高温气冷堆热气联箱内部流场数值模拟

以高温气冷堆热气联箱为研究对象，在实验研究基础上，采用流体力学计算程序CFX5对热气联箱和热气导管内部流场进行数值模拟，以获得热气联箱和热气导管内的速度场、压力场和温度场，为高温气冷堆热气联箱的设计和实验研究提供参考。数值计算结果表明：热气联箱内气流发生剧烈搅混，加速了不同温度气流间的热传递，有利于高温和低温气流间的温度混合，存在肋片的区域未发生剧烈的气流搅混，不利于气流间的热传递；热气导管内温度混合率随其长度的增加逐渐增大，当热气导管长度为2.5m以上时，温度混合率达到99％以上。     

高温气冷堆气轮机循环的不同工质特性分析

高温气冷堆气轮机循环发电是今后核能发电的主要方向,在安全性和经济性有很强的竞争优势.本文主要对He、N2和CO2及其混合物的热物性、换热过程的传热系数、压力损失和汽轮机机械所需的级数作了比较分析.结果表明,采用以一定比例混合的He-CO2混合物作为高温气冷堆气轮机循环的工质,既能提高传热系数和减少气轮机机械的级数,又能使得压力损失不会过大.     

高温气冷堆压力容器开孔形状优化的边界元法研究

大开孔应力集中是高温气冷堆反应堆压力容器结构完整性分析的重点关注的课题之一。应力集中水平取决于开孔形状的设计。本文将三维边界元法用于高温气冷堆核电站示范工程反应堆压力容器的大开孔形状优化研究。边界元法只需在边界划分网格,在开孔形状优化过程中仅移动边界网格,避免了体积网格畸变问题。采用基于自适应生长的形状优化算法,通过应力集中区域沿法线方向生长有效降低应力。数值算例表明,该算法可方便得到具备低应力水平的优化开孔形状。     

中间换热器的传热和阻力特性

中间换热器在高温气冷堆氦气透平间接循环发电系统中是耦合高温气冷堆和氦气透平的关键部件,承担着将高温气冷堆中高温氦气的能量传递到氦气透平回路的任务.中间换热器给氦气透平的设计和运行维护带来方便,但它的传热与阻力性能不可避免地影响循环效率,因此,中间换热器的设计和选型需综合考虑传热效率、压力损失、材料性能和紧凑度等因素.本文介绍了印制板式换热器(PCHE)的主要特点,分析了它在间接循环系统中应用的可行性,重点研究了该中间换热器的传热和流动阻力特性,以及影响PCHE换热效率和压力损失的主要因素.在此基础上,提出了优化中间换热器传热和阻力特性的途径和方法.     

HTR-PM直流蒸汽发生器的建模与分析

球床模块式高温气冷堆核电站示范工程（HTR-PM）采用两座模块式高温气冷堆带一台汽轮发电机组的技术方案,为了开展其运行特性研究,清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院开发了针对HTR-PM的工程模拟机,其中螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器的模型还需进一步完善。本文深入分析了螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器的流动、换热规律,明确了蒸汽发生器一次侧和二次侧的流动与换热模型,通过对稳态工况中分布数据的详细分析,说明了模拟结果的正确性。为适应更多模块的高温气冷堆核电站的运行分析要求,通过网格划分方案的讨论与优化,在保证实时性的前提下,提高了蒸汽发生器中流动与换热模拟的准确性,为下一步采用工程模拟机开展其运行特性研究打下基础。     

高温气冷堆用石墨材料的腐蚀实验与软件模拟

在高温气冷堆进水进空气事故下,空气和水蒸气会与堆内的石墨材料发生化学腐蚀反应,从而可能影响反应堆的安全。为研究高温气冷堆内石墨材料的氧化腐蚀特性,本文利用气相色谱法实验测量了IG-110石墨在不同温度和不同气体组分配比情况下的腐蚀速率及腐蚀产物,并利用THERMIX/REACT软件对整个石墨腐蚀过程进行了模拟。研究结果表明：反应温度对石墨腐蚀的影响最为显著,腐蚀速率随着温度的升高而增大,同时随着温度升高,CO与CO₂的含量比也逐渐增大。通过与实验结果对比分析,验证了THERMIX/REACT软件用于高温气冷堆安全分析的可靠性。     

高温气冷堆回热循环及透平机组的初步研究

结合了模块式高温气冷堆与气体透平循环技术的高温堆气体透平循环是核电领域中的全新概念，为提高核电的安全性和经济性提供了新的思路，具有很强的竞争优势。其中，高温气冷堆回热循环是该方案的主流。在高温堆回热循环方案中，氦气透平机组的工作介质为氦气，其物性与空气有很大的不同，因此，氦气透平与燃气透平在热力参数、气动参数、尺寸、级数等方面有着较大的差别。本研究对回热循环以及氦气透平进行了初步分析，并通过与燃气透平的比较，揭示了回热循环与氦气透平的一些基本设计特点。     

模块式高温气冷堆超临界循环一次再热方案研究

基于模块式高温气冷堆先进技术和超临界蒸汽动力循环先进技术,研究了高温气冷堆模块与超临界蒸汽动力循环耦合配置方案。结合超临界热力循环理论及模块化高温气冷堆的特性,研究了超临界热力循环方案及相应的循环参数。针对标准一次再热循环,研究了反应堆模块与汽轮机组匹配模式;计算了循环可能达到的效率,并与先进压水堆效率进行了比较。结果表明：模块化高温气冷堆超临界循环效率比压水堆电厂约高30%。本研究结果可作为高温气冷堆超临界循环电站概念设计的理论基础,为进一步的技术研究与方案设计提供依据。     

HTR—10石墨球与燃料球均匀混合装料初装堆方案研究

分析了球床式高温气冷堆几种可能的初装堆方案的特点，选取石墨球与燃料球均匀混合作为１０ＭＷ高温气冷实验堆的初装堆方案。利用高温气冷堆物理设计程序ＶＳＯＰ进行计算，分析屯ＨＴＲ－１０从初始装料向平衡态过渡过程中的倒换料方式，最大单球功率及最大燃耗变化情况。     

高温气冷堆联合循环技术潜力研究

模块式高温气冷堆与燃气联合循环发电分别代表着当今核能界和常规发电界的最先进技术,两者的结合为提高核电的安全性和经济性提供了一条新的思路,是一个极具竞争优势的选择方案。本文通过分析高温气冷堆和联合循环的现状及发展趋势,着重从今后10～20年技术潜力的角度研究高温气冷堆联合循环技术,并给出各种堆芯出口温度条件下的循环方案。例如,堆芯出口温度为1050℃,循环效率可达51.4%。     

Coolant flow field in a real geometry of PWR downcomer and lower plenum

Nuclear vendors and utilities perform numerous simulations and analyses in order to ensure the safe operation of nuclear power plants (NPPs). In general, the simulations are carried out using vendor-specific design codes and best-estimate system analysis codes, most of which were developed based on one-dimensional lumped parameter models. During the past decade, however, computers, parallel computation methods, and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes have been dramatically enhanced. The use of advanced commercial CFD codes is considered beneficial in the safety analysis and design of NPPs. The present work analyzes the flow distribution in the downcomer and lower plenum of Korean standard nuclear power plants (KSNPs) using STAR-CD. The lower plenum geometry of a PWR is very complicated since there are so many reactor internals, which hinders in CFD analysis for real reactor geometry up to now. The present work takes advantage of 3D CAD model so that real geometry of a PWR is used. The results give a clear figure about flow fields in the downcomer and lower plenum of a PWR, which is one of major safety concerns.     

三环路压水堆压力容器上腔室交混矩阵数值研究

使用STAR-CCM+软件对三环路压水堆压力容器上腔室流场进行了大规模、精细化三维数值模拟，并采用组分跟踪方法分别对157个燃料组件出口冷却剂流动进行计算，构造了一个具有3×157个元素的“上腔室交混矩阵”，用该矩阵即可定量、精确地描述冷却剂从堆芯流出后，经上腔室内交混并再分配到各热管道的复杂流动过程。研究发现堆芯流出的冷却剂在压力容器上腔室内的交混是并不充分的，径向上不同位置燃料组件流出的冷却剂会在上腔室同热管道的接口区域存在明显的对应关系，而燃料组件径向功率分布的差异必然导致热管道中冷却剂热分层现象的产生。      

反应堆压力容器下腔室交混特性的数值模拟方法研究

反应堆冷却剂系统蒸汽管道发生破口事故后,硼溶液在反应堆压力容器下腔室的对流交混特性对于反应堆安全分析及事故后缓解与抑制策略制定均有重要作用。本文基于实验结果分析了反应堆压力容器下腔室的交混特性及浓度扩散过程,采用数值模拟方法结合实验数据比较了几种主要模型计算结果的准确性与可靠性。分析结果表明,压力容器下腔室的交混特性呈现出外围扩散特征,温度梯度法与组分输运模型具备描述浓度梯度扩散过程的能力,但在细节分布上仍存在进一步改善与优化的空间。     

Fuel assembly design study for a reactor with supercritical water

The European concept of the High Performance Light Water Reactor (HPLWR) differs from current light water reactors in a higher system pressure beyond the critical point of water, as well as a higher heat-up of the coolant within the core and thus higher core outlet temperatures, leading to a significant increase in turbine power and thermal efficiency of the power plant. The motivation to develop a novel fuel assembly for the HPLWR is caused by the high variation of coolant density in the core by more than a factor of seven. A systematic design study shows that a square fuel assembly with two rows of fuel rods and a central moderator box is best to minimize the structural material, to optimize the moderator to fuel ratio and to reduce differences of fuel rod power. Using neutronic and thermal-hydraulic analyses, a detailed mechanical design of a fuel assembly of the HPLWR has been worked out. Moreover, concepts for the head piece, the foot piece, the steam plenum and the lower mixing plenum, including the lower core plate, have been developed to account for the individual flow paths of this reactor. These allow a leak-tight counter current flow of moderator water and coolant as well as uniform mixing of different mass flows. The assembly design concept can be used as a general key component for any advanced core design of this reactor.     

CFD analysis of PWR core top and reactor vessel upper plenum internal subdomain models

One aspect of the Westinghouse AP1000™¹ reactor design is the reduction in the number of major components and simplification in manufacturing. One design change relative to current Westinghouse reactors of similar size is that AP1000 reactor vessel has two nozzles/hot legs instead of three. With regard to fuel performance, this design difference creates a different flow field in the reactor vessel upper plenum. The flow exiting from the core and entering the upper plenum must turn toward one of the two outlet nozzles and flow laterally around numerous control rod guide tubes and support columns. Also, below the upper plenum are the upper core plate and the top core region of the 157 fuel assemblies and 69 guidetube assemblies.To determine how the lateral flow in the top of the core and upper plenum compares to the current reactors a CFD model of the flow in the upper portion of the AP1000 reactor vessel was created.Before detailed CFD simulations of the flow in the entire upper plenum and top core regions were performed, conducting local simulations for smaller sections of the domain provided crucial and detailed physical aspects of the flow. These sub-domain models were used to perform mesh sensitivities and to assess what geometrical details may be eliminated from the larger model in order to reduce mesh size and computational requirements. In this paper, CFD analysis is presented for two subdomain models: the top core region and control rod guide tube region. These models are chosen for simulation because guide tube and top core region (including top grid, top nozzle, and hold-down device) are the major components of upper plenum effecting the flow patterns and pressure distribution.The top core region, corresponding to ¼ of fuel assembly, includes components as upper part of the fuel assemblies (top grid, fuel rods, top nozzle), core component hold-down devices, and upper core plates. These components distribute the core flow to different sections of guidetube regions. Mesh sensitivity studies have been conducted for each individual part in order to determine the proper geometrical simplifications. Pressure drop measurement data are compared with the predicted CFD results and act as a guideline for the mesh selection.The guidetube region includes control rod guidetubes themselves, adjacent support columns and open regions. In this study, two models of subdomains are analyzed: (1) a ¼ section of one control rod guide tube by itself and (2) a representative unit cell containing two ¼ sections of adjacent control rod guide tubes and one ¼ section of a neighboring support column.Predicted flow rates at each of the outflow locations in conjunction with results from the mesh sensitivity studies provide guidance on (1) what geometry to preserve or remove, (2) what geometry can be simplified to reduce the required mesh, and (3) an estimate of the total mesh required to model the entire upper plenum and top fuel domain.The commercial CFD code STAR-CCM+ is employed to generate the computational mesh, to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible flow with a Realizable k–? turbulence model, and to post-process the results.     

Computational fluid dynamic analysis of core bypass flow phenomena in a prismatic VHTR

The core bypass flow in a prismatic very high temperature reactor (VHTR) is an important design consideration and can have considerable impact on the condition of reactor core internals including fuels. The interstitial gaps are an inherent presence in the reactor core because of tolerances in manufacturing the blocks and the inexact nature of their installation. Furthermore, the geometry of the graphite blocks changes over the lifetime of the reactor because of thermal expansion and irradiation damage. The occurrence of hot spots in the core and lower plenum and hot streaking in the lower plenum (regions of very hot gas flow) are affected by bypass flow.     

秦山二期核电厂反应堆下腔室交混特性CFD分析研究

运用CFD方法对秦山二期核电厂反应堆下腔室的冷却剂流动及交混特性进行了计算分析,并与反应堆整体水力模拟试验结果进行对比。结果显示:对于堆芯入口流量分配特性,无论采用迎风差分格式还是高精度差分格式,CFD计算结果均与试验结果符合较好;对于下腔室交混特性,两种差分格式的计算结果均与试验结果差异较大,相对而言,迎风格式的计算结果在最大与最小交混因子方面与试验结果更接近。进一步分析发现,是否考虑主泵引起的螺旋流动很可能是造成计算与试验结果偏差的主要原因。     

Simulation of mixing effects in a VVER-1000 reactor

This work has been performed in the framework of the OECD/NEA thermalhydraulic benchmark V1000CT-2. This benchmark is related to fluid mixing in the reactor vessel during a MSLB accident scenario in a VVER-1000 reactor. Coolant mixing in a VVER-1000 V320 reactor was investigated in plant experiments during the commissioning of the Unit 6 of the Kozloduy nuclear power plant. Non-uniform and asymmetric loop flow mixing in the reactor vessel has been observed in the event of symmetric main coolant pump operation. For certain flow conditions, the experimental evidence of an azimuthal shift of the main loop flows with respect to the cold leg axes (swirl) was found.Such asymmetric flow distribution was analyzed with the Trio_U code. Trio_U is a CFD code developed by the CEA Grenoble, aimed to supply an efficient computational tool to simulate transient thermalhydraulic turbulent flows encountered in nuclear systems. For the presented study, a LES approach was used to simulate turbulent mixing. Therefore, a very precise tetrahedral mesh with more than 10 million control volumes has been created.The Trio_U calculation has correctly reproduced the measured rotation of the flow when the CAD data of the constructed reactor pressure vessel where used. This is also true for the comparison of cold leg to assembly mixing coefficients. Using the design data, the calculated swirl was significantly underestimated. Due to this result, it might be possible to improve with CFD calculations the lower plenum flow mixing matrices which are usually used in system codes.     

华龙一号反应堆下腔室结构优化设计

在华龙一号反应堆结构设计中，为提高反应堆结构的安全性，将堆芯测量探测器从反应堆下腔室引出改为从反应堆压力容器顶盖引出，下腔室结构发生改变，影响了堆芯入口流场的均匀性，故需要重新设计下腔室搅混结构以使流场分布均匀。通过对比百万千瓦级国产化二代改进型压水堆（CNP1000）、百万千瓦级先进非能动型压水堆（AP1000）及欧洲先进压水堆（EPR）3种堆型反应堆下腔室结构，结合华龙一号自身下腔室结构特点，借鉴其他堆型以及提出新型结构，共提出了4种结构优化方案，分别对不同方案进行建模并利用计算流体力学（CFD）分析软件进行计算，从结构、制造、安装及流场分析等方面对4种新型下腔室搅混结构和CNP1000下腔室搅混结构进行对比分析，得出采用流量分配板结构的反应堆下腔室搅混结构为最优方案，其既能均匀搅混下腔室流场，又能使堆芯入口流量分配均匀。      

Analysis of the hot gas flow in the outlet plenum of the very high temperature reactor using coupled RELAP5-3D system code and a CFD code

The very high temperature reactor (VHTR) system behavior should be predicted during normal operating conditions and postulated accident conditions. The plant accident scenario and the passive safety behavior should be accurately predicted. Uncertainties in passive safety behavior could have large effects on the resulting system characteristics. Due to these performance issues in the VHTR, there is a need for development, testing and validation of design tools to demonstrate the feasibility of the design concepts and guide the improvement of the plant components. One of the identified design issues for the gas-cooled reactor is the thermal mixing of the coolant exiting the core into the outlet plenum. Incomplete thermal mixing may give rise to thermal stresses in the downstream components. To provide flow details, the analysis presented in this paper was performed by coupling a VHTR model generated in a thermal hydraulic systems code to a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) outlet plenum model. The outlet conditions obtained from the systems code VHTR model provide the inlet boundary conditions to the CFD outlet plenum model. By coupling the two codes in this manner, the important three-dimensional flow effects in the outlet plenum are well modeled while avoiding modeling the entire reactor with a computationally expensive CFD code. The values of pressure, mass flow rate and temperature across the coupled boundary showed differences of less than 5% in every location except for one channel. The coupling auxiliary program used in this analysis can be applied to many different cases requiring detailed three-dimensional modeling in a small portion of the domain.