激光高压状态方程铝铜阻抗匹配靶的理论研究

重点研究了激光驱动冲击波在嵌金层的组合靶中传播规律、金层对超热电子的屏蔽作用和对冲击波的致稳作用。给出了铝铜阻抗匹配靶基底的设计原则。设计了实验用的组合靶及不嵌金层的简单靶。对1989年在“神光”激光器上获取的实验数据进行了理论处理和分析,确认在铜样品中获得了0.8TPa的高压,而且冲击波测量误差≤5％。铝铜阻抗匹配实验取得了成功,得到的铜的高压冲击压缩数据与Nellis等人1988年发表的实验结果(包含地下核爆实验结果)拟合曲线非常接近。     

激光高压状态方程铝铜阻抗匹配靶的理论研究

重点研究了激光驱动冲击波在嵌金层的组合靶中传播规律、金层对超热电子的屏蔽作用和对冲击波的致稳作用。给出了铝铜阻抗匹配靶基底的设计原则。设计了实验用的组合靶及不嵌金层的简单靶。对1989年在“神光”激光器上获取的实验数据进行了理论处理和分析,确认在铜样品中获得了0.8TPa的高压,而且冲击波测量误差≤5％。铝铜阻抗匹配实验取得了成功,得到的铜的高压冲击压缩数据与Nellis等人1988年发表的实验结果(包含地下核爆实验结果)拟合曲线非常接近。     

状态方程靶的纳米胶连复合技术研究

为了模拟和解释材料在激光冲击产生的高应变率和压力下的实验现象，物理实验对状态方程实验靶多层材料之间的胶层厚度提出了亚微米级的需求。针对现有复合方法的不足，本文采用引发式化学气相沉积方法制备固体原胶薄膜，并采用液相活化方法对原胶薄膜进行活化和固化，实现了状态方程实验靶的亚微米级无损胶连复合。采用多种表征技术对纳米胶连复合样品的胶层厚度及形貌进行表征，胶层厚度为亚微米级，最薄时仅300 nm。本文所报道的纳米胶连复合方法能为激光加载压缩物理实验的精度提高和实验结果的准确解释提供制靶技术保障。     

温度梯度对冷冻靶微管充气过程的影响

采用基于燃料室和靶室独立控温的温度梯度法开展了冷冻靶微管可控充气技术研究。理论计算结合实验研究了不同尺寸靶球充气过程中温度梯度对燃料注入过程的影响。结果表明,充气结束时燃料室最终温度变化对燃料初始注入量的差值影响随靶球尺寸变化不明显,即通过温度梯度法实现燃料可控注入的途径对任何尺寸靶球均适用。随着靶球尺寸的增大,燃料在充气管处液化时所需温度梯度越小,燃料注入过程温度梯度控制范围越大,燃料注入量控制精度越高。对于内径2 mm的靶球、1.6 mL燃料室,当燃料室温度升至75 K时,燃料注入量控制精度达±3 μm/K。这些结果为冷冻靶燃料高精度加载技术研究提供了重要基础。     

轧制钨板在氦源高热流作用下的形貌演化

为研究轧制钨在氦粒子流与高热流协同作用下的表面形貌演化过程,利用德国马普等离子体物理研究所的GLADIS设备对轧制钨板进行了氦源高热流加载实验。结果表明,样品温度对损伤形貌影响显著:低温加载时逐渐发生表面起泡及气泡破裂,且较大尺寸气泡集中分布在近001取向区域;高温加载时观察到多孔/珊瑚状结构;中温加载时则呈现出两种损伤形貌的混合。研究认为,表面损伤形貌的形成由表面起泡和珊瑚状结构演化两个过程共同控制。样品温度影响氦在钨中的扩散,从而影响两者的相对强弱,得到不同的损伤形貌。研究发现,辐照剂量的增加也会使得损伤形貌最终向多孔/珊瑚状结构转化。     

14.8 MeV中子诱发78Kr(n,2n)77Kr反应截面的测量

快中子诱发(n,2n)反应截面的测量在核反应机制研究和核技术应用等方面有着广泛的应用价值。本文在中国原子能科学研究院的高压倍加器上,基于活化法实验测量了78Kr(n,2n)77Kr在148 MeV能点的反应截面。样品靶为高纯78Kr气体样品,用十万分之一天平称重得到78Kr的质量,将两片高纯93Nb薄片分别固定在样品靶两侧以监测中子注量率。利用T(d,n)4He反应产生148 MeV中子,轰击距中子源约10 cm的样品靶大于4 h后,用准确刻度过效率的HPGe探测器测量活化产物 77Kr和92Nbm的活度。利用蒙特卡罗程序计算中子注量率修正、样品自吸收修正、样品几何修正等因子,得到了78Kr(n,2n)77Kr的反应截面,并将结果与文献值和评价数据库进行了比较。研究结果有助于提高78Kr(n, 2n)77Kr反应截面测量和评价的水平。     

惯性约束聚变低温冷冻氘氚靶制备技术

低温冷冻氘氚靶对于惯性约束聚变研究至关重要，主要有塑料微球靶、金属铍球靶、泡沫球壳靶等。根据微球球壳材质的不同，采用不同的低温冷冻氘氚靶制备技术。塑料微球靶采用“高压充氘氚-冷冻法”或“充气管充气法”；金属铍球靶采用“低温、低压冷凝法”或“高温、高压扩散连接半球壳法”；多孔泡沫球壳靶采用“球壳材料吸附氘氚液体法”。本文简述上述技术和方法的发展状况和趋势。     

等离子喷涂方法制备的钼基体Al2O3涂层性能初步分析

给出了不同工艺制备钼基体Al2O3涂层的初步性能分析结果。等离子喷涂工艺由北京航空工艺研究所完成,包括基体与涂层之间的NiCrAl过渡层喷涂、无NiCrAl过渡层的Al2O3喷涂。喷涂时使用的保护性气体为Ar、N2,Al2O3涂层厚度为0.20mm、0.40mm。 对首批等离子喷涂8种工艺共94块样品进行了涂层结合强度试验、抗热冲击性能测试和金相分析,初步结果如下。 1）结合强度试验 采用拉伸方法进行结合强度测量,测得有过渡层样品的结合强度为5MPa左右,无过渡层样品的结合强度为30MPa。试验过程中,过渡层与基体完全脱离。其它工艺参数下制备样品的结     

高功率离子束模拟材料的X射线热-力学效应研究

主要介绍了利用高功率离子束模拟1keV黑体辐射X射线对材料的热—力学效应(thermal—mechanical effects)的初步研究结果。计算了“闪光二号”加速器产生的高功率离子束(质子束)和1keV黑体辐射X射线在材料中的能量沉积剖面，计算结果表明二者的能量沉积范围和剖面变化趋势基本一致。给出了利用“闪光二号”加速器高功率离子束辐照不同材料样品的初步实验结果。所辐照的样品表面镀层被剥离掉，Cu和Al样品表面有明显的熔融痕迹，样品的质量损失约几十毫克，3mm厚的石墨样品碎裂成数块，1mm厚的Al靶形变达到6mm。实测的5mm厚硬Al靶背面应力波峰值约35MPa。因而可以利用“闪光二号”加速器产生的高功率离子束模拟1keV黑体辐射X射线的热—力学效应。     

激光平面金靶耦合物理及其规律的研究

激光靶耦合物理是激光聚变的重要组成部分。利用“LTX-1”程序较全面地研究了激光平面金靶耦合问题,弄清了激光产生X光的物理过程,发射机制,以及有关的数值定标规律,所得结果与国外发表的数据基本一致。给出了一些解析结果,并与数值计算作了比较。     

Experimental Study on Light Flash Radiant Intensity Generated by Strong Shock 2A12 Aluminum Plate

In order to study the light flash radiant intensity produced by strong shock on a 2A12 aluminum target at the same projectile incidence angles and different shock velocities,experimental measurements were conducted for light flash phenomena of a 2A12 aluminum projectile impacting a 2A12 aluminum target under the conditions of different impact velocity and the same projectile incidence angles of 45° by using an optical pyrometer measurement system and a two-stage light gas gun loading system.Experimental results show that the peak values of the light flash radiant intensity for the wavelength of 550 nm are largest in the wavelength ranges of 600 nm,650 nm and 700 nm when a 2A12 aluminum projectile impacts a double-layer 2A12 aluminum plate in the present experimental conditions.     

长脉冲KrF激光驱动高速飞片实验研究

利用侧向阴影成像技术开展了激光驱动高速金属飞片实验研究,并介绍了飞片实验系统与条纹相机时空标定结果。实验在辐照激光波长248 nm、脉宽28 ns、能量100 J、功率密度1.8×10¹²W/cm²的条件下加速带有50 μm烧蚀层的5 μm铝飞片至10 km/s左右。讨论了不同条件下加速过程的区别,分析了冲击波对飞片加速过程的影响,并从铝、钽飞片实验对比中发现激光烧蚀不同材料的能量转化效率是不同的。     

自然对流欠热沸腾系统声压波动频域分析及工况识别

利用计算机数据采集技术获取了自然对流欠热沸腾系统中声压波动的动态信号，通过对典型动态数据的频域分析，结合实测声压时间序列研究，对激波的产生、倍频关系、谱峰聚合等一系列时、频现象的动力学机理进行解释，描述了自然对流欠热沸腾系统的动态发展过程。基于声压频谱，定义并构造了特征向量，通过动态聚类，对该欠热沸腾两相系统的动态过程进行了工况识别，识别结果与对时间序列的定性分析一致，这对构建核安全自动监控系统乃至沸腾两相流工况识别诊断专家系统具有重要意义。     

Effect of shock wave formation on propellant ignition in capillary discharge

In order to study the effect of shock wave formation on propellant ignition in capillary discharge, the shock wave formation process was analyzed using experimental and theoretical methods; the plasma jet temperature was measured, and closed bomb and 30 mm gun experiments were carried out. The results show that the first shock wave has a smaller value and larger range of influence, while the second shock wave has a larger value and smaller range of influence. A plasma jet can generate a shock wave at the nozzle according to the calculated plasma pressure and velocity, which is well confirmed by experiments and calculations. The plasma jet temperature is high during the formation of a shock wave and then decreases sharply. Plasma ignition can increase the burning rate of a propellant by about 30% by increasing the burning surface area of the propellant. Compared to conventional ignition, the average maximum chamber pressure and average muzzle velocity of plasma ignition are increased by 9.1 MPa and 29.3 m·s−1(∼3%), respectively, in a 30 mm gun. Plasma ignition has strong ignition ability and short ignition delay time due to the generation of a shock wave. By increasing the burning rate of the propellant, the muzzle velocity can be greatly improved when the maximum chamber pressure increases a little. The characteristics of the shock wave can be applied in the application of the capillary discharge plasma. For example, it can be applied in fusion, launching and combustion.     

Signal processing for real-time identification of similar metals by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) is regarded as a promising technique for realtime sorting of scrap metals due to its capability of fast multi-elemental and in-air analysis. This work reports a method for signal processing which ensures high accuracy and high speed during similar metal sorting by LIBS. Similar metals such as aluminum alloys or stainless steel are characterized by nearly the same constituent elements with slight variations in elemental concentration depending on metal type. In the proposed method, the original data matrix is substantially reduced for fast processing by selecting new input variables(spectral lines) using the information for the constituent elements of similar metals. Specifically, principal component analysis(PCA) of full-spectra LIBS data was performed and then, based on the loading plots, the input variables of greater significance were selected in the order of higher weights for each constituent element. The results for the classification test with aluminum alloy, copper alloy,stainless steel and cast steel showed that the classification accuracy of the proposed method was nearly the same as that of full-spectra PCA, but the computation time was reduced by a factor of 20 or more. The results demonstrated that incorporating the information for constituent elements can significantly accelerate classification speed without loss of accuracy.     

Simulation of the Effect of a Metal Vapor Arc on Electrode Erosion in Liquid Metal Current Limiting Device

The effect of arc plasma on electrode erosion in a liquid metal current limiter(LMCL)is studied.Based on a simplified two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model,the elongated GaInSn metal vapor arc and its contraction process in a liquid metal current limiter are simulated.The distributions of temperature,pressure and velocity of the arc plasma are calculated.The simulation results indicate that the electrode erosion is mainly caused by two high temperature gas jet flows arising from the pressure gradient,which is a result of the non-uniform arc temperature distribution.The gas flows,which act as jets onto the electrode surface,lead to the evaporation of the electrode material form the surface.A redesign structure of the electrode is proposed and implemented according to the analysis,which greatly increased the service life of the electrode.     

Collapsing criteria for vapor film around solid spheres as a fundamental stage leading to vapor explosion

Following a partial fuel-melting accident, a Fuel-Coolant Interaction (FCI) can result with the fragmentation of the melt into tiny droplets. A vapor film is then formed between the melt fragments and the coolant, while preventing a contact between them. Triggering, propagation and expansion typically follow the premixing stage.In the triggering stage, vapor film collapse around one or several of the fragments occurs. This collapse can be the result of fragments cooling, a sort of mechanical force, or by any other means. When the vapor film collapses and the coolant re-establishes contact with the dry surface of the hot melt, it may lead to a very rapid and rather violent boiling. In the propagation stage the shock wave front leads to stripping of the films surrounding adjacent droplets which enhance the fragmentation and the process escalates. During this process a large quantity of liquid vaporizes and its expansion can result in destructive mechanical damage to the surrounding structures. This multiphase thermal detonation in which high pressure shock wave is formed is regarded as “vapor explosion”. The film boiling and its possible collapse is a fundamental stage leading to vapor explosion. If the interaction of the melt and the coolant does not result in a film boiling, no explosion occurs.Many studies have been devoted to determine the minimum temperature and heat flux that is required to maintain a film boiling. The present experimental study examines the minimum temperature that is required to maintain a film boiling around metal spheres immersed into a liquid (subcooled distilled water) reservoir. In order to simulate fuel fragments that are small in dimension and has mirror-like surface, small spheres coated with anti-oxidation layer were used. The heat flux from the spheres was calculated from the sphere's temperature profiles and the sphere's properties. The vapor film collapse was associated with a sharp rise of the heat flux during the cooling process—from values typical for film boiling to much higher values typical for nucleate boiling. Correlations for the minimum temperature and the minimum heat flux necessary to maintain film boiling were established in terms of the subcooling level, the size of the spheres and their material.The minimum temperature to maintain film boiling was used as the principle criteria for the occurrence of vapor explosion. Other criteria, for the intensity of the vapor film collapse was derived from the maximum heat flux following the vapor film collapse, and the audible sound (which is generated by the shock wave). It is assumed that a high intensity of the vapor film collapse will result in a more efficient propagation stage and enhancement of the vapor explosion.     

基于超声波声速法的气液两相流湿度测量技术可行性研究

蒸汽是汽轮机的重要工作介质，蒸汽湿度会直接影响汽轮机组的安全和经济运行，因此实现蒸汽湿度的可靠、在线测量具有重要意义。为了验证基于超声波声速法的气液两相流湿度测量技术可行性，首先通过引入一些必要假设条件，初步提出了声速法湿度测量技术理论模型，理论分析表明，介质湿度仅是关于声速、温度和压力3个直接变量的函数，直接测量变量较少，模型整体结构比较清晰；在此基础上，以空气-液滴为对象开展冷态实验研究，进一步验证了该技术方案的可行性。实验研究结果表明，随着湿度的增加，介质声速逐渐减小，两者具有较强的线性关系，在0~20%的湿度范围内，声速变化量约为22 m/s，基于超声波声速法的两相流湿度测量技术具有一定可行性。      

On the mechanism of aluminum ignition in steam explosions

An available theory [Epstein, M., Fauske, H.K., 1994. A crystallization theory of underwater aluminum ignition. Nucl. Eng. Des. 146, 147–164] of the ignition of aluminum melt drops under water, which is based on the assumption that the aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) drop-surface skin first appears in a metastable molten state, is compared with existing experimental data on the ignition of aluminum drops behind shock waves in water [Theofanous, T.G., Chen, X., DiPiazza, P., Epstein, M., Fauske, H.K., 1994. Ignition of aluminum droplets behind shock waves in water, Phys. Fluids 6, 3513–3515]. The predicted and measured ignition temperature of about 1770 K coincides approximately with the spontaneous nucleation temperature of supercooled liquid Al₂O₃ (1760 K). This suggests that the crystallization of the oxide layer represents a strong ‘barrier’ to aluminum drop ignition under water. Apparently a similar interpretation is applicable to aluminum drop ignition in gaseous oxidizing atmospheres. We conclude from the theory that the low-temperature aluminum ignitions (in the range 1100–1600 K) that have been observed during steam explosions are a consequence of the short aluminum drop oxidation times in this environment relative to the characteristic time for Al₂O₃ crystallization. Several aspects of the aluminum drop/shock interaction experiments besides ignition are discussed in the paper. In particular, the experiments provide strong evidence that during the course of a vapor explosion metal fragmentation occurs via a thermal mechanism at low pressure and precedes the development of a high-pressure shock.     

Dynamic material property characterization by using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique

Mechanical properties of the materials used for nuclear power plants, transportations and industrial machinery under high strain rate loading conditions such as seismic loading are required to provide appropriate safety assessment to these mechanical structures. The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique with a special experimental apparatus can be used to obtain the material behavior under high strain rate loading conditions. In this paper, dynamic deformation behaviors of the aluminum alloys (Al2024-T4, Al6061-T6 and Al7075-T6) under both high strain rate compressive and tensile loading and PMMA under high strain rate compressive loading are determined using the SHPB technique.