两种测量氚靶3He释放方法比较

对开放式离子源四极质谱计和封闭式离子源四极质谱计实验装置进行了标定,并用其对氚靶中3He释放进行了测量.标定与测量结果表明开放式离子源四极质谱计可定量测量3He的最低原子数为6×106,封闭式离子源四极质谱计则为3×1010;对于氚量较大的氚靶,两者均能对其3He释放进行定量测量,测量结果间的相对偏差约为5.3%;对于小氚量氚靶,前者可用于3He定量测量,测量结果的不确定度主要来源于质谱计的标定过程,约为7.2%,后者则难以对其进行定量测量.     

用四极质谱法测定从金属氚化物中释放的^3He

使用自行设计的超高真空金属系统和气体样品净化装置，以引进的Ｇａｓｔｒａｃｅ－ｓ型气体分析四极质谱计为分析器，以纯度为９９．９％的＾３Ｈｅ和＾４Ｈｅ气体为标准气样，对微量气体样品中Ｈｅ同位素的四极质谱峰高比测定法进行了实验研究。结果表明，Ｚｒ－Ａｌ活性气体吸收剂能在３９０ｓ内将活性杂质气体含量为４０．７％的＾３Ｈｅ气体样品净化到接近１００％。     

磁控溅射法制备含氦钛膜及膜中氦的热解吸研究

采用He/Ar复合气氛下磁控溅射方法,在Ti、TiZrYAl 和TiMoYAl等3种薄膜中引入浓度(氦-金属比)高达0.19的氦.引入的氦在膜层内沿深度均匀分布,并主要存在于直径为2～5 nm的高压He泡内.热解吸实验表明,在相同He含量下,TiHe膜中He的解吸峰温度与氚化钛中衰变产生的3He的解吸峰温度基本一致.与纯钛相比,合金膜中氦的热解吸谱宽化明显,表明He在合金膜内的捕获形式更为复杂.     

两种热解吸动力学测试方法的比较

以氢化钛热解吸反应为研究对象,用升温法（初压为零）和恒温法（初压不为零）两种不同的方法,在高真空金属系统上分别测定氢化钛在恒容体系和350～550℃范围内解吸氢的p-t曲线,并应用反应速率分析方法计算解吸反应在不同温度下的速率常数。实验测得氢化钛升温法热解吸和恒温法热解吸的表观活化能分别为（22.1±2.5）和（27.1±0.4）kJ•mol^－1。经分析,用恒温法测得的表观活化能较为准确。     

Ti、Zr、Er及Nd等金属氚化物的3He释放

利用四极质谱计（QMS）法测量了Ti、Zr、Er及Nd等4种单质金属的氚化物³He释放,通过数年监测与数据积累,对这4种金属氚化物的3He释放行为进行了比较研究。结果表明,它们贮存早期的³He释放速率极低,其释放速率均不及生成速率的1%,其中,Ti、Zr氚化物³He释放系数（RF）为10^－6～10^－5量级,Er、Nd氚化物的3HeRF为10^－3量级,随着贮存时间的增加,当金属氚化物内积累较多的3He时,其RF会迅速增长至10^－1量级,释放速率接近生成速率。     

氚钛膜中^3He释放的研究

在极限真空为２×１０＾７Ｐａ的超高真空全金属系统中，用四极质谱计分析了氚钛膜中释放的＾３Ｈｅ气体及其它杂质气体组分。对两块原子比分别为１．６８和１．６９的氚钛膜中释放的＾３Ｈｅ经过长达４１０ｄ的测量。结果表明，当样品中＾３Ｈｅ浓度达到０．１时，＾３Ｈｅ释放系数仍保持为１０＾－５量级。     

氢/氘化钛热解吸的动力学同位素效应

在高真空金属系统上测定了氢化钛和氘化钛在恒容体系中、350~550℃温度下热解吸氢和氘的P-t曲线;应用反应速率分析方法计算了各自在不同温度下的反应速率常数,得到氢化钛和氘化钛热解吸的表观活化能分别为27.1±0.4和42.3±1.9 kJ/mol。氘化钛热解吸氘的表观活化能高于氢化钛热解吸氢的表观活化能,表现出显著的热解吸动力学同位素效应,表明氘化钛热解吸时需要更高的初始能量;同时也说明氘化钛在相同条件下比氢化钛更稳定。     

氘/氚化铀热解吸的动力学同位素效应

在高真空金属系统上测定了氘/氚化铀在恒容体系和225～400℃范围内热解吸的压力-时间等温线,应用反应速率分析方法计算了各自在不同温度下的速率常数。随着温度的升高,热解吸反应的速率增大,反应的平衡压随之增高。由速率常数计算得到氘/氚化铀热解吸的表观活化能分别为(26.3±0.4)kJ/mol和(27.7±0.6)kJ/mol。活化能数据显示,氘/氚化铀热解吸反应的动力学同位素效应不明显。     

1.55 MeV 3He离子辐照单晶Si引起的损伤效应研究

室温下使用1.55 MeV、5×1013-5×1016/cm2注量的3He离子注入单晶Si,采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观测分析了高温退火后单晶Si中由注入引起的损伤形貌,同时使用核反应分析(NRA)技术研究了3He气体原子的热解吸.结果显示,低注量3He离子注入在Si中产生的缺陷主要为一些小尺寸的位错或位错环;在中等照射剂量,退火导致了气泡和气泡团簇的形成并伴随着高密度的位错环从这些气泡团簇中发射出来;而对于较高的照射剂量,3He离子注入加上随后的高温退火则在离子射程附近产生了一个具有确定边界的空腔带.结合NRA结果对实验现象进行了分析.     

He/H离子辐照损伤及其对ODS钢显微硬度的影响研究

为研究氧化物弥散强化铁素体钢(ODS钢)中的He/H离子协同辐照效应,本文开展了室温条件下ODS钢的He/H离子单一及复合辐照实验,并研究了辐照损伤对其显微硬度的影响。实验结果表明:He/H离子主要分布在损伤峰值附近;H离子辐照对ODS钢显微硬度的影响大于He离子;H离子的引入导致He离子低温解吸峰消失,而He离子的注量减半则使其热解吸起始温度升高;He、H离子与材料中缺陷相互作用不同是影响显微硬度及正电子寿命结果的主要因素。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Radioactivity levels in soil of salt field area,Kelambakkam,Tamilnadu,India

Soil samples in and around salt field area have been analyzed for natural radioactivity concentration using gamma ray spectrometer.The activity concentration for ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K are ranged from 27.88 to 45.27 Bq/kg, from BDL to 13.30 Bq/kg,and from 135.54 to 381.28 Bq/kg,respectively.The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with world average activity of soil.The average activity concentration of ~(232)Th in the present study is 1.19 times higher than world median value while the activity of ~(238)U and ~(40)K is found to be lower. The absorbed dose rates due to these radionuclides were calculated.The average absorbed gamma dose rate due to the presence of ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K in soil samples is 36.99 nGy·h~(-1).These results indicate no radiological anomaly. The data presented in this study will serve as a base line survey for primordial radionuclides concentration in the study area.     

Non-FDG PET imaging of brain tumors

Due to relatively high uptake of glucose in the brain cortex, the use of FDG PET imaging is greatly limited in brain tumor imaging, especially for low-grade gliomas and some metastatic tumours. More and more tracers with higher specificity were developed lately for brain tumor imaging. There are 3 main types of non-FDG PET tracers： amino acid tracers, choline tracers and nucleic acid tracers. These tracers are now widely applied in many aspects of brain tumor imaging. This article summarized the general use of non-FDG PET in different aspects of brain tumor imaging.     

基于NPL-NMC系统的γ测量子系统的建模与优化

在军控核查中,核部件的质量、丰度、年龄属性需采用无损方法进行核查,NPL-NMC系统是一套利用中子多重性测量核部件质量属性的装置,为建立完善的属性测量系统,还需在NPL-NMC系统的基础上建立γ测量子系统。本文通过设计γ测量子系统在NPL-NMC系统上的布局及对中子屏蔽的优化,使系统能对铀部件的丰度、年龄属性进行测量。模拟计算结果表明,该γ测量子系统能很好地满足军控核查对铀部件丰度、年龄属性测量的要求。     

Improvement of carbon fiber surface properties using electron beam irradiation

Carbon fiber-reinforced advance composites have been used for structural applications,mainly on account of their mechanical properties.The main factor for a good mechanical performance of carbon fiber-reinforced com- posite is the interfacial interaction between its components,which are carbon fiber and polymeric matrix.The aim of this study is to improve the surface properties of the carbon fiber using ionizing radiation from an electron beam to obtain better adhesion properties in the resultant composite.EB radiation was applied on the carbon fiber itself before preparing test specimens for the mechanical tests.Experimental results showed that EB irradiation improved the ten- sile strength of carbon fiber samples.The maximum value in tensile strength was reached using doses of about 250 kGy.After breakage,the morphology aspect of the tensile specimens prepared with irradiated and non-irradiated car- bon fibers were evaluated.SEM micrographs showed modifications on the carbon fiber surface.     

Measurement system for SSRF pulsed magnets

This paper describes the magnetic field measurement system for pulsed magnets in SSRF.The system consists of magnetic probes,analog active integrator,oscilloscope,stepper motor and a controller.An application pro- gram based on LabVIEW has been developed as main control unit.After the magnetic field mapping of a septum magnet prototype,it is verified that the test results accord with the results of theoretical calculation and computer simulation.     

旁路阀调节对高温气冷堆闭式布雷顿循环瞬态特性影响研究

闭式布雷顿循环是第4代高温堆核能系统的关键技术之一,其典型的动态过程是旁路阀调节。为分析这一过程,建立了循环中关键部件的动态模型,其中压气机在径向平衡模型基础上耦合了对附面层发展的预测,兼顾了计算效率与准确性;换热部件模型基于双曲型守恒律方程,对工质的热物性和参数的快速变化有较好的适应性。在此基础上根据回路的质量守恒和压力平衡原则将各部件的模型耦合,建立了系统的动态模型。由于旁路阀调节是氦气透平发电系统主要的功率快速调节手段,瞬态效应较为显著,以模块式高温气冷堆（HTR-10GT）旁路阀开启后的过渡过程作为算例,分析了主要循环参数的响应特性,并通过分析,给出了降低输出功率的机制。计算结果表明：系统的容积惯性对旁路阀调节的响应速度影响较大,而阀门的开度则决定了系统在末态的输出功率;回热器的温度冲击现象可能发生在调节过程中,但可通过两旁路阀联动的方式缓解;反应堆出口温度变化幅度很小,因此反应堆模型的准确程度对结果基本无影响。     

CEFR 100%额定功率运行汽轮机发电能力分析

中国实验快堆(CEFR)首次100%额定功率发电运行中,实际电功率较设计值相差较多。为判断影响机组实际发电能力的主要原因,以现场采集的运行数据和汽轮机厂商提供的设计资料为基础,进行了相应的计算分析。对汽轮机内效率进行修正,绘制汽轮机近似热力过程曲线,并通过实测的各段抽汽压力,在热力过程曲线上获得抽汽焓值;利用换热器的能量守恒和流量守恒的基本方程进行除氧器和各加热器的热平衡计算,获得各段抽汽的流量;利用汽轮机的功率计算方程,得到汽轮机发电功率的计算值。通过计算值与实际值的比较分析,得出主蒸汽参数不达标是影响CEFR汽轮机发电能力的主要因素。