箭鱼形翅片微通道流动换热特性研究

超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环是第4代核能采用的新一代热能循环系统。紧凑式微通道换热器作为超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环的高低温回热器，其流动换热特性直接影响整体热电转化的效率。降低回热器的流动阻力，同时维持较高的换热效率是微通道换热器优化设计的重要研究内容。箭鱼形翅片微通道设计借鉴仿生学原理，理论上可显著降低流动阻力。本文以超临界二氧化碳为流动工质，建立箭鱼形翅片换热器的模型并进行三维数值模拟，分析不同排列下的箭鱼形翅片设计对换热器流动换热特性的影响。同时对箭鱼形翅片设计与传统商用折线形微通道换热器流动换热特性进行对比分析。研究分析表明，在相同雷诺数下，箭鱼形翅片微通道的努塞尔数为折线形流道的2倍，而压降仅为其1/2，所以箭鱼形翅片微通道换热器的流动换热特性明显优于折线形换热器。通过优化分析，发现箭鱼形翅片设计最优的排列间距为沿流动方向的翅片间距L_a＝8 mm，垂直于流动方向的翅片间距L_b＝6 mm。     

机翼型微通道高效紧凑换热器流动换热特性

超临界二氧化碳（S-CO₂）布雷顿循环系统是第4代反应堆采用的新型高效热能转化系统，系统采用微通道高效紧凑换热器作为高低温回热器，其流动换热特性对整体系统热能转化效率有着显著影响。本文采用数值模拟方法，以S-CO₂为流动工质，建立机翼型翼片结构的换热器模型，研究翼片的不同间距对流动换热性能的影响。研究结果表明，交错排列翼片的综合流动换热性能优于翼片并排布置，翼片交错间距为左右间距一半时，增加左右间距，换热器流动换热性能更好。将机翼型微通道换热器与折线型微通道换热器模拟结果进行对比分析表明，机翼型微通道换热器在压降仅为折线型微通道换热器54.174%的情况下，换热性能提升了25.67%。     

Heat Transfer Characteristic of Airfoil Microchannel Efficient and Compact Heat Exchanger

Supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO₂) Brayton cycle system is a new type of high-efficiency energy conversion system used in the fourth generation reactor. The microchannel efficient and compact heat exchanger is used in the system as high or low temperature recuperators. Besides, heat transfer performance and flow characteristics of heat exchanger have significant impacts on the overall energy conversion efficiency of the system. In this paper, the heat exchanger model of airfoil structure was established and the CFD method was used to study the influence of different spacing of fins on the overall heat transfer characteristics with S-CO₂ as the working fluid. The results show that the convective heat transfer performance of interlaced fins is better than that of side-by-side arrangement. When the interlaced spacing is half of the parallel spacing, the comprehensive performance of heat exchanger is better with the increase of the parallel spacing. The results of airfoil microchannel heat exchanger were compared with those of the Z-shaped microchannel heat exchanger, which shows that the pressure drop of airfoil microchannel heat exchanger is only 54.174% of the Z-shaped microchannel heat exchanger when the heat transfer capacity increases by 25.67%.     

熔盐堆超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环系统与热力学分析

熔盐堆（MSR）能实现在线填料和后处理,出口温度较高,应配备一种与之出口温度相匹配的创新型循环方式,且可达到较高的循环效率。本文基于中国科学院上海应用物理研究所设计的小型模块化熔盐堆（smTMSR-400）设计超临界二氧化碳（SCO₂）布雷顿循环系统,使用控制变量法分析了分流比、压缩机/透平效率、主压缩机出口温度、低温换热器换热温差/阻力对SCO₂布雷顿循环系统的影响。分析结果表明:①存在最佳分流比使低温换热器两侧温差相等;②相较于压缩机效率,等幅度的透平效率提升可使系统循环效率和?效率更高;③主压缩机出口压力增大为系统带来正面影响,但循环效率/?效率与其斜率都逐渐降低;④换热器换热温差和流动阻力都为系统循环带来了可量化的负担: 换热温差每增加10 K,循环效率降低1.85%,?效率降低2.70%;流动阻力每增加1 MPa,循环效率降低6.58%,?效率降低10.22%。最后根据分析结果和系统?流变化设计了5种物理参考方案。      

超临界二氧化碳再压缩布雷顿循环变工况特性分析

超临界二氧化碳再压缩布雷顿循环是高效紧凑的能量转换方式。目前许多研究在分析循环的特性时，常假设压缩机和透平的效率为恒定，该假设与实际情况差别很大。本文使用MODELICA作为工具，建立了超临界二氧化碳再压缩布雷顿循环模型。对于压缩机和透平，加入了真实压缩机和透平的特性曲线模型。通过模拟计算发现，循环输入功率和循环流量的改变将对循环火用效率和各组件的火用损产生影响。循环偏离设计工况时，适当控制输入功率和循环流量可调节循环输出功率和火用效率。     

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Conversion System Applied to Sodium-cold Fast Reactor

Because of the high efficiency, compactness and avoiding sodium water reaction, the supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO₂) Brayton cycle is an ideal power conversion system for sodium-cooled fast reactors. In this paper, the 1 200 MWe Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor was used as the heat source of the system, and the temperature and heat load of the sodium loop were used as the operating boundary of the circulation system. The system performance and key equipment performance of different supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycles were compared. The coupling between the inter-stage cooling and recompression cycle and the characteristics of the heat source of the sodium-cooled reactor is the best, and the cycle efficiency is the highest (40.7%). Furthermore, the influence of different operating parameters on the efficiency of the inter-stage cooling and recompression cycle was studied, and the sensitivity of the efficiency of the circulation system to each of the key influencing factors was given. It is found that the efficiency of the circulation system is the most sensitive to the cold-end parameters, followed by the split ratio and turbine inlet parameters, and the weakest to the main compressor inter-stage pressure ratio.     

应用于钠冷快堆的超临界二氧化碳动力转换系统研究

超临界二氧化碳（SCO₂）布雷顿循环由于高效、紧凑和可避免钠水反应等特性而成为钠冷快堆的理想动力转换系统。本文以1 200 MWe大型池式钠冷快堆为系统热源，钠回路温度及热负荷为循环系统运行边界，对比研究了不同SCO₂布雷顿循环系统性能和关键设备性能的变化规律。研究发现，级间冷却再压缩循环与钠冷快堆热源特性匹配性最佳，且循环效率最高（40.7%）。进而研究了不同运行参数对级间冷却再压缩循环效率的影响规律，给出了循环系统效率对各关键影响因素的敏感度，发现循环系统效率对冷端参数的敏感度最强，其次为分流比和透平入口参数，对主压缩机级间压比的敏感度最弱。     

千瓦级2 K超流氦板翅式换热器初步设计优化

本文采用分布参数法对1 000 W@2 K低温系统配套的50 g/s流量2 K换热器进行了设计计算。利用加权系数法提出了换热器综合优化指标,随后采用遗传算法进行优化,并根据工程需要从多个侧重点对换热器进行优化,获得了一系列优化方案,从中选择了侧重换热效率的方案作为初步设计结果。在该结果的基础上,进一步采用了CFD数值仿真校核,验证了初步设计结果的准确性。优化后换热器的换热效率为844%,压降为22216 Pa,体积为0022 1 m3。     

Modeling and sizing of the heat exchangers of a new supercritical CO2 Brayton power cycle for energy conversion for fusion reactors

TECNO_FUS is a research program financed by the Spanish Government to develop technologies related to a dual-coolant (He/Pb–Li) breeding blanket design concept including the auxiliary systems for a future power reactor (DEMO). One of the main issues of this program is the optimization of heat recovery from the reactor and its conversion into electrical power. This paper is focused on the methodology employed for the design and sizing of all the heat exchangers of the supercritical CO₂ Brayton power cycle (S-CO2) proposed by the authors. Due to the large pressure difference between the fluids, and also to their compactness, Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHE) are suggested in literature for these type of cycles. Because of the complex behavior of CO₂, their design is performed by a numerical discretization into sub-heat exchangers, thus a higher precision is reached when the thermal properties of the fluids vary along the heat exchanger. Different empirical correlations for the pressure drop and the Nusselt number have been coupled and assessed. The design of the precooler (PC) and the low temperature recuperator (LTR) is also verified by simulations using CFD because of the near-critical behavior of CO₂. The size of all of the heat exchangers of the cycle have been assessed.     

EAST阻性换热器多物理场耦合模拟计算

阻性换热器是EAST高温超导(HTS)电流引线的重要组成部分,目前有三头螺旋翅片和叠片两种结构形式,为了比较这两种阻性换热器的优劣,对它们的热工水力性能进行了多物理场耦合模拟计算,计算结果表明:两种阻性换热器在换热性能方面基本相当,均可满足快速换热的要求,但叠片换热器的流动阻力远小于三头螺旋翅片换热器的。实际运行过程中,三头螺旋翅片换热器中氮冷却回路的压力控制较为困难,经常需人工调节控制阀阀门,而叠片换热器中氮冷却回路的压力控制则较为简单,不需经常调节。因此,叠片式结构较三头螺旋翅片式结构更适合应用在EAST阻性换热器中。     

小型氟盐冷却高温堆耦合布雷顿循环系统分析与研究

为满足小型氟盐冷却高温堆（FHR）能量转换需求,开发与之匹配的高效、紧凑、无水冷却动力转换系统,本文对比了超临界二氧化碳（SCO₂）、空气、氩气（Ar）、氮气（N₂）、氙气（Xe）5种气体工质在不同布雷顿循环构型中的热电转换效率、?效率、?损失分布。研究发现,SCO₂布雷顿循环相比其它工质循环具有最高的热电转换效率和?效率,且结构更为紧凑,易于小型化和模块化,与小型氟盐冷却高温堆耦合更具优势;进而对SCO₂布雷顿循环进行构型优化,得出匹配小型氟盐冷却高温堆的最佳循环构型方式,构成固有安全模块化小型氟盐冷却高温堆热电转换系统,为西部能源利用提供新研究思路。      

Parametric study of sulfuric acid decomposer for hydrogen production

It is proposed to use a ceramic high-temperature heat exchanger as a sulfuric acid decomposer for hydrogen production within the sulfur–iodine thermo-chemical cycle portion of the hydrogen production process. In this cycle, hot helium from a nuclear reactor is used to heat the SI (sulfuric acid) feed components (H₂O, H₂SO₄, SO₃) to obtain appropriate conditions for the SI decomposition reaction. The inner walls of the SI decomposition channels of the decomposer are coated by a catalyst to decompose sulfur trioxide into sulfur dioxide and oxygen. The heat exchanger and decomposer are made of silicon carbide (SiC).

A three-dimensional computational model is developed to investigate fluid flow, heat transfer, chemical reaction, and stress analysis within the decomposer. Fluid/thermal/chemical analysis of the decomposer is conducted using FLUENT software. Thermal results of this analysis are exported to ANSYS software to perform a probabilistic failure analysis. Effects of using various channel geometries of the decomposer are investigated.     

中间换热器的传热和阻力特性

中间换热器在高温气冷堆氦气透平间接循环发电系统中是耦合高温气冷堆和氦气透平的关键部件,承担着将高温气冷堆中高温氦气的能量传递到氦气透平回路的任务.中间换热器给氦气透平的设计和运行维护带来方便,但它的传热与阻力性能不可避免地影响循环效率,因此,中间换热器的设计和选型需综合考虑传热效率、压力损失、材料性能和紧凑度等因素.本文介绍了印制板式换热器(PCHE)的主要特点,分析了它在间接循环系统中应用的可行性,重点研究了该中间换热器的传热和流动阻力特性,以及影响PCHE换热效率和压力损失的主要因素.在此基础上,提出了优化中间换热器传热和阻力特性的途径和方法.     

Optimization of zigzag flow channels of a printed circuit heat exchanger for nuclear power plant application

Printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) is recently considered as a recuperator for the high-temperature gas cooled reactor. In this study, shape optimization of zigzag flow channels in a PCHE has been performed to enhance heat transfer performance and reduce the friction loss based on three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes analysis with the Shear Stress Transport Turbulence model. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is used for the multi-objective optimization. Two non-dimensional objective functions related to heat transfer performance and friction loss are employed. The shape of a flow channel is defined by two geometric design variables, viz. the cold channel angle and the ellipse aspect ratio of the cold channel. The experimental points within the design space are selected using Latin hypercube sampling as the design of the experiment. The response surface approximation model is used to approximate the Pareto-optimal front. Five optimal designs on the Pareto-optimal front have been selected using k-means clustering. The flow and heat transfer characteristics, as well as the objective function values, of these designs have been compared with those of the reference design.     

新型换热器水力实验研究

所研究的新型换热器由5个单元组成.传热管为套管式结构,外管为钛管,外表面均布4条螺旋状肋;内管为呈螺旋状的钛管;传热管之间呈正三角形紧密排列.新型换热器水力实验采用单项实验与整体水力实验相结合的技术路线,利用单项实验模拟各种通道,由标定得出流量与压降的关系.整体水力模拟体比例为1:1,并对局部进行了简化:用不锈钢直管代替螺旋状的传热管内管;在典型位置传热管上布置了内管静压测管和外管外全压测管.第一阶段为带堵塞棒的实验,第二阶段为不带堵塞棒的实验.通过实验,确定了新型换热器一次侧的流量分配和各部分阻力系数,实验数据已用于新型换热器设计改进.     

当量直径对超临界水流动传热特性的影响

以CFD商业软件FLUENT为计算平台,对圆管和圆环通道内超临界水流动传热特性进行数值模拟。通过对几种湍流模型的对比,选取在超临界条件下适用性相对较好的SST模型进行计算,分别比较不同热力当量直径和不同水力当量直径下圆管与圆环通道加热面壁温、边界层温度及速度的分布,研究热力当量直径和水力当量直径对超临界水流动传热特性的影响。结果表明,正常传热工况下,水力当量直径对超临界水流动传热特性有很大影响,而热力当量直径几乎无影响。圆环通道内流动传热关系式可基于圆管进行拟合,超临界水流动传热特性的其他影响因素还需进一步研究。     

兆瓦级核电推进系统布雷顿循环热电转换特性分析

闭式布雷顿循环是兆瓦级核电推进系统主要采用的动态热电转换方式，具有结构简单、转换效率高等特点。本文针对兆瓦级核电推进系统的动态布雷顿热电转换方式进行特性分析，具体内容包括：对氦气、氮气、二氧化碳和氙气4种工质及它们以不同比例混合的工质的热物性进行比较，进而对其在兆瓦级核电推进系统闭式布雷顿循环中的换热性能、压力损失系数和透平机械所需级数进行分析；以带有同流换热器和预冷器的直接气体透平循环为研究对象，比较兆瓦级核电推进系统气体透平循环在采用不同比例混合物作为工质时的循环效率，并对参数变化对循环效率的影响进行研究。本研究为兆瓦级核电推进系统气体透平循环在工质选择方面提供了一定的参考，为其设计和控制系统的研究奠定了基础，为以后进行气体透平循环动态性能研究打下了基础。     

快堆钠-空气热交换器翅片管传热及阻力特性试验研究

钠-空气热交换器是钠冷快堆事故余热排出系统的重要设备之一，与外界环境一起构成事故下反应堆余热的最终热阱。由于钠-空气热交换器的换热管采用垂直布置的翅片管结构，空气在不同位置处冲刷换热管的流速以及角度不同，导致其传热特性及阻力特性与传统翅片管换热器有很大不同。本文以钠-空气热交换器工程设计需求为研究背景，设计了两种试验件分别进行空气冲刷角度为90°和30°时翅片管束传热与流动阻力特性试验研究。试验结果表明：对于相同管排，空气冲刷角度为90°时的翅片管的换热系数及阻力系数明显大于空气冲刷角度为30°时的翅片管；对于相同空气冲刷角度下的不同换热管排，第2排翅片管的换热系数最大。本文研究为钠-空气热交换器的设计及优化提供了理论依据。     

Experimental Study on Heat Transfer and Resistance Characteristics for Finned Tube of Fast Reactor Sodium-air Heat Exchanger

Sodium-air heat exchanger is one of the important equipment in the decay heat removal system of sodium-cooled fast reactor, which together with the external environment constitutes the final heat trap for the residual heat of a reactor. Due to the vertically arranged finned tube structure adopted by the heat exchanger tubes of the sodium-air heat exchanger and the difference of the flow direction and velocity of the air at the different positions, the heat transfer and resistance characteristics are very different from of traditional finned tube heat exchanger. In this paper, based on the engineering design requirements of sodium-air heat exchanger, two kinds of experimental specimens were designed to study the heat transfer and flow resistance characteristics of finned tube bundles with air flow angles of 90° and 30°. The experimental results show that the heat transfer and resistance coefficients of the same finned tube with air flow angles of 90° are significantly greater than those of the finned tube with air flow angles of 30°. For the same air flow direction, the second finned tube has the largest heat transfer coefficient. The research provides a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of sodium-air heat exchanger.