硼烷化合物的合成：从小硼烷分子到多面体硼烷

硼烷是一类重要的含硼化合物，包含反应性较高的小硼烷分子和较稳定的多面体硼烷化合物，广泛应用于能源、材料、医药，特别是作为硼中子俘获疗法(boron neutron capture therapy, BNCT)潜在的硼载体等领域。在一百多年的硼化学发展史中，合成新型硼烷化合物和优化硼烷合成方法始终是硼烷化学研究的重要组成部分。鉴于此，本文系统总结了从小硼烷分子到多面体硼烷以及碳硼烷的合成方法，提供了硼烷化合物的结构和核磁谱图，以期为对硼烷化学感兴趣的读者提供基础知识以及进一步促进改善硼烷化合物的合成方法和探索硼烷化合物的应用。     

放射性药物化学领域中的重要事件和研究前沿

评述了核化学和放射化学对人类健康改善的贡献。首先简要介绍了放射性的发现历史及在核化学和放射化学领域中其它与人类健康相关的重要发现。再介绍了钼-锝发生器和锝药物的研发历程、锝药物的基本原理及在核医学中的主要应用以及其它用于核医学中的重要放射性核素。其次介绍了PET药物的显像原理、18F-FDG的研发历程及在核医学中的广泛应用;还介绍了其它重要的18F标记的显像药物。然后概述了目前的放射性治疗药物,着重介绍了用于治疗骨转移瘤的223 RaCl2注射液。再概述了各种模式显像技术的特点,并着重介绍了PET/MRI双模态显像药物的研发进展。最后,对核化学和放射化学在改善人类健康中的作用进行了展望,并简要叙述了中国所取得的成就和存在的问题。     

用于硼中子俘获治疗的碳硼烷多肽衍生物

含碳硼烷多肽衍生物的设计和应用得到越来越多人们的关注，尤其是作为硼中子俘获治疗(boron neutron capture therapy, BNCT)硼携带剂用于治疗恶性肿瘤极具发展前景。BNCT利用¹⁰B与中子俘获反应，放出α粒子杀死肿瘤细胞。作为一种二元靶向疗法，其成功关键就是硼携带剂的靶向性和亲和力的效果，当前如何设计更高效的硼携带剂是BNCT发展的主要问题。多肽作为生物必需物质，增加其衍生物靶向性的同时被肿瘤特异性摄取，是含碳硼烷多肽化合物作为硼携带剂极大的优势。本文首次对已报导的含碳硼烷多肽衍生物进行分类总结，并评估作为硼携带剂应用于中子俘获治疗的发展潜力。对含碳硼烷多肽衍生物的总结，将为新一代硼携带剂设计用于中子俘获治疗发展提供研究动力。     

纳米载体系统在核医学的应用

简述了纳米材料的优势以及在核医学中的应用情况,展望了纳米载体系统的发展对核医学的推动作用.核医学的发展一定程度上依赖细胞及分子水平精密探针的发展.纳米颗粒作为一种新兴的分子探针,主要是由靶向基团、显像基团、生物相容性好的“外壳”以及能够进行功能修饰的基团构成.纳米颗粒通过靶向定位于目标组织或细胞可获得较好的图像对比度,其材料的多样性和结构的独特性,使其可进行分子水平的多模态显像,实现不同显像方式的优势互补.在纳米探针结构基础上进行改造,加入治疗基团,即可以形成诊断治疗型纳米探针.智能化纳米探针的应用实现了药物释放的智能调控,减少肿瘤治疗过程中化疗药物产生的毒副作用.     

以三氟化硼为原料制备硼粉工艺的研究进展

综述了以三氟化硼为原料,分别采用金属热还原法、熔盐电解法及气相沉积法制备硼粉的三种工艺路线,分析和比较了每条工艺路线制备硼粉的纯度、产率及其优缺点,提出了一条以三氟化硼为原料先制备硼烷,再由硼烷采用流化床-化学气相沉积法高效、低能、产业化制备硼粉的工艺路线。     

3-羟基-4-吡啶酮衍生物的合成

目前，受体显像和靶向治疗已成为核医学的研究热点，它们对于肿瘤和其它重大疾病的诊治具有重要意义。在用于受体显像和靶向治疗的放射性药物中，金属放射性药物居多。这些金属放射性药物由合适的金属放射性核素、双功能螯合剂和靶向性分子组成。     

诊断用放射性药物研究现状与展望

以放射性药物为基础的单光子断层扫描(SPECT)和正电子断层扫描(PET)已成为十分有效的诊断手段,可在分子水平反应活体功能和代谢过程。放射性药物的研发也为分子影像和核医学的发展提供了强有力的保障。国内放射性药物的研究已有坚实的基础,并且不断探索新的领域。本文介绍了近几年中国诊断用放射性药物领域的最新研究进展,对今后一段时期内中国放射性药物的发展进行了展望,并提出了加强加速器放射性核素开发、放射性药物研究等方面的建议,更好地为人类健康事业服务。     

分子核医学研究进展

简要介绍了分子核医学的基础理论，重点阐述了分子核宾前沿领域；代谢显像与血流量显像，放射免疫显像与放射免疫治疗，放射受体显像与受体介导治疗以及放射基因显像与放射基因治疗。     

中子辐照法合成新型纳米结构材料

放射化学与纳米科学的交叉,既是放射化学在新兴前学科的应用,也是放射化学本身在前沿领域的发展.本文通过介绍反应堆中子催化引起的富勒烯反应,特别是聚合反应的设计方法、分离纯化过程,产物分析和结构表征等研究,建立了堆中子合成伞碳富勒烯二聚体C121,C131和C141的方法,探索开辟利用中子等放射性辐射技术,发展新型纳米结构物质,如全碳富勒烯二聚体、三聚体、甚至四聚体的新方法.全碳富勒烯二聚体既是碳元素的一种新的同分异构体,也是合成富勒烯高聚物的起始物,因此倍受关注.它们在人工光合成、分子电子器件和超分子化学领域有广阔的应用前景.     

体内放射性药物的发展

目前,由于无毒低放射性药物的应用,核医学已为内科各个专业提供了诊断和治疗技术。由于核医学专家、化学家、物理学家、核物理学家、放射化学家及放射性药物学家们的交叉协作,已使核医学特有的显像(包括受体及抗原定位)功能成为现实。新的放射性药物及附有计算机的先进显像设备的发展,使临床上某些重要领域取得显著进展。这些成就归功于放射性药物     

Water Chemistry Experience of Nuclear Power Plants in Japan

Japanese LWRs have experienced several troubles caused by corrosions of structural materials in the past ca. 20 years of their operational history, among which are increase in the occupational radiation exposures, intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of stainless steel piping in BWR, and steam generator corrosion problems in PWR. These problems arised partly from the improper operation of water chemistry control of reactor coolant systems. Consequently, it has been realized that water chemistry control is one of the most important factors to attain high availability and reliability of LWR, and extensive researches and developments have been conducted in Japan to achieve the optimum water chemistry control, which include the basic laboratory experiments, analyses of plant operational data, loop tests in operating plants and computer code developments. As a result of the continuing efforts, the Japanese LWR plants have currently attained a very high performance in their operation with high availability and low occupational radiation exposures. A brief review is given here on the R & D of water chemistry in Japan     

Towards unfolding the prion misfolding mystery: Protein free radical chemistry in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Owing to the high oxygen-respiration in the brain of mammals, oxidative damage to prion protein has been suggested to be an additional factor. A large body of intriguing features of scrapie and prion diseases have provided multiple lines of indirect chemistry evidence, suggesting that the infectious agents may be putative forms of sequence-specific prion radicals (SSPR) and /or their immediate precursors in the transmissible spongiform encepha-lopathies (TSE). Here a molecular mechanism corresponding to the self-replication of scrapie protein mediated by prion free-radical processes, consonant with "protein-only" hypotheses is proposed. This new theory may not only aid our understanding of the occurrence of prions, but also provides new insight into the possible chemistry principles underlying the neurodegenerative disorders. It is anticipated that future studies based on this suggestion and chemistry principles of genetic diseases may allow us to determine an effective approach to stop mad cow disease     

用于90Sr萃取分离的冠醚试剂的辐射化学研究进展

长寿命裂变产物的分离不仅可有效提高乏燃料后处理与高放废物处置安全性,而且可降低高放废物对人类和环境的危害.鉴于用于分离长寿命裂变产物的萃取剂在分离过程中通常处在较高的辐射场中,因此为了设计合适的萃取分离体系,有必要开展对裂变产物具有良好萃取性能的萃取剂的辐射稳定性的研究.本文通过对比辐照前后萃取剂的化学结构和萃取性能的...     

Primary coolant chemistry in VVER units

Operation experience with VVER coolant chemistry has been reviewed. The paper describes the results of measurements of radiation fields in primary system components and occupational doses that are compared with radiation control philosophy based on boron-potassium-ammonia coordinated water chemistry, modified and hydrazine water chemistry. The difference in water chemistry guidelines between VVERs and different current operational practices at VVER utilities are outlined. Special emphasis is given to the ammonia-hydrazine water chemistry on some VVER plants, high temperature filtration and silver behaviour.     

低浓度硼对锆合金缓蚀作用研究

采用动电位极化和电化学阻抗谱法（EIS）研究了核电厂包壳材料锆合金在3种pH值相同的正常硼锂水质中的高温电化学腐蚀行为；采用高压釜腐蚀增重和微观分析等手段研究了锆合金在2种锂浓缩水质中的均匀腐蚀行为。高温电化学腐蚀试验表明:在3种pH值相同的正常硼锂水质中，随着硼浓度的增加， 锆合金的钝化电流密度减少而交流阻抗值增大，硼对减缓锆合金的腐蚀有利。均匀腐蚀试验表明:相对于无硼的锂浓缩水质而言，加硼显著降低了锆合金的腐蚀增重量，减少了氧化膜厚度，并使氧化膜更为致密，对提高锆合金的耐锂浓缩加速腐蚀有明显作用。      

Water chemistry technology – one of the key technologies for safe and reliable nuclear power plant operation

Water chemistry control is one of the key technologies to establish safe and reliable operation of nuclear power plants. Continuous and collaborative efforts of plant manufacturers and plant operator utilities have been focused on optimal water chemistry control, for which, a trio of requirements for water chemistry should be simultaneously satisfied: (1) better reliability of reactor structures and fuel rods; (2) lower occupational exposure and (3) fewer radwaste sources. Various groups in academia have carried out basic research to support the technical bases of water chemistry in plants. The Research Committee on Water Chemistry of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan (AESJ), which has now been reorganized as the Division of Water Chemistry (DWC) of AESJ, has played important roles to promote improvements in water chemistry control, to share knowledge about and experiences with water chemistry control among plant operators and manufacturers and to establish common technological bases for plant water chemistry and then to transfer them to the next generation of plant workers engaged in water chemistry. Furthermore, the DWC has tried and succeeded arranging R&D proposals for further improvement in water chemistry control through roadmap planning. In the paper, major achievements in plant technologies and in basic research studies of water chemistry in Japan are reviewed. The contributions of the DWC to the long-term safe management of the damaged reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant until their decommissioning are introduced.     

正电子放射性药物的点击合成

正电子放射性药物的合成是核技术应用领域的焦点之一.近年来点击化学因其高速、高收率、高选择性和条件温和等优点而应用于正电子放射性药物的合成.本文综述了近年来点击化学在PET药物合成中的研究进展(包括将18F和11C导入药物分子),并展望其发展前景.     

Fission-product chemistry and aerosol behaviour in the primary circuit of a pressurized water reactor under severe accident conditions

This review considers fission-product chemistry and aerosol behaviour in the primary circuit of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) during severe accidents. Three key accident sequences (V, TMLB' and S₂D) are considered, and their principal thermal-hydraulic and physical characteristics affecting chemistry behaviour are identified. The inventories, chemical forms and timing of fission products released from the fuel are summarized together with the major sources of structural materials and their release characteristics. The chemistry of each main fission-product species within the primary circuit is reviewed from available experimental and thermodynamic data and/or theoretical predictions. Modelling studies of primary circuit fission-product behaviour are reviewed briefly and the principal requirements for further study assessed with respect to experimental and modelling programmes currently in progress.     

Investigation of optimum discharge characteristics and chemical activity of AC driven air plasma jet and its anticancer effect

In this study,we investigated the effects of the quartz tube diameter,air flow rate,and applied voltage on the characteristics of an air plasma jet to obtain the optimized discharge characteristics.The physicochemical properties and concentration of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species(RONS)in plasma-activated medium(PAM)were characterized to explore their chemical activity.Furthermore,we investigated the inactivation effect of air plasma jet on tumour cells and their corresponding inactivation mechanism.The results show that the tube diameter plays an important role in sustaining the voltage of the air plasma jet,and the gas flow rate affects the jet length and discharge intensity.Additionally,the air plasma jet discharge displays two modes,namely,ozone and nitrogen oxide modes at high and low gas flow rates,respectively.Increasing the voltage increases the concentration of reactive species and the length of discharge.By evaluating the viability of A549 cells under different parameters,the optimal treatment conditions were determined to be a quartz tube diameter of 4 mm,gas flow rate of 0.5 SLM,and voltage of 18 kV.Furthermore,an air plasma jet under the optimized conditions effectively enhanced the chemical activity in PAM and produced more aqueous RONS.The air plasma jet induced significant cytotoxicity in A549 cancer cells after plasma treatment.H2O2 and NO2 are regarded as key factors in promoting cell inactivation.The present study demonstrates the potential use of tumour cell therapy by atmospheric air PAM,which aids a better understanding of plasma liquid chemistry.     

地质环境中锕系元素水溶液化学研究进展

着重评述了近年来与高放废物深部地质处置有关的地质环境中锕系元素水溶液化学的研究进展，重点讨论了锕系元素在地下水中的溶解反应、水解反应、络合反应，还原反应，胶体的形成以及各种影响因素；并提出了近期我国应开展的若干研究课题