含有可燃毒物的压水堆核电站堆芯装料设计优化研究

含可燃毒物的压水堆装料优化是燃料管理优化研究中的难点,应用通常的脱耦方法和优化算法效率低、全局性差。研究提出局部脱耦方法用以简化问题规模、缩小搜索空间,选择特征统计算法进行优化方案的搜索。利用局部脱耦方法结合特征统计算法研制出压水堆核电站堆芯LP和BP耦合装料优化程序CSALPBP。使用该程序对大亚湾第10循环和第12循环进行了装料优化计算。结果表明CSALPBP程序在求解含可燃毒物的压水堆装料优化问题方面具有很高的搜索效率和很好的全局性,能够较好地解决含可燃毒物的压水堆堆芯装料优化难题。     

压水堆燃料辐照性能多物理耦合并行分析程序开发

核燃料元件是反应堆的核心部件,其性能影响反应堆的安全性与经济性,利用燃料元件性能分析程序开展燃料堆内稳态辐照性能分析对于燃料设计及安全评价具有重要意义。通过开发燃料温度分布、变形计算、裂变气体释放及内压等模型,结合燃料元件热工-力学多物理耦合计算分析耦合方案,基于先进并行计算方法构建了高性能并行化燃料性能分析程序Athena。利用典型商用压水堆核电站数据及同类程序计算结果进行了程序初步验证,结果表明Athena程序计算结果合理可靠。通过定义堆芯功率及热工水力边界条件,程序能够并行开展压水堆全堆芯燃料辐照性能分析,提高燃料辐照性能分析效率,是数值反应堆原型系统（CVR1.0）的重要组成。     

基于FPGA的反应堆保护系统可靠性建模与分析

为建立基于现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）的反应堆保护系统的可靠性模型,以对系统安全提供有效的分析与验证手段。本研究采用故障树、随机Petri网模型,对CANDU堆1号停堆系统（SDS1）单通道进行可靠性建模与分析。对故障树模型分析得到最小割集,以顶事件发生概率作为系统故障概率,在考虑故障检测、维修与定期试验情况下对随机Petri网模型进行仿真得到系统的拒动概率。研究结果表明,故障树和状态空间方法存在一定局限性,随机Petri网能够反映故障检测与定期试验对反应堆保护系统的影响,可以动态地反映系统可靠性,并且避免了状态空间爆炸问题。因此,本研究建立的随机Petri网模型适用于反应堆保护系统的可靠性建模。      

先进压水堆核电站辐射屏蔽优化设计对蒙特卡罗方法的要求

在分析M310堆型核电站辐射屏蔽设计中由于工具限制存在的问题以及“华龙一号”堆型核电站辐射屏蔽设计提出的要求的基础上，从程序界面、输入接口、计算功能和辐射场应用扩展４个方面提出先进压水堆核电站辐射屏蔽优化设计对于蒙特卡罗（MC）方法的要求。MC方法在“华龙一号”辐射屏蔽优化设计的应用实践表明，基于MC方法的计算程序在程序界面、输入接口和辐射场应用扩展方面进一步提升之后，可在先进压水堆核电站辐射屏蔽优化设计方面发挥巨大的作用，显著提升核电站辐射屏蔽优化设计的水平。      

压水堆核电厂高压熔堆严重事故序列分析

压水堆核电厂的高压熔堆事故覆盖了大部分的严重事故序列,且具有很大的潜在威胁。根据我国900MW压水堆核电厂的概率安全分析（PSA）结果选取了丧失厂外电、未能紧急停堆的预期瞬态、二回路管道破口、一回路小破口和蒸汽发生器传热管破裂5种典型的高压熔堆严重事故序列,并使用SCDAP/RELAP5程序对这些事故序列的进程和后果进行了计算分析。计算结果表明：5种典型高压熔堆事故序列可能导致高压熔喷和安全壳直接加热风险,可能引起安全壳早期失效,很有必要采取相应的一回路卸压措施。     

商用压水堆核电站辐照生产医用同位素89Sr

放射性同位素⁸⁹Sr是一种重要的骨转移治疗核素,但由于其生产条件要求较高,目前国内市场的⁸⁹Sr主要依赖进口,药品造价十分高昂。因此,有必要探索一种新的低成本生产方式。本研究利用现役压水堆核电站,将靶件放入燃料组件的导向管中进行辐照,在不影响核电站正常运行的情况下同步进行⁸⁹Sr辐照生产。同时利用蒙卡燃耗软件模拟计算将碳酸锶靶件放入秦山第二核电厂堆芯,经历一个燃料周期（480 d）的辐照,得到主要同位素随辐照时间的变化、辐照结束后靶件内⁸⁹Sr同位素的产额和杂质等数据,并对初步产能进行评估。结果表明,相关参数满足药品质量要求,使用压水堆核电站进行⁸⁹Sr同位素的生产可行,产能前景十分可观。本研究的生产方法适用国内多数商用压水堆核电站,可极大降低医用同位素⁸⁹Sr的生产成本,有助于推动国内同位素生产技术的发展。     

核-气联合循环发电系统性能仿真分析

针对压水堆核电机组循环热效率较低及电网对核电调峰能力的需求，基于Ebsilon软件，在大亚湾核电站二回路热力系统模型基础上，建立核-气联合循环发电热力系统。以燃气轮机循环效率、联合循环效率作为热经济性指标，评价联合循环系统的性能，并分析环境温度、压力及燃气轮机负荷变化对系统性能的影响。结果表明:核-气联合循环系统热效率相比原核电机组提高13.15%，汽轮机输出功率增加75.49%，工作环境得到明显改善；环境温度降低或压力升高会提高燃气轮机效率及联合循环功率；燃气轮机降负荷时，通过补燃天然气可维持核蒸汽发生器进口温度不变，汽轮机仍有较高的输出功率，负荷可调节范围为56.57%~100%。      

关于PWR及CANDU堆先进燃料管理策略的研究

阐述开展先进燃料管理策略研究的必要性与紧迫性。对我国秦山核电厂的燃料管理策略的改进进行了初步探讨，包括提高富集度延长循环长度、增大平均卸料燃耗、应用先进可靠毒物和低泄漏优化换料、改进燃料组件设计和适当提高功率等，并对可能取得的重大经济效益进行了讨论。提出研究ＰＷＲ的乏燃料在ＣＮＡＤＵ堆中应用及形成ＰＷＲ／ＣＡＮＤＵ联合燃料循环的可行性，以提高燃耗深度，增加能量输出，降低发电成本。     

Benchmark calculations of pressurizer model for Maanshan nuclear power plant using TRACE code

The pressurizer plays an important role in controlling the pressure of the primary coolant system in pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plants. An accurate modeling of the pressurizer is needed to determine the pressure response of the primary coolant system, and thus to successfully simulate overall PWR nuclear power plant behavior during transients. The purpose of this study is to develop a pressurizer model, and to assess its pressure transients using the TRACE code version 5.0. The benchmark of the pressurizer model was performed by comparing the simulation results with those from the tests at the Maanshan nuclear power plant. Four start-up tests of the Maanshan nuclear power plant are collected and simulated: (1) turbine trip test from 100% power (Test PAT-50); (2) large-load reduction at 100% power (Test PAT-49); (3) net-load trip at 100% power (Test PAT-51); and (4) net-load trip at 50% power (Test PAT-21). The simulation results show that the predictions of the pressure response are in reasonable agreement with the power plant's start-up tests, and thus the pressurizer model built in this study is successfully verified and validated.     

压水堆核电站含氚废水产生与排放

随着核能发展和环境保护的需要,核电站排氚的问题逐渐进入公众的视野。本文简要介绍了压水堆核电站氚的产生和释放机理,核电站运行时液态氚的排放情况,并对国内外法规标准进行了比较分析。通过上述分析,提出了对现有压水堆核电站含氚废液处理的需求。     

压水堆核燃料循环情景模式初步研究

根据我国核电发展现状和中长期发展规划及中长期（2030、2050）发展战略研究,假设2050年前我国压水堆核电发展规模,基于压水堆乏燃料后处理,回收的钚做成MOX燃料放入压水堆中使用,MOX燃料只使用1次的循环模式,进行核能发展情景研究。基于压水堆可装载30%比例MOX燃料的已有研究结果,考虑我国主要的两种压水堆堆型M310和AP1000,进行压水堆核燃料循环分析。利用核能发展情景动态分析程序DESAE-2,给出了不同情景模式下天然铀需求量、乏燃料累计量等。结果表明：至2050年,B₁和B₂模式较A模式分别节省天然铀4.1万t和2.9万t。     

Assessment the safety performance of nuclear power plants using Global Safety Index (GSI)

The safety performance of the nuclear power plant is a very important factor enhancing the nuclear energy option. It is vague to evaluate the nuclear power plant performance but it can be measured through measuring the safety performance of the plant.In this work, the safety of nuclear power plants is assessed by developing a “Global Safety Index” (GSI).The GSI is developed by introducing three indicators: probability of accident occurrence, performance of safety system in case of an accident occurrence (during an accident), and the consequences of the accident.The GSI is developed by tracking the performance of the safety system during a design basis accident such as loss of coolant accident (LOCA). This is done by using the PCTran simulation code in simulation a PWR LOCA and introducing four indicators: the sensation time, the response time, and the recovery time together with Core Damage Frequency (CDF). Then Fuzzy Inference System is used for obtaining the GSI.The GSI is also evaluated for the advanced types for nuclear power plants, such as AP1000, and a comparison is made between the GSI evaluated for both conventional and advanced types.     

Modeling and optimization of a nuclear power plant secondary loop

Increasing the thermodynamic efficiency of fossil fuel or nuclear power plants can lead to significant economic gains. Consequently, the continuous quest of searching higher efficiency in power plants has resulted in the development of innovative tools to comply with these needs. Although a large inventory of simulation tools is available for industrial applications, sometimes it is more appropriate to develop in-house models that are best suitable for treating specific energy systems. In the present work, a combined simulation-optimization tool was developed and used to optimize the secondary loop of a CANDU-6 nuclear power plant (i.e., Gentilly-2 nuclear station). Based on previous studies an optimizer module has been coupled with a thermodynamic model, written in Matlab, used as a plant simulation tool. It includes models that take into account the responses of major thermal units, i.e., condenser, moisture separator reheater and feedwater heaters. The simulation package is used to estimate the behavior of the power station according to the variation of a given number of plant operation parameters. The methodology permits a set of best trade-off operating conditions of the secondary loop to be determined, and thus providing a better and more realistic support to plant operators. The results also clearly show that there is plenty of potential to improve the overall performance of the power station.     

核电站严重事故后果概率安全评价方法研究

核电站严重事故后果概率安全评价(PSA)是采用概率论的方法对核电站放射性后果进行分析,并定量给出放射性物质对核电站周围公众的健康效应影响。以国内某压水堆核电站为参考厂址,建立合适的场外后果分析模型。采用分层抽样方法对参考厂址1a的气象数据进行抽样,源项和释放特征等数据取自二级PSA的研究结果。利用事故后果评价程序对核电站严重事故后果进行计算,并用概率论方法对结果进行评估。通过计算将各事故和事故谱的场外个人剂量表示为CCDF曲线和总频率-剂量曲线,再用概率论方法得到不同距离处个人剂量超过指定剂量的条件概率;也可用此方法对确定烟羽应急计划区的安全准则中所描述的"大多数严重事故序列"进行量化。     

低温供热堆推荐动力循环

分析了低温供热堆热电联供所提供的热源和冷源的特点，根据５ＭＷ、２００ＭＷ、５００ＭＷ低温供热堆的设计工况，针对氨水朗肯循环、水蒸汽朗肯循环、水蒸汽扩容循环、卡林那循环和氦气循环等动力循环方式，进行了详细计算、分析、比较。结果表明，氨水朗肯循环具有相对较高的发电效率，是一种很有潜力的低温动力循环；水蒸汽朗肯循环对于堆芯进、出口温度差较小的堆型具有明显的优势；而水蒸汽扩容循环却是堆芯进、出口温度差较大堆型的首选循环。     

大型非能动压水堆核电厂安全注射系统旋启式止回阀阻力变化对长期堆芯冷却影响分析

大型非能动压水堆核电厂在发生失水事故(LOCA)后的长期堆芯冷却阶段依靠重力向堆芯注入应急冷却水,其注射管线上设置的旋启式止回阀的阻力可随流量变化,管线的阻力可能将非预期地增加。根据旋启式止回阀阻力特性,为失水事故最佳估算系统分析程序添加相应的计算功能,对压力容器直接注射(DVI)管线双端断裂事故后长期堆芯冷却工况进行了计算分析。结果表明:安全注射管线上旋启式止回阀阻力变化对大型非能动压水堆核电厂LOCA后长期冷却的影响较小;在安全裕量不足的情况下,旋启式止回阀的阻力特性将影响到非能动注射管线的安全注射功能的执行。     

基于功率密度谱的压水堆核电厂中子噪声特性研究

分析了压水堆核电厂中子噪声功率密度谱的计算方法,利用该方法以核电厂堆内构件振动监测系统长期的监测数据为基础,计算了中子噪声的功率密度谱,分别分析了百万千万级核电厂、不同功率核电厂和不同燃料周期核电厂中子噪声功率密度谱特性。结果表明,通过分析压水堆核电厂的中子噪声功率密度谱特性,能有效的认识压水堆核电厂堆内构件的振动行为,为压水堆核电厂堆内构件状态分析提供了基础。      

Analytical one-dimensional frequency response and stability model for PWR nuclear power plants

A dynamic model for PWR nuclear power plants is presented. The plant is assumed to consist of a one-dimensional single-channel core, a counterflow once-through steam generator (represented by two nodes according to the non-boiling and boiling region) and the necessary connecting coolant lines. The model describes analytically the frequency response behaviour of important parameters of such a plant with respect to perturbations in reactivity, subcooling or mass flow (both at the entrances to the reactor core and/or the secondary steam generator side), and perturbations in steam load or system pressure (on the secondary side of the steam generator). From corresponding ‘open’ loop considerations, it can then be concluded - by applying the Nyquist criterion - upon the degree of the stability behaviour of the underlying system. Based on this theoretical model, a computer code named ADYPMO has been established.From the knowledge of the frequency response behaviour of such a system, the corresponding transient behaviour with respect to a stepwise or any other perturbation signal can also be calculated by applying an appropriate retransformation method, e.g. by using the digital code FRETI. To demonstrate this procedure, a transient experimental curve measured during the pre-operational test period at the PWR nuclear power plant KKS Stade was recalculated using the combination ADYPMO-FRETI. Good agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental results give an insight into the validity and efficiency of the underlying theoretical model and the applied retransformation method.     

压水堆核电厂控制系统仿真研究

提出了用于压水堆核电厂控制系统快速和精确仿真的系统数学模型和数值方法，并用研制的仿真程序ＮＣＳ对商用压水堆核电厂控制系统进行了仿真研究，得到了满意的结果。     

Regulatory strategy for effective application of periodic safety review system

In less than 10 years, the first commercial pressurized water reactor (PWR) plant in Korea will reach its official design life. As part of safety activities, developed countries have already implemented periodic safety review (PSR) or equivalent programs to check and improve the safety of operating nuclear power plants (NPP) during their plant life. At the end of 1999, it was decided by the Korean Atomic Energy Safety Committee to adopt the PSR program and to apply it to Korean operating NPP. Since Kori Unit 1 started the review for the first tentative application of PSR as a model case in May 2000, it is now progressing well. Management of aging is one of the major factors to be considered in PSR and life extension of a nuclear plant. This paper is intended to introduce the regulatory aspect and strategy of Korean PSR. The background and scope of basic PSR guidelines are described, and a summary of technical criteria for aging management, which shows a regulatory direction for PSR, is also presented.