环形窄缝通道内流动不稳定性试验研究

设计了加热长度为1800mm，间隙尺寸为1．5mm的环形窄缝通道试验段；以去离子水为上质，进行了强迫循环下两相流动不稳定性试验研究。实验压力为1．5～3．0MPa，质量流量为3．0～25kg／h，加热功率为3．0～6．5kW，进口温度为20℃、40℃、60℃。实验发现，在一定加热功率和进口条件下，回路流量低于特定值，会发生不稳定现象。试验研究了进口过冷度、系统压力和质量流量等参数对不稳定性的影响，得到了环形窄缝通道内强迫循环下两相流动不稳定区间。     

环形狭缝通道内沸腾换热传热特性的实验研究

对环形狭缝间隙为 1 0mm ,低质量流量下 ,狭缝内流动沸腾换热的传热特性进行了实验研究。实验以去离子水为工质 ,实验压力范围为 :1 5 5～ 3 72MPa,质量流量的范围是 :9 5 3～ 1 9 65kg/h。实验研究结果表明 :1 以Jens lottes公式对实验数据进行整理 ,得到的公式中的系数明显增大 ,而以Chen公式对实验数据进行整理 ,得到的公式中的系数则有所减小 ,说明此时环形狭缝间隙内的流动沸腾换热很可能是泡核沸腾和两相强制对流共同起作用的结果。 2 在实验所做的参数范围之内 ,内管的传热系数比外管的高。     

在垂直环形窄缝流道中的沸腾传热特性研究

为了弄清在窄缝环形流道中气泡的形成、聚合和变形的特性 ,以及气泡在聚合变形之后对传热特性的影响 ,在常压下用蒸馏水对窄缝间隙为 0 75mm的垂直环形流道 ,进行了可视化的流动沸腾传热实验研究 ;实验段的有效加热长度为 90 0mm ,其加热方式为单面内侧加热 ,实验的流量变化范围为 1 667× 1 0 - 5m3/s至 5 833× 1 0 - 5m3/s。实验得到了在不同质量流密度和热流密度下窄缝流道中的沸腾传热系数随干度变化的分布。通过与常规流道中的沸腾传热系数的比较 ,得到了在窄缝环形流道中沸腾传热系数比常规流道中的沸腾传热系数约高 1 5 %的结论。另外通过用高速摄像机对可视化的垂直环形流道中的流型进行的拍摄研究 ,分清了存在在窄缝环形流道中的四种流型     

基于低压过冷流动沸腾临界热流密度数据评价各种公式、模型及95 CHF表

以低压过冷流动沸腾的临界热流密度 (CHF)的实验数据为基础 ,对典型的CHF计算公式、模型及 95CHF表作了评价。所用数据共 2 37点 ,范围如下 :压力 0 1 3～ 1 92MPa;速度 1 4 7～2 2 32m/s;出口过冷度 6 2～ 1 0 8 7K ;加热长度 2 5 5～ 40 0mm ;管径 5 1 7～ 1 6 0mm。     

双立方烷固氮模拟物（Et4N）4[Mo2Fe7S8（sph）12]的穆斯堡尔研究

本实验测定了双立方烷固氮模拟物（Et4N)4[Mo2Fe7S8(sph)12]的穆斯堡尔谱。它是由两组对称的四级分裂双峰叠加而成。实验数据用最小二乘法计算机程序拟合。经计算机拟合后的穆斯堡尔参数（在16℃时）为：对于Fe1,δ=0.315±0.002mm/s,△EQ=0.691±0.002mm/s，线宽为0．304±0．002mm/s;对于Fe11,δ=0.972±0.002mm/s,△EQ=1.741±0.002mm/s，线宽为0．273±0．002mm/s。化学位移δ值是相对于α-Fe的。这两组四级分裂双峰的面积比约为6：1。由Fe1的位移和四极裂距可确定它是高自旋态，价态在＋2至＋3之间。利用四面体FeS4中铁原子的化学位移δ与价态s的经验公式δ=1.44-0.43s可得出Fe1的平均价态为高自旋＋2．67价。从穆斯堡尔参数可确定Fe11属于高自旋＋2价。由此可推论Mo为3＋价。     

对RELAP5程序临界流模型的评价

以RELAP5／MOD程序对3个临界流实验进行计算：1）法国Super Moby—Dick装置上的稳态实验，其实验段为D=15．47mm的长喷嘴；2）日本ROSA—IV／LSTF整体模拟装置上的小破口实验，其破口为D=22．5mm的孔板；3）瑞典Marviken大规模装置上的短喷嘴喷放实验，其喷嘴D=200-509mm，长／径比L／D=0．33～3．72。     

水平环形窄通道中的流动不稳定起始点和临界热流密度

本文研究了加热水平环形窄通道中过冷水流动不稳定起始点（OFI）和临界热流密度（CHF）。在OFI试验中，使用了6个不同的试验段，其内径均为6．4mm，环形间隙宽度为0．724-1．001mm，加热段长度为174～197mm。试验参数范围如下：冷却剂（水）质量流速85-1428kg／（m^2s），出口压力0．344、1．034MPa，入口温度50-150℃，表面热流密度0．124-1．0MW／m^2，内外热流密度比0-∞。此外，还在同样的入口温度和出口压力下用除气水和含空气的饱和水进行相似的试验，检验了溶解的不凝性气体对OFI的影响。共进行了138个OFI试验，以确认重要参数的变化趋势。在一维流体守恒方程的基础上提出了一个能很好预测OFI发生条件的理论模型，该模型假设在OSV点之前空泡份额为0，用拟合经验空泡率公式的方法，并考虑了OSV点之后的热力不平衡。 在CHF试验中，试验段内外直径分别为6．45mm和7．77mm（间隙宽度0．66mm），加热段长度185mm。试验参数范围如下：试验段出口压力0．344、1．034MPa，冷却剂（水）质量流速100-480kg／（m^2s），壁面热流密度0．231～1．068MW／m^2，入口水温30-60℃。试验得到的CHF值比垂直试验段结构的CHF预测值低。所有试验中的CHF均发生在较高平衡含汽率条件，位于流道上表面因干涸而发生的流动分层位置。数据通过两种方法进行关联：在3个广泛使用于垂直通道的CHF关系式中引入经验修正倍增因子和用补偿畸变方法进行数据关联。     

~(125)I巩膜敷贴器的剂量学特性的研究

用经验公式按合适的几何模型作剂量学计算 ,可以得到对应于不同的几何形状和不同放射源活度的等剂量曲线。用LiF热释光片在水 -有机玻璃体模及空气中 ,分别作12 5I眼科巩膜敷贴器的表面剂量测定 ,结果在误差范围内无明显区别 ,得到的最终表面剂量及其均匀性分别为 :( 3.4 6± 0 .0 1)、( 0 .178± 0 .15)nGy h·Bq。用BaF2 闪烁探测器及LiF热释光片分别作敷贴器正面、背面等的计数测量和剂量测定 ,得到12 5I巩膜敷贴器的剂量的空间分布 ,其中 ,背面剂量不到正面剂量的 0 .1%。用LiF热释光片在水 -有机玻璃人体模型中作沿着眼睛中心轴的深度剂量分布的实验测量结果表明 ,测量距离大于约 5mm以后 ,计算值与实验值在误差范围内完全符合 ;在距离小于约 5mm时 ,计算值明显高于实验值 ,但能从实验上作分析解释     

用中子散射幅度谱研究石蜡厚度响应的初探

用中子散射幅度谱研究石蜡厚度响应的实验装置由^241Am-Be中子源、锂玻璃探测器和BH1224多道谱仪组成。实验表明，热中子幅度谱峰区计数Y与0～54．7mm的石蜡厚度D间存在较好的线性关系；对石蜡在0≤D≤54．7mm测得的7点Y值进行线性拟合，源距r=5．5cm时，斜率B最大，测厚准确度为2．5mm。     

双维位置灵敏探测器性能测试

对用于放射性次级束测量的大面积双维位置灵敏探测器（PSD）的性能进行了测试。通过选择实验中电子线路的脉冲成形时间,并改进数据处理方法,即主放大器的成形时间常数要大于6μs,而位置路的时间常数约为0．5－1μs,且在位置公式中使用能量信号作为公母,测试得到了较好的位置分辨和能量分辨及线性。结果表明,这一类型的PSD探测器可以用于低能放射性束流的测量。     

Two-phase flow and boiling heat transfer in two vertical narrow annuli

Experimental study associated with two-phase flow and heat transfer during flow boiling in two vertical narrow annuli has been conducted. The parameters examined were: mass flux from 38.8 to 163.1 kg/m² s; heat flux from 4.9 to 50.7 kW/m² for inside tube and from 4.2 to 78.8 kW/m² for outside tube; equilibrium mass quality from 0.02 to 0.88; system pressure from 1.5 to 6.0 MPa. It was found that the boiling heat transfer was strongly influenced by heat flux, while the effect of mass velocity and mass quality were not very significant. This suggested that the boiling heat transfer was mainly via nucleate boiling. The data were used to develop a new correlation for boiling heat transfer in the narrow annuli. In the two-phase flow study, the comparison with the correlation of Chisholm [Chisholm, D., 1967. A theoretical basis for the Lockhart–Martinelli correlation for two-phase flow. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 10, 1767–1778] and Mishima and Hibiki [Mishima, K., Hibiki, T., 1996. Some characteristics of air–water two-phase flow in small diameter vertical tubes. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 22, 703–712] indicated that the existing correlations could not predict the two-phase multiplier in the narrow annuli well. Based on the experimental data, a new correlation was developed.     

环形窄缝通道内干涸后摩擦倍增因子的试验研究

在间隙为1.1和1.6mm的环形窄缝通道内，通过内外管双面通电加热流体，进行环形窄缝通道内的干涸后弥散流区压强的试验研究，通过试验得出环形窄缝通道内干涸后弥散流区全汽相摩擦倍增因子的计算式，该式能够较好地预测环形窄缝通道内干涸后弥散流区的两相摩擦压降。     

中低压条件下矩形窄缝通道两相流动传热试验研究

在中低压条件下,对矩形窄缝通道两相流动传热进行试验研究,分析两相流动传热的变化规律,拟合出饱和沸腾传热系数计算关系式,并采用简化的一维分析方法对两相压降进行分析计算。试验结果表明:在相同热平衡含汽率(x)情况下,两相流动压降随系统压力(p)的降低而增大,随系统流量的增大而增大的变化规律;p越低,两相流动压降随x的增加而增大越剧烈;流量越大,两相流动压降随x的增加而增大越剧烈。通过数据回归方法得到汽相湿周长比例因子F并拟合了计算关系式,其计算值与试验值符合得较好。矩形窄缝通道内饱和沸腾平均传热系数受p、质量流量及热流密度的影响较大。     

棒束通道内两相流动摩擦阻力特性分析

常温常压下,对竖直3×3棒束通道内气液两相流动阻力特性进行了实验研究。利用所获得的实验数据,对8种典型的两相流动摩擦压降计算模型进行了评价。结果表明,均相模型在两相流速较高时精度较高,在两相流速较低时则偏差较大。分相模型中,Friedel模型和Lombodi-Pedrocchi模型不适用于本实验条件下棒束通道内气液两相流动摩擦压降的计算。Chisholm C模型、Zhang-Mishima模型、ChisholmB模型、Mishima-Hibiki模型及L.Sun模型的预测值与实验值的平均相对误差介于20%~30%之间。基于实验数据,通过修正ChisholmC模型的C系数,给出一个新的修正模型,其计算值与实验值符合良好。     

棒束通道内定位格架的两相流动局部阻力实验研究

在常温、常压条件下,对竖直3×3棒束通道内定位格架的单相及两相局部阻力特性进行了实验研究。单相流动实验时,水雷诺数的变化范围为290~18 007;两相实验时,气相、液相表观速度变化范围分别为0.013~3.763m/s和0.076~1.792m/s。利用单相实验数据得到的定位格架局部阻力系数计算关系式,用两相实验数据对均相流模型中8种不同的两相等效黏度计算方法进行了评价。Rel9 000时,Dukler模型的预测效果最好;Rel≥9 000时,McAdams计算方法预测效果最好;基于所有数据,Dukler模型的计算值与实验值吻合最好,平均相对误差为29.03%。考虑了质量含气率、两相雷诺数及气液相密度的影响,对Rel9 000时的实验数据进行了拟合,得到的经验关系式的计算值与实验值符合较好。     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of gas-liquid flow pressure drop across rupture discs

Experiments of air-water two-phase flow pressure drop through rupture discs have been carried out. The tested rupture discs of DN 25 and DN 40 are made of graphite with and without vacuum support. The experiments were performed under the following conditions of two-phase parameters; mass flux from 2000 up to 4000 kg/m² s, quality from 1 to 20% and system pressure from 3 to 7 bar. The results demonstrate that the effect of the above-mentioned parameters is very significant at high ranges of mass flow quality, due to the increasing of two-phase flow resistance, energy dissipations, friction losses and interaction of the two phases. Based on the presented experimental results and the data published in the literature, new correlation has been developed to calculate the two-phase pressure across rupture discs. The model includes the relevant primary influencing parameter, fit the data well, and is sufficiency accurate for engineering purposes. The reproductive accuracy of the proposed model and the statistical comparison, based on about 1000 measured data in the literature, demonstrated that the proposed model is the best overall agreement with the data. The standard deviation of the data is less than 10%. The results reported enable practical designs with standard products and optimization of the geometry of the rupture discs installed in nuclear reactors.     

Correlations for predicting single phase and two-phase flow pressure drop in pebble bed flow channels

An experimental study was conducted on the pressure drop of the single phase and the air–water two-phase flow in the bed of rectangular cross sections densely filled with uniform spheres. Three kinds of glass spheres with different equivalent diameters (3 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm) were used for the establishment of the test sections. The Reynolds number in the experiment ranged from a dozen to thousands for the single-phase flow and from hundreds to tens of thousands for the two-phase flow. In the present flow-regime model, the bed was subdivided into a near-wall region and a central region in order to take the wall effect into account to improve the prediction at low tube-to-particle diameter ratios. Improved correlations are obtained based on the previous study to consider the single-phase flow pressure drops for finite pebble beds with spherical particles and nonspherical particles by fitting the coefficients of that equation to both the database and the present experiment. The correlation is consistent with the observed physical behavior which explains its comparatively good agreement with the experimental data. A new empirical correlation for the prediction of two-phase flow pressure drops was proposed based on the gas phase relative permeability as a function of the gas phase saturation and the void fraction. The correlation fit well for both experimental data of spherical particles and nonspherical particles.     

A generalized flow correlation for two-phase natural circulation loops

A generalized correlation has been proposed to estimate the steady-state flow in two-phase natural circulation loops. The steady-state governing equations for homogeneous equilibrium model, viz. continuity, momentum and energy equations have been solved to obtain the dimensionless flow rate as a function of a modified Grashof number and a geometric number. To establish the validity of this correlation, two-phase natural circulation flow rate data from five different loops have been tested with the proposed correlation and found to be in good agreement.     

Analysis of flow induced valve operation and pressure wave propagation for single and two-phase flow conditions

The flow induced valve operation is calculated for single and two-phase flow conditions by the fluiddynamic computer code DYVRO and results are compared to experimental data. The analysis show that the operational behaviour of the valves is not only dependent on the condition of the induced flow, but also the pipe flow can cause a feedback as a result of the induced pressure waves. For the calculation of pressure wave propagation in pipes of which the operation of flow induced valves has a considerable influence it is therefore necessary to have a coupled analysis of the pressure wave propagation and the operational behaviour of the valves.The analyses of the fast transient transfer from steam to two-phase flow show a good agreement with experimental data. Hence even these very high loads on pipes resulting from such fluiddynamic transients can be calculated realistically.     

窄矩形通道内搅混流和环状流相界面参数的计算方法

空泡份额和界面浓度是两相流动中重要的相界面参数,准确获取窄矩形通道内搅混流和环状流工况下空泡份额和界面浓度是构建和完善两流体模型的关键。本文针对横截面为65 mm×2 mm的矩形通道开展了气液两相流动特性可视化实验研究,气相折算速度j_g＝1～9 m/s,液相折算速度j_f＝0.1～1.5 m/s,流型包含搅混流和环状流。提出了基于高速摄像法获取搅混流和环状流下空泡份额和界面浓度的分析计算方法,利用该方法所得空泡份额与窄矩形通道内经验关系式计算值的相对偏差约在10%以内。此计算方法可为研究复杂流型下窄矩形通道内的相界面参数提供理论依据。