X射线编码孔成像技术在近地太空核爆探测中的应用

根据X射线编码孔成像的原理，搭建了地面模拟成像系统，在此基础上建立了编码孔成像技术探测近地太空核爆当量和方位的理论计算方法，获得了系统响应（灰度）与X射线强度、重建图像质心位置与X射线入射角度之间的关系，并开展了核爆当量和方位的模拟探测实验，对实验数据和理论计算数据进行了对比和分析。结果表明，理论计算结果与实验结果吻合较好，验证了采用X射线编码孔成像技术探测近地太空核爆的可行性，同时证明X射线编码孔成像具有较多针孔成像更高的探测灵敏度、信噪比和抗干扰能力。     

星载核爆X射线探测技术进展

卫星有效载荷对核爆炸的探测是实现国土及全球核爆监测的最佳手段，核爆传感器也可为空间科学研究积累数据。而星载X射线探测的途径，可较理想地实现对近地太空核爆的探测、识别、定位与确定核爆炸的当量。主要介绍利用X射线探测太空核爆在国外的发展历史及现状，并且预测了今后的发展趋势。     

关于天基探测近地核爆瞬发辐射的思考

分析探讨了利用瞬发辐射天基探测核爆炸(包括空间核爆和近地核爆)的可行性,概略估算了近地核爆某些瞬发辐射粒子(含X,γ射线及中子等)自爆点垂直传播至同步探测卫星处的传输总衰减倍数A及相应的辐射厚度B和物理衰减因子Aph等.得出结果:利用γ射线与中子可探测高于10km的核爆;利用10keV X射线可探测高于40km的核爆炸,利用1keV X射线可探测高于80km的核爆炸.     

星载核爆脉冲γ射线及中子监测技术的进展

卫星有效载荷对大气层和太空核爆实施探测、定位和识别是各核大国争相研究的前沿课题.回顾了美国主要监测卫星对核爆脉冲γ射线及中子监测的早期技术,包括天基系统构成、辐射探测器和探测方法,对未来大气层和太空核爆监测技术和装备进行了展望和设想,以期为相关领域的研究提供一定参考.     

X射线源针孔成像系统优化设计研究

为提高X射线源针孔成像系统的性能,对成像能区为10~100 keV的X射线源针孔成像系统进行了优化设计研究。综合应用了理论分析和蒙特卡罗模拟的方法,首先根据X射线波长、准直器角响应和X射线穿透效应对针孔成像的不同影响结果设计了可有效控制成像分辨率和成像面积变化的船底型准直器,随后用蒙特卡罗方法对使用该准直器的针孔成像系统进行了模拟验证。结果表明,对于100 keV以下的X射线,经船底型准直器后,成像的空间分辨率和亮斑亮度较稳定,能得到相对准确的X射线源定位、定量信息。     

X射线源针孔成像方法可行性研究

为检验利用针孔成像对X射线源进行研究的可行性，对X射线针孔成像系统进行优化设计，搭建了1套X射线源针孔成像装置。从理论上对X射线源的位置和强度发生变化时图像的相应变化进行了计算和预估，并用实验加以验证。结果表明，像斑中心位置的移动和像斑灰度值的变化分别与X射线源位置和强度的变化在一定范围内存在线性关系，由此证明了利用针孔成像对X射线源进行空间定位及定量研究的可行性。本文结果对X射线源针孔成像的系统设计具有参考意义。     

采用针孔成像进行核爆定位的方法研究

由于有了精确显示光学成像的电子器件CCD,成熟的计算面技术针孔成像,可从针孔像点求取物点的坐标.本文对此进行了粗浅的分析,利用核爆炸时火球像的型态和火球相对针孔的位置,像屏位置有关的特点,探讨其在核爆定位中的应用.     

一种监测低能X射线的Si探测器

低能(50keV以下)光子探测器广泛应用于外大气层核爆监测,天体物理现象研究。采用半导体探测单元试制了低能X射线探测器模块。说明了配置多探测器系统的方法,并介绍了探测单元模块的设计、主要试验和技术指标。室温下噪声等效输入光子能量为2.1keV。     

X射线闪烁屏针孔相机

研制了用于ICF实验激光焦斑监测的X射线闪烁屏针孔相机,通过使用Cs I闪烁屏,能够有效的减小焦斑成像中硬X射线份额,图像的信噪比有了很大提高。使用蒙卡方法对Cs I的能量沉积进行了模拟,计算出适合于针孔相机的闪烁屏厚度。由于针状Cs I闪烁屏的分辨力优于一般闪烁体,制造了针状Cs I闪烁屏作为针孔相机的成像元件。在X射线管上做了Cs I闪烁屏的成像实验,实验表明闪烁屏具有较好的分辨力,最小分辨达到15 lp/mm,整个X射线闪烁屏针孔相机的分辨力好于24μm,和普通针孔相机的分辨力基本相当。     

高分辨率小动物SPECT成像系统的设计与性能评估

为实现低成本、高分辨率的小动物单光子发射断层成像(SPECT),设计了一种基于临床探测器和针孔准直器的小动物SPECT成像系统。综合考虑视野尺寸、空间分辨率和绝对探测效率等指标,分别给出了单针孔和七针孔准直器的两种最优化设计方案,并通过对比两种设计方案在全视野范围内的平均空间分辨率和探测效率,对成像性能进行了评估。结果表明,与单孔准直器相比采用七针孔准直器设计可同时获得更高的空间分辨率和探测效率。经蒙特卡罗模拟成像实验验证,该七针孔准直器在临床探测器上可达0.5mm级的超高空间分辨率,且成本远低于采用专用探测器的现有小动物SPECT系统。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

正~~     

Radioactivity levels in soil of salt field area,Kelambakkam,Tamilnadu,India

Soil samples in and around salt field area have been analyzed for natural radioactivity concentration using gamma ray spectrometer.The activity concentration for ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K are ranged from 27.88 to 45.27 Bq/kg, from BDL to 13.30 Bq/kg,and from 135.54 to 381.28 Bq/kg,respectively.The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with world average activity of soil.The average activity concentration of ~(232)Th in the present study is 1.19 times higher than world median value while the activity of ~(238)U and ~(40)K is found to be lower. The absorbed dose rates due to these radionuclides were calculated.The average absorbed gamma dose rate due to the presence of ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K in soil samples is 36.99 nGy·h~(-1).These results indicate no radiological anomaly. The data presented in this study will serve as a base line survey for primordial radionuclides concentration in the study area.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.