与流场分析

运用流体计算软件模拟计算和分析了处于船用反应堆某处的矩形冷却剂通道在随船体摇摆运动时冷却剂的温度和流场。在计算过程中,考虑了由于船体摇摆运动而引起的流量孔板流量分配的变化对矩形通道入口速度的影响。由计算结果发现,在船体摇摆过程中,通道内冷却剂温度和流场是由船体运动而造成的通道入口冷却剂平均流速变化和通道随船体摇摆共同作用的结果。当通道入口冷却剂平均流速变化较大时,通道内冷却剂温度和流场的变化主要体现了冷却剂流量变化;而当通道入口冷却剂平均流速变化较小时,通道随船体摇摆对冷却剂温度和流场的影响明显。     

压水反应堆下腔室流动特性数值模拟分析

压水反应堆冷却剂在下腔室内的流动间接影响着堆芯功率分布的变化,为了掌握某新型反应堆下腔室设计的内部冷却剂流动特性并获取重要的流动参数数据,采用ANSYS WORKBENCH建立了下腔室原型结构的三维全尺寸计算模型,利用计算流体力学程序CFX对冷却剂在下腔室内的流动过程进行了数值模拟,获得了最佳估算流量条件下的下腔室内部流场和压力场分布,以及下腔室出口区域的流量分配以及典型结构的压降。计算结果表明该反应堆下腔室的冷却剂出口流量整体分配均匀,但呈现从中心区域到边缘区域的缓慢衰减;内部冷却剂流动导致的最大压力出现在四个径向支承块位置;下腔室内部典型结构的流动阻力大小依次为二次支承组件,均流板和堆芯支承下板。     

压力容器下腔室冷却剂流动特性数值模拟研究

压力容器流场特性是反应堆热工水力设计的重要依据之一。论文采用三维数值模拟方法,建立了包括进口及环形下降段、下腔室及堆芯进口段、堆芯段的华龙一号反应堆压力容器下腔室分析模型,并采用多孔介质模拟堆芯段压降及流动,在网格数量级敏感性分析的基础上确定了最终网格模型,对运行工况下压力容器下腔室冷却剂的流动特性进行了研究。结果表明,下腔室出现逆时针漩涡流动,冷却剂在冲刷格架板后在下腔室底部汇集并向上流入堆芯;通过分析格架板的上、下表面压差发现大、小格架板所受水力冲击方向相反,载荷大小相近;对下堆芯板流水孔归一化流量分配进行了分析。通过求解附加标量浓度输运方程以标记并跟踪冷却剂的分布和交混,结果表明冷却剂随着流动发生逆时针横向交混,平均有43.7%的冷却剂份额会偏移至逆时针的相邻堆芯进口位置,表明交混特性较好。     

水平加速条件下矩形通道内冷却剂温度与流场分析

运用流体计算软件模拟计算和分析了处于船用反应堆某处的矩形冷却剂通道在随船体水平加速运动时冷却剂的温度和流场，考虑了由于船体加速运动而引起的流量孔板流量分配的变化对矩形通道入口速度的影响。计算结果表明，在船体的水平加速度较大时，通道出口冷却剂的温度与流场的变化很大，但持续时间较短。     

小型压水堆压力容器内部三维流场计算

反应堆安全分析过程中，获得反应堆压力容器内部准确的流场至关重要。以小型压水堆为研究对象，运用计算流体力学（CFD）方法对反应堆压力容器内部流场进行计算分析，获得燃料组件流量分配和下封头混合特性。结果表明:两泵高速对称入口条件下，燃料组件流量分配系数最大值为1.032，最小值为0.934，且流量整体分布呈现“中间大、边缘小”的特点；一泵高速非对称入口条件下，下封头流动漩涡增强，燃料组件流量分配的不均性增大；下封头混合特性计算得到堆芯入口冷却剂流量混合因子最小值为0.022，下封头冷却剂混合能力不足。      

中国先进研究堆堆芯流量分配计算

针对中国先进研究堆(CARR)正常运行强迫循环工况和自然循环工况下堆芯内冷却剂流动方向相反的特点,开发了堆芯流量分配计算程序。程序针对这两种运行工况进行了全堆芯的数值模拟,得出堆芯流量分配计算结果和非对称冷却条件下板状燃料元件的温度场。计算发现两种工况下堆芯内各通道的流量份额变化不大,表明流量分配主要取决于通道几何形状和尺寸,基本可以忽略功率分布不均的影响。     

超临界水冷堆堆芯简化模型流量分配研究

选取超临界水冷堆(SCWR)燃料组件作为研究对象,在平均孔口尺寸条件下,对堆芯功率分布进行模拟,建立了热工水力计算模型并进行了程序的开发,计算出了各个并联通道内的冷却剂流量以及相关参数分布.结果表明,平均孔口尺寸条件得到的各组群燃料通道轴向密度分布、堆芯功率分布存在较大的不均匀性,致使流量分配存在较大的差异;通过增大高功率组群的孔板尺寸即可得到较为合理的热工水力参数分布.     

熔盐球床堆径向流堆芯的热工水力分析

核热泉(NHS)堆是一种新型熔盐球床概念设计堆,其冷却剂径向流过堆芯,具有满功率自然循环特性。基于多孔介质局部非热平衡模型,利用计算流体力学(CFD)通用软件Fluent计算核热泉堆径向流堆芯的热工水力特性,并比较了不同的内、外孔板开孔率的影响。结果表明,内孔板开孔率对冷却剂流量分布影响较大;燃料中心温度具有相当的安全裕量,冷却剂横向流过堆芯的阻力远低于浮升力,能够实现全回路的自然循环。     

CEFR堆芯围桶开孔处温度场及流场分析

应用CFX对堆芯围桶开孔处温度场及流场进行模拟计算并对结果进行分析。利用模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ分别计算得到堆芯围桶开孔处的温度场及流场,并得到在正常工况下堆芯围桶开孔处钠的流动方向。计算验证了事故余热排出系统（CAPX）水台架的试验结果,为CEFR堆芯围桶开孔的安全分析打下基础。     

一种液态燃料熔盐堆堆芯流量分配设计

在液态燃料熔盐堆(Molten salt reactor,MSR)热工水力设计中,为实现堆芯径向功率展平需对堆芯流量分配进行设计,使得堆芯进口流量分布正比于释热量分布,而下腔室结构和流场分布对堆芯流量分配起决定性作用。利用FLUENT软件对堆芯三维流场进行模拟,通过调节下腔室结构和流量分配装置,对下腔室流场分布进行优化,最终实现堆芯流量合理分配。数值模拟结果表明,喇叭状下腔室比椭球形下腔室熔盐通道流量标准差降低4.2%,设置流量分配板熔盐通道流量标准差降低29.2%;改变下腔室结构和设置流量分配装置能够较好调节流量分配和功率分布匹配性,该结果可为液态熔盐堆堆芯优化设计提供依据。     

小型压水堆压力容器内部三维流场计算

In the reactor safety analysis process, it is important to obtain an accurate flow field inside the pressure vessel. Taking the small pressurized water reactor as the research object, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to calculate and analyze the internal flow field of the reactor pressure vessel, and the fuel assembly flow distribution and the lower head mixing characteristics were obtained. The results show that the maximum flow distribution coefficient of the fuel assembly is 1.032, the minimum value is 0.934, and the overall flow distribution is characterized by “large in the middle and small in the edge” under the high-speed symmetrical inlet condition of the two pumps. The flow vortex of the lower head is enhanced, and the uneven distribution of the flow distribution of the fuel assembly is increased, under the high-speed asymmetric inlet condition of the pump. The minimum mixing factor of the coolant flow at the core inlet was calculated to be 0.022 due to the insufficient mixing characteristics of the lower head.     

快中子通量实验堆失流事故三维数值模拟

为验证计算流体动力学（CFD）方法在钠冷快堆失流事故模拟计算中的可靠性和可行性,针对快中子通量实验堆（FFTF）,建立了包含冷池、热池、堆芯在内的全三维模型,其中堆芯组件简化为多孔介质模型,堆芯保留了盒间特征,各类隔板简化为无厚度面。失流事故下主要参数计算结果与实验数据的对比表明,CFD方法能有效捕捉冷池、热池以及盒间复杂的流动换热现象,堆芯最热组件的位置在瞬态过程发生了变化,热管段出口温度与实验值符合良好,装有温度测点的组件出口温度模拟值较实验值低。CFD方法仍需针对组件盒间进行相应的模型开发和验证,此外还需进行大量全堆级别的实验验证,以保证计算结果的合理性。     

Boron dilution transients during natural circulation flow in PWR—Experiments and CFD simulations

Coolant mixing in the cold leg, downcomer and the lower plenum of pressurized water reactors is an important phenomenon mitigating the reactivity insertion into the core. Therefore, mixing of the de-borated slugs with the ambient coolant in the reactor pressure vessel was investigated at the four loops 1:5 scaled Rossendorf coolant mixing model (ROCOM) mixing test facility. In particular thermal hydraulics analyses have shown, that weakly borated condensate can accumulate in the pump loop seal of those loops, which do not receive a safety injection. After refilling of the primary circuit, natural circulation in the stagnant loops can re-establish simultaneously and the de-borated slugs are shifted towards the reactor pressure vessel (RPV).In the ROCOM experiments, the length of the flow ramp and the initial density difference between the slugs and the ambient coolant was varied. From the test matrix experiments with 0 resp. 2% density difference between the de-borated slugs and the ambient coolant were used to validate the CFD software ANSYS CFX. To model the effects of turbulence on the mean flow a higher order Reynolds stress turbulence model was employed and a mesh consisting of 6.4 million hybrid elements was utilized. Only the experiments and CFD calculations with modeled density differences show stratification in the downcomer. Depending on the degree of density differences the less dense slugs flow around the core barrel at the top of the downcomer. At the opposite side, the lower borated coolant is entrained by the colder safety injection water and transported to the core. The validation proves that ANSYS CFX is able to simulate appropriately the flow field and mixing effects of coolant with different densities.     

Two-phase flow phenomena in full-scale reactor geometry

For the investigation of two-phase flow phenomena in full scale reactor geometry, a series of experiments were carried out at the Upper Plenum Test Facility UPTF, which represents the primary system of a 1300 MWe Pressurized Water Reactor with upper plenum, downcomer and primary main coolant pipes in 1:1 reactor scale.UPTF was the German contribution to the international 2D/3D project established by the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI), the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) of the United States of America, and the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (BMFT) of the Federal Republic of Germany.Large scale findings of the UPTF tests, related to two-phase flow phenomena in the downcomer, in the upper plenum, at the upper core tie plate, and in the main coolant pipes, will be discussed. The application of the UPTF test results for the validation of analytical models will be demonstrated.     

VVER型反应堆堆芯流量分配与组件冷却剂温升CFD分析

利用计算流体力学程序CFX对VVER-1000型反应堆三维流场进行模拟,并计算了热组件冷却剂的温升。结果表明,燃料组件流量分配系数最大值为1.12,最小值为0.92;热组件流量分配系数约为0.97;偏离工况条件下,热组件冷却剂温升均高于当前温升预警限值ΔTt。该分析结果可为核电站运行中ΔTt的设定提供参考。     

Experimental determination of the boron concentration distribution in the primary circuit of a PWR after a postulated cold leg small break loss-of-coolant-accident with cold leg safety injection

It is known that under-borated coolant can accumulate in the loops and that it can be transported towards the reactor core during a loss-of-coolant-accident. Therefore, the mixing of weakly borated water inside the reactor pressure vessel was investigated using the ROCOM test facility. Wire-mesh sensors based on electrical conductivity measurement are used to measure in detail the spreading of a tracer solution in the facility. The mixing in the downcomer was observed with a measuring grid of 64 azimuthal and 32 vertical positions. The resulting distribution of the boron concentration at the core inlet was measured with a sensor integrated into the lower core support plate providing one measurement position at the entry into each fuel assembly.

The boundary conditions for this mixing experiment are taken from an experiment at the thermal hydraulic test facility PKL operated by AREVA Germany. The slugs, which have a lower density, accumulate in the upper part of the downcomer after entering the vessel. The ECC water injected into the reactor pressure vessel falls almost straight down through this weakly borated water layer and accelerates as it drops over the height of the downcomer. On the outer sides of the ECC streak, lower borated coolant admixes and flows together with the ECC water downwards. This has been found to be the only mechanism of transporting the lower borated water into the lower plenum. In the core inlet plane, a reduced boron concentration is detected only in the outer reaches of the core inlet. The minimum instantaneous boron concentration that was measured at a single fuel element inlet was found to be 66.3% of the initial 2500 ppm.     

反应堆压力容器下降段水-蒸汽CCFL实验与模型研究

为探究反应堆压力容器下降段在喷放末期冷段安注过程中的水-蒸汽逆流特性,建立下降段逆向流动限制(CCFL)模型,开展了基于压力容器模化本体的下降段CCFL实验研究以及建模分析。通过实验研究获得了不同入口安注水流量、安注水过冷度、堆芯蒸汽流量等条件下的下降段环腔内的安注特性数据,并基于实验数据进行了CCFL建模分析。结果表明,开始发生CCFL的蒸汽无量纲流速与入口安注水无量纲流速呈现正相关,基于无量纲流速建立的模型斜率与入口安注水无量纲流速呈现高度指数关联。本文建立了适用于从不发生CCFL至不完全CCFL,再到完全CCFL的下降段水-蒸汽气液逆流全过程预测模型。