GM计数管死时间及其对辐射测量的影响

本文阐述了GM计数管的两种死时间概念,分析了它们对辐射测量的影响,并给出了输出计数率与照射量率和两种死时间的关系式。     

Optimal Parameter Ratios Guaranteeing Safety During Reactor Startup

A method and relations are proposed for determining the optimal ratio of the parameters for putting a reactor into a critical state safely: the initial subcriticality before reactor startup, the reactivity variation step, the initial pulse frequency, the initial counting rate of the number of pulses, the frequency of the spurious signal pulse, and the sensitivity of the pulsed startup channel, the neutron-flux density at the detector site, the neutron source strength, and the frequency of the pulses in the startup channel that gives the required speed of formation of the emergency signal according to the time interval as the reactor is put into a critical state. The methods and formulas for determining the optimal parameters are obtained taking into account the statistical nature of the frequency of the detector pulses and of the spurious output signal.     

GM计数管的线性化

本文给出一种适合于所有GM计数数线性化的电路及测试结果。文中给出适于几种GM计数管死时间τ和计数率n之间关系的表达式,因而提供一个通过微机使GM计数管线性化的方法。     

中子脉冲堆积信号处理方法研究

在强辐射环境下探测中子时,探测器输出的脉冲信号时常会出现堆积的现象,从而导致脉冲波形和中子能谱的失真。本文针对脉冲堆积问题,提出了一种数字化的脉冲堆积判别与校正方法,首先通过计算脉冲信号一阶微分中的下冲过零点个数来判别脉冲堆积,然后基于构建的4种标准堆积脉冲模型（n+n、γ+γ、n+γ、γ+n）还原构成堆积的原始脉冲。实验结果表明,该方法能准确地判别脉冲堆积事件,在堆积脉冲时间间隔小至20 ns时仍能有效地还原原始脉冲,既提高了中子有效计数率又校正了畸变的中子能谱。     

基于数值微分核脉冲信号数字处理方法

核反应堆核测量系统测量探测器输出的核脉冲信号，该信号后沿拖尾很长，在计数率较高时容易产生信号堆积和基线漂移等问题，导致源区计数率测量上限仅能达到105 Hz左右。文中基于数值微分方法，采用数字处理技术，在时域上分析了核脉冲信号经过前置放大、信号成形、低通滤波和脉冲甄别后的输出，并利用探测器实测信号进行了仿真。仿真结果表明，基于数值微分的数字处理方法可以实现相邻0.4 μs脉冲信号的识别和测量，将源区测量计数率上限提升到2×106 Hz以上。      

多束脉冲作用下韧致辐射转换靶照射量模拟

20MeV的强流脉冲电子束经加速聚焦后轰击韧致辐射转换靶,在产生脉冲X光的同时将大量能量沉积在靶内,导致靶材迅速膨胀飞散。在多个束脉冲作用下,后续脉冲由于靶材密度的降低可能无法产生足够的X光照射量。本文采用Monte-Carlo软件MCNP以及流体动力学软件ANSYSAUTODYN对靶材的动力学响应以及各脉冲所能产生的照射量进行了数值模拟,结果表明,在3个间隔500ns的20MeV、2kA、70ns、束斑1.5mm（FWHM）的电子束脉冲作用下,X光照射量无明显降低。     

基于FPGA的高性能坎贝尔积分算法研究

为满足国际热核聚变实验堆的宽量程中子通量测量需求，设计了基于FPGA和交流耦合平方积分的高性能数字化坎贝尔积分算法，拥有更强γ抑制能力的同时将中子甄别系统的测量范围从10⁵ s^-1提高到10⁸ s^-1。结合²³⁵U裂变室及坎贝尔测量原理研究了数字化坎贝尔积分算法，通过仿中子脉冲实验分析了脉冲甄别计数算法和坎贝尔积分算法重叠区域的工作性能，并得出坎贝尔积分算法在不同噪声下的适用条件，从而保证测量相对误差小于5%。使用基于该算法的测量系统在HL-2A进行了现场实验，对照脉冲甄别计数算法的测量结果进行标定，二者一致性非常好，在测量重叠范围内线性系数达0.97。     

基于数字化多道谱仪的能谱计数率修正方法

受死时间影响,数字化多道谱仪(DMCA)γ能谱会发生一定程度的计数率损失,给后续的γ能谱分析带来一定的误差,因此必须对产生计数率损失的γ能谱进行修正。在数字化多道谱仪死时间模型的基础上利用Lambert W函数建立真实计数率关于实测计数率的闭式解;给出DMCA系统计数率限值的定义与快成形通道死时间最优阈值的理论计算,并结合快成形通道检测出的有用脉冲信号作为计数率修正的依据;在此基础上,提出了一种γ能谱计数率修正方法。实验结果表明该方法可有效克服因高计数率造成γ能谱计数率损失的不利影响;在输入DMCA系统(采用LaBr₃(Ce)探测器)的计数率小于1.8 Mcps的范围内使修正后的特征峰净计数率的相对固有误差控制在9%以内,并且特征峰净计数率与剂量率的线性相关系数在0.995以上,拓宽了数字化多道谱仪的应用范围。     

时不变和时变快随机脉冲发生装置

本文描述一个快随机脉冲发生装置的结构和性能。它由快光源、快光电倍增管、快甄别、快放大、快计数和负反馈稳定回路构成。时不变快随机脉冲平均计数率可接近10~8cps。时变随机脉冲可随任意时变函数变化。     

基于新存取原理的无计数损失“ADC-缓存”系统

本系统以新的数据存取方式——“DMA+N”取代古典的多道分析器(MCA)存取方式——“DMA+1”。N是计数换失修正权重因子。计数换失修正方法是基于虚拟脉冲发生器原理,修正工作用硬件实现,不需占用机器时间,从而优越于软件修正,可工作于高计数率。     

Dependence of Position Signal on Pressure of Counting Gas in Charge Division Type Position-Sensitive Proportional Counter

In the absolute radioactivity measurement of radioisotope gaseous samples with newly developed position-sensitive proportional counter (PSPC) method, it is necessary to change the counting gas pressure for the correction of the wall effect. The position signal was found to drift depending on the pressure. Theoretical explanation was given for this drift. Rise time of output pulses varies with gas pressure, which leads to a change of ballistic deficit. Consequently, the ballistic deficit differs between pulses from both the ends of the PSPC, which causes the change of position signals. Increasing the pressure of the counting gas from 0.5×10⁵Pa to 4×10⁵Pa, the range of position signals for two position calibration sources became narrower by about 8% under 6 μs shaping time.     

Non-Poisson counting statistics of a hybrid G-M counter dead time model

The counting statistics of a G-M counter with a considerable dead time event rate deviates from Poisson statistics. Important characteristics such as observed counting rates as a function true counting rates, variances and interval distributions were analyzed for three dead time models, non-paralyzable, paralyzable and hybrid, with the help of GMSIM, a Monte Carlo dead time effect simulator. The simulation results showed good agreements with the models in observed counting rates and variances. It was found through GMSIM simulations that the interval distribution for the hybrid model showed three distinctive regions, a complete cutoff region for the duration of the total dead time, a degraded exponential and an enhanced exponential regions. By measuring the cutoff and the duration of degraded exponential from the pulse interval distribution, it is possible to evaluate the two dead times in the hybrid model.     

A nuclear spectrum generator for semiconductor X-ray detectors

A nuclear spectrum generator for semiconductor X-ray detectors is designed in this paper. It outputs step ramp signals with random distribution in amplitude and time according to specified reference spectrum. The signals are similar to the signals from an actual semiconductor X-ray detector, and can be use to check spec- trum response characteristics of an X-ray fluorometer. This helps improving energy resolution of the X-ray fluorometer. The spectrum generator outputs step ramp signals satisfying the probability density distribution function of any given reference spectrum in amplitude through sampling on the basis of 32-bit randomizer. The system splits 1024 interval segmentation of the time that the step ramp signals appear, and calculates the ap- pearance probability of step ramp signals in different intervals and the average time between the time intervals, by random sampling. The step ramp signals can meet the rule of exponential distribution in time. Test results of the spectrum generator show that the system noise is less than 2.43 mV, the output step ramp signals meet the Poisson distribution in counting rate and the probability density distribution function of the reference spectrum in amplitude. The counting rate of the output step ramp signals can be adjusted. It meets the rule of the output signals from semiconductor X-ray detectors, such as Si-pin detector and silicon drift detector.     

基于铝箔封装碳酸锂探测片产氚率测量的液闪样品制备方法

氚增殖包层中产氚率的测量是聚变核能系统中需要研究的重要问题之一,本文开展了用于产氚率测量的Al箔封装碳酸锂探测片液闪样品制备化学处理方法的研究。结果表明,首先采用氢氧化钠溶液来溶解Al箔,然后再用盐酸溶解碳酸锂探测片的溶解方式,能制成透明度高且无分层的液闪样品。为了提高测氚计数效率和保证样品兼容性,对20 m L的标准液闪样品,闪烁液体积应至少取12 m L,同时还应将液闪样品保持在10-20°C范围进行储存和测量。     

A beam position measurement system of fully digital signal processing at SSRF

This fully digital beam position measurement instrument is designed for beam position monitoring and machine research in Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The signals received from four position-sensitive detectors are narrow pulses with a repetition rate up to 499.654 MHz and a pulse width of around 100 ps, and their dynamic range could vary over more than 40 dB in machine research. By the employment of the under-sampling technique based on high-speed high-resolution A/D conversion, all the processing procedure is performed fully by the digital signal processing algorithms integrated in one single Field Programmable Gate Array. This system functions well in the laboratory and commissioning tests, demonstrating a position resolution (at the turn by turn rate of 694 kHz) better than 7 μm over the input amplitude range of -40 dBm to 10 dBm which is well beyond the requirement.     

A fast, programmable, stand-alone pulse generator emulatingspectroscopy nuclear events

The design of a fast, programmable, stand-alone pulse generator emulating spectroscopy nuclear events is described. The generator is one unit in a system aiming to test the validity of the simulation and theoretical work relating to the shaping, acquisition, and processing of spectroscopy signals in different experimental situations arising from different technical and scientific fields. The generator output, which also includes piled-up shapes, can be used in many different ways. For example, it can be used: (1) as an input to a charge sensitive preamplifier and shaping amplifier system; (2) as an input to a module for real-time digital shaping of spectroscopy pulses; and (3) it can generate a digital sequence emulating a digitally sampled analog pulse. The signals that it can emulate include those from simple charge sensitive preamplifiers, from more refined analog shapers, and the signals generated directly from scintillation detectors. The main element of the generator is the Analog Devices 21060, a fast and flexible digital signal processor (DSP). This paper considers various generator configurations arising from the need to reach a compromise among generator speed, shape resolution, and memory requirements. It is possible to program both the emulated average counting rate and the time interval between two consecutive samples (tns) using a predetermined pulse shape. The minimum tns value is equal to 10 ns in parallel configurations     

GM计数管定计数测量可行性研究

本文分析了ＧＭ计数管定数测量的条件，并通过切断高压来处长ＧＭ计数管的使用寿命，实验结果表明其可行性。     

随机脉冲触发峰值采集电路的设计

射线检测装置的输出信号是随机离散的不等幅的高频信号,为形成能谱图,需对此信号进行峰值采样和计数。介绍的随机脉冲触发峰值采集电路,在脉冲到来时自动触发进行采样,使信号采样过程和信号到来时间实时配合,在计算机的控制下,提高了采样频率,又不因空脉冲而占据内存。     

量子粒子群融合算法在放射源探测标定中的应用

为有效进行辐射剂量探测,设计了有源在线监控模块。针对监控模块辐射测量值标定这一难题,提出了基于量子粒子群的融合算法实现对测量值与剂量值之间的高精度逼近。使用聚类和数据融合算法实现了拟合数据的自主最佳分段,避免了分段选择的主观性。仿真结果表明,融合算法能有效减少计数率较小时拟合函数的误差,提高各数据段测量值与剂量率之间的拟合精度,与整体拟合函数相比,进一步提高了拟合的精度。     

某压水堆首次装料次临界监督结果分析

某压水堆使用已活化的二次中子源（ASNS）完成首次装料。在首次装料期间,堆内临时中子探测器（TND）发生响应试验结果远高于仿真结果问题和计数率大幅度下降问题。为了查明上述问题的原因,监督工作组对二次中子源特性和由ASNS建立的辐射场进行了分析,对核燃料次临界增殖中子对TND计数率的影响进行了分析和验证,对使用ASNS进行反应堆首次装料的次临界监督数据进行了分析。结果表明：TND周围的辐射场为γ射线和中子形成的混合辐射场;在中子源组件与TND之间安装核燃料组件后,核燃料次临界增殖中子对TND计数率的影响是使其升高;ASNS衰变产生了大量γ射线,TND输出的γ脉冲在主放大器内发生峰堆积导致脉冲幅度畸变,TND响应试验结果远高于仿真结果的原因是脉冲幅度甄别器无法有效甄别畸变后的γ脉冲和中子脉冲;TND计数率大幅度下降的原因为核燃料中的铀屏蔽掉了由ASNS射向TND的大部分γ射线。源量程通道和TND的运行状态满足首次装料程序对次临界监督设备的要求。