CEFR一回路冷阱更换过程中的钠钾合金灌装

介绍了中国实验快堆(CEFR)一回路2#冷阱更换过程中的钠钾合金灌装方案,灌装回路的设计、建造及调试,灌装过程安全防护措施和废钠钾合金的处理,并向CEFR备用冷阱内灌装447.4kg钠钾合金,对废钠钾合金进行处理。结果表明,所采用的钠钾合金灌装方法、钠钾合金回路活接头冷冻拆卸技术、钠管道切割除钠技术、废钠钾合金处理方法安全可靠,人员安全防护措施得当。本文方法也可用于指导CEFR一回路1#冷阱的更换。     

强迫循环冷阱捕集杂质研究

基于冷阱内部传热传质相关理论,建立了强迫循环冷阱捕集杂质模型。建模过程中,提出了适用于回热器内置非等温冷阱传热计算方法,并进行了程序编译。计算结果表明:随着捕集时间的增加,冷阱捕集杂质总质量及捕集效率均增加,但变化的幅度均逐渐减小;Na K合金中的杂质主要沉淀于金属丝网上,金属丝网捕集杂质的质量较3个壁面捕集杂质的总量大得多;金属丝网的网格长度越短、丝径越大,越利于捕集杂质,但网格长度较丝径对捕集时间的影响更大。     

钠钾合金回路加热器设计

钠钾合金加热器是NaK合金传热试验回路的加热装置，用于加热从回热器出来的钠钾合金工质至散热器性能测试段所需的进口温度。回路所需加热功率较大（300kW），因此，在钠钾合金传热试验回路主回路中设置了2台相同的加热器，二级加热钠钾合金工质。每台加热器最大加热功率150kW，额定加热功率134kW。加热器进口温度537．5℃，出口温度600℃，流量2．47kg／s。加热器主要由19支加热元件、元件定位件以及压力容器组成。     

钠钾合金制备在线计量技术研究

本工作研究钠钾合金制备中的在线计量技术。首先,通过理论分析提出钠钾合金制备在线计量回路的设计方案,并建立了钠钾合金制备在线计量回路,然后,通过标准砝码法在线测量获得了计量回路的校正公式。通过钠钾合金传输后的离线测量佐证了该校正公式及计量方法的正确性。该技术适合于钠钾合金制备在线计量。     

CEFR冷阱结构设计改进及热工水力分析

冷阱是中国实验快堆(CEFR)运行过程中的重要设备之一,在净化反应堆系统中的冷却剂钠、保证反应堆安全稳定运行等方面起着重要作用。而目前CEFR现有冷阱在使用过程中存在着杂质沉降效率低,易造成冷阱堵塞而使冷阱更换频繁等问题,对CEFR的长期稳定运行非常不利。分析冷阱出现的问题,可能有两方面原因:一是钠在冷阱中的流动路径不合理,易造成区域的堵塞;二是在丝网密度和布置方面,没有采用分区布置也容易使杂质沉积在外层而堵塞流道。针对这两方面的原因,本文提出了现有冷阱的改进方案,从结构设计和水力学两方面来改善冷阱内钠中杂质的沉降模式,达到延长冷阱运行寿命的目的。改进方案主要是将丝网区内筒孔封闭约1/3,并在丝网上部支撑板上开两排导流孔,以改进流场;同时将丝网分成上、中、下3个区域布置,每个区域的丝网采用不同的密度,以满足杂质从冷阱底部开始逐渐沉积的要求。通过对该方案三维建模与数值分析,并与CEFR现有冷阱的分析结果进行比较发现,改进冷阱流场分布更为合理,丝网的布置也更能符合杂质沉积的要求,后续将与CEFR的实际运行工况做进一步的比较研究。     

CEFR冷阱结构设计改进及热工水力分析

冷阱是中国实验快堆（CEFR）运行过程中的重要设备之一，在净化反应堆系统中的冷却剂钠、保证反应堆安全稳定运行等方面起着重要作用。而目前CEFR现有冷阱在使用过程中存在着杂质沉降效率低，易造成冷阱堵塞而使冷阱更换频繁等问题，对CEFR的长期稳定运行非常不利。分析冷阱出现的问题，可能有两方面原因：一是钠在冷阱中的流动路径不合理，易造成区域的堵塞；二是在丝网密度和布置方面，没有采用分区布置也容易使杂质沉积在外层而堵塞流道。针对这两方面的原因，本文提出了现有冷阱的改进方案，从结构设计和水力学两方面来改善冷阱内钠中杂质的沉降模式，达到延长冷阱运行寿命的目的。改进方案主要是将丝网区内筒孔封闭约1/3，并在丝网上部支撑板上开两排导流孔，以改进流场；同时将丝网分成上、中、下3个区域布置，每个区域的丝网采用不同的密度，以满足杂质从冷阱底部开始逐渐沉积的要求。通过对该方案三维建模与数值分析，并与CEFR现有冷阱的分析结果进行比较发现，改进冷阱流场分布更为合理，丝网的布置也更能符合杂质沉积的要求，后续将与CEFR的实际运行工况做进一步的比较研究。     

钠冷阱丝网布置的最优化分析

本文主要讨论冷阱中丝网布置的优化问题。对于冷阱中的质量传递问题采用了一维模型，对丝网沉积面积随时间而变的因素进行了简化处理，提出了液态钠流经丝网区一次后应尽量满足对杂质浓度的要求，且在整个丝区杂质析出均匀，丝网用量最小情况下的最优化模型。利用诚特里亚金极大值原理对所得模型在等温冷阱情况下进行了求解，并对非等温冷阱的情况进行了性分析。所得结论可为工程设计提供理依据。     

水中溶解氙气与氩气的分离方法研究

氙气作为核动力反应堆一种非常重要的裂变产物,可根据一回路循环水中溶解氙气的含量对核燃料棒的泄漏进行检测,但氙气中大量的氩气会严重影响质谱法准确测定稳定氙气含量。对纯氩气和纯氙气分别在不锈钢低温冷阱和活性炭低温冷阱上的的吸附及释放性能进行了研究,以实际水样为例,用不锈钢低温冷阱对溶解氙气中的氩气进行了分离,并对水中溶解氙气含量进行了测定。结果表明,不锈钢冷阱分离氙气中大量的氩气更完全高效,不锈钢冷阱分离氩气的最佳温度为60 K,含有氩气和氙气的实际样品采用低温冷阱循环冷冻-释放-冷冻的方法可更加充分释放其中的氩气,此方法对氩气的分离率达99%以上,可以保证水样中溶解氙气含量的准确测定,其测试结果精度达到0.048%。     

中国示范快堆高性能冷阱净化能力试验研究

钠冷快堆采用冷阱作为净化钠中杂质的设备,目前中国实验快堆（CEFR）的冷阱净化杂质能力不能满足中国示范快堆（CFR600）各钠回路中杂质的净化需求。本文通过开展高性能冷阱净化能力试验,获得了不同温度下冷阱的溶解速率、净化速率、捕集能力和杂质容量。这些性能指标均达到了预期值,其捕集能力是CEFR一回路冷阱的2.33倍,是二回路冷阱的1.91倍。试验研究结果为CFR600冷阱结构的优化设计及冷阱性能分析软件的开发提供了依据,满足了CFR600一、二回路和乏组件转换桶钠净化系统关键设备的需求,实现了自主研发的高性能冷阱在CFR600工程上的成功应用。     

液态铅铋合金管内流动传热特性研究

为研究液态铅铋合金的流动传热特性,建立了相应的实验台架,并开展了传热特性试验,获得了1组针对液态铅铋合金的传热关系式。同时使用Fluent程序对圆管内铅铋合金的流动换热进行了模拟计算,以研究不同湍流普朗特数模型和不同湍流模型的选取对计算结果的影响。根据计算结果,探讨了不同湍流普朗特数模型对计算结果的影响,并得到了不同Peclet数下推荐使用的物理模型。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

Interaction between uranium and humic acid (Ⅰ): Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) ＞SHA (HA from the surface) ＞THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g)ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5 - 6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Information for authors

<正>1.NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES(NST),a bimonthly journal,is devoted to all aspects of nuclear science and technology,theoretical or experimental.Its special interest lies in the subjects of synchrotron radiation science and technology;low energy accelerators,radiation technology and applications;radiochemistry,radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine;nuclear electronics and instrumen-     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.