HTR-10主氦风机停止试验的模拟

10MW高温气冷实验堆(HTR-10)是我国第1座模块式高温气冷堆。主氦风机停止试验是HTR-10的调试试验之一,该试验不仅证明了丧失强迫循环冷却时反应堆的安全性,也为系统分析程序的验证提供了实测数据。基于实际的试验工况,利用THERMIX程序对主氦风机停止试验进行了模拟,分析了反应堆主要参数的变化。对于反应堆功率,计算结果与试验结果符合得很好,证明了程序的正确性、合理性和适用性。试验过程中,燃料元件中心最高温度始终低于1 230℃的温度限值。     

HTR-10余热排出系统的建模计算及试验验证

高温气冷堆的余热排出系统为非能动式系统,是一回路舱室冷却系统的组成部分之一。本文建立了10 MW高温气冷实验堆（HTR-10）余热排出系统在反应堆舱室内结构的三维模型,模拟HTR-10运行过程中余热排出系统的工作状况。在HTR-10上进行余热排出系统试验,获得了HTR-10在最高热功率为3 MW条件下余热排出系统的相关数据。将试验数据与模拟结果进行比对,结果表明：模拟结果与试验数据存在偏差。通过分析,提出从模型设计、工况适应性两方面对模型进行优化。     

HTR-10一回路放射性石墨粉尘实验系统设计及研究

在10MW高温气冷堆(HTR-10)氦净化系统中,设计并建造了用于取样收集一回路放射性石墨粉尘的实验系统。结合国外已有的研究结果,根据HTR-10氦净化系统的运行参数进行了模拟计算。计算结果表明,该实验系统能有效过滤收集到的放射性石墨粉尘。所设计的取样过滤器便于拆卸和后期测量,可实现对放射性石墨粉尘进行长期系统的研究,给出反应堆不同运行工况下一回路氦净化系统中石墨粉尘及固体裂变核素活度的信息,将为HTR-10高温气冷堆裂变产物行为研究提供大量重要的实验研究数据。     

HTR-10一回路冷却剂中氚活度的测量

详细介绍了测量10 MW高温气冷试验堆一回路冷却剂中氚活度的方法。设计适用于HTR-10特点的氚收集装置,先后两次收集冷却剂中的氚,制成液样进而用液闪法进行测量,并根据试验结果推算HTR-10一回路冷却剂中氚的总活度。针对两次试验结果进行分析并与理论计算值相比较,验证了理论计算的正确性并由此进一步证明高温气冷堆的燃料包覆颗粒对放射性产物的阻挡作用完好,反应堆对环境的氚释放完全在设计要求范围内,符合相应的国家标准。     

1OMW高温气冷实验堆氦气安全阀的设计与性能试验

10Mw高温气冷实验堆(HTR-10)一回路安全泄放系统安装了两台核一级氦气安全阀,对反应堆一回路进行超压保护,是保证HTR-10安全的重要设备之一.本文介绍了氦气安全阀的设计要求、结构特点及性能要求,并按相关规范要求对其性能进行了实验验证.结果表明,安全阀的性能满足设计要求.     

10MW高温气冷实验堆氦气安全阀的设计与性能试验

10MW高温气冷实验堆(HTR-10)一回路安全泄放系统安装了两台核一级氦气安全阀，对反应堆一回路进行超压保护，是保证HTR-10安全的重要设备之一。本文介绍了氦气安全阀的设计要求、结构特点及性能要求，并按相关规范要求对其性能进行了实验验证。结果表明，安全阀的性能满足设计要求。     

高温气冷堆主氦风机惰转特性研究

高温气冷堆主氦风机与压水堆主泵一样,均为反应堆一回路的关键设备.在反应堆正常工况下,两者具有相同的功能要求,但在事故工况时,因反应堆的运行特性不同,其功能要求各异.目前,对压水堆主泵的惰转特性已有大量的实验研究和实际运行结果,但有关主氦风机惰转特性的实验研究与理论研究还很缺乏.本文结合风机的气动特性与高温气冷堆一回路的阻力特性,从理论上研究高温气冷堆主氦风机的惰转特性,建立主氦风机惰转时的流量与转速的预测公式,并给出其数值预测结果,为高温气冷堆设计的初步安全分析提供依据.     

在冷却剂流量降低时高温气冷堆仍然安全

【日本原子能研究所网站新闻2003年10月21日报道】 目前,日本原子能研究所正在利用高温工程试验堆(HTTR)进行高温气冷堆固有安全性验证实验,这也是文部科学省革新性原子能系统技术开发的一部分。迄今为止,日本原子能研究所进行了几次降低冷却剂流量实验,验证了高温气冷堆的固有安全性。即,即使在急速降低堆芯冷却剂氦气流量的情况下,反应堆的功率会随着冷却剂流量的降低而降低,而不必使反应堆停堆,从而避免了堆芯温度的大幅上升。 堆芯冷却剂流量降低是典型的反应堆异常工况。而高温气冷堆具有以下特性,即在慢化剂石墨和燃料温度上升时,燃…     

10MW高温气冷堆气体采样分析系统研究

10MW高温气冷堆的氦气净化系统由氧化铜床、分子筛床、低温吸附器等主要净化设备及其它辅助设备组成,气体采样分析系统由气相色谱仪,湿度计、红外分析仪组成。在投入HTR-10使用中,其湿度计和红外分析仪均能达到设计要求,实现了对反应堆一回路氦气中H2O,CO,CO2的连续监测。其气相色谱仪满足设计要求．实现了对反应堆一回路氦气中H2,O2、N2、CH4、CO、CO2的间歇取样分析。     

350MWt模块式高温气冷球床堆设计研究

提出一种350 MWt模块式高温气冷球床堆(HTR-350)方案设计,该堆采用具有石墨球中心区的环形堆芯设计方案,以强化反应堆在失冷失压事故中堆芯固有余热导出能力,从而可将国外设计的球床式模块堆的单堆功率由200 MW提高到350 MW,改善了模块堆的经济性。文章描述了HTR-350设计特点、主要参数及事故安全特性,并论述为克服环形堆出口气流温度不均匀性所采取的技术措施,给出了堆芯出口气流混合模型实验的结果。     

Thermal behavior of the HTR-10 under combined PLOFC and ATWS condition initiated by unscrammed control rod withdrawal

Two tests initiated by unscrammed control rod withdrawal were performed on the High Temperature GasCooled Reactor-Test Module(HTR-10) in November 2003 after the reactor achieved its full power, and the test conditions represented a typical transient scenario of modular high-temperature reactors(HTRs), called pressurized loss of forced cooling, and anticipated transient without scram.Based on the test parameters, the HTR-10 thermal behaviors under the test conditions were studied with the help of the system analysis code THERMIX. The combination of the test results and the investigation results makes the HTR-10 safety potential better understood. Key phenomena, such as the helium natural circulation and the temperature redistribution in the reactor, were revealed. As the safety feature of most significance, there is a large margin between the maximum fuel temperature and its safety limit in each test. Temperatures of thermocouples in different components were calculated by THERMIX and compared with the test values. The applicability of the code was verified by good agreement obtained from the comparison.     

Post-test analysis of helium circulator trip without scram at 3 MW power level on the HTR-10

Safety demonstration tests were conducted on the 10 MW High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor-Test Module (HTR-10) to verify the inherent safety characteristics of modular High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs) as well as to obtain the transient data of reactor core and primary cooling system for validation of HTGR safety analysis models and codes. As one of these safety demonstration tests, a simulated anticipated transient without scram (ATWS) test called loss of forced cooling by tripping the helium circulator without reactor scram was carried out at 3 MW power level on October 15, 2003. This paper simulates and analyzes the power transient and the thermal response of the reactor during the test by using the THERMIX code. The analytical results are compared with the test data for validation of the code.Owing to the negative temperature coefficient of reactivity, the reactor undergoes a self-shut down after the stop of the helium circulator; the subsequent phenomena such as the recriticality and power oscillations are also studied. During the test a natural circulation loop of helium is established in the core and the other coolant channels and its consequent thermal response such as the temperature redistribution is investigated. In addition, temperatures of the measuring points in the reactor internals are calculated and compared with the measured values. Satisfactory agreements obtained from the comparison demonstrate the basic applicability and reasonability of the THERMIX code for simulating and analyzing the helium circulator trip ATWS test. With respect to the safety features of the HTR-10, it is of most importance that the maximum fuel center temperature during the test is always lower than 1600 °C which is the limited value for the HTGR.     

Primary System Aerodynamic Characteristics and Associated Circulator Operational Performance of HTR-10

The 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR-10) has reached its first criticality in 2000 and is currently under testing for full power operation in the near future. The helium circulator test was carried out on both air and helium conditions with the same gas densities of 2.74 kg/m³ to measure the aerodynamic characteristics of the primary system and the operation performance of the circulator. This paper describes the test procedures and then analyzes the test results. Based on the test data, the aerodynamic characteristics of the primary system and associated operation performance of the circulator under real working condition of the HTR-10 are predicted. As a result, the helium circulator performance satisfies the aerodynamic and operational requirements of the HTR-10 primary system on real working condition by a considerable margin.     

HTR-10的调试管理

10MW高温气冷实验堆（HTR－10）属于研究堆类型，但又具有小型核动力堆的运行模式；HTR－10的调试队伍由设计者、运行者和合同单位有关人员组成。针对HTR－10自身的特点和调试队伍人员组合的特点，确定了调试管理模式。本文重点介绍了HTR－10调试管理中的调试组织的规范化和试验活动的程序化，并给出了试验活动程序流程图。     

Thermal hydraulic calculation of the HTR-10 for the initial and equilibrium core

The thermal hydraulic calculations of the 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled-test module (HTR-10) are among the most important indications to judge the reactor performance under design conditions. The power distribution, the temperature distribution and the flow distribution of the HTR-10 are calculated for initial and equilibrium core in this paper. The temperature distribution includes the temperature parameters of fuel elements, the helium coolant and the main components in the reactor. In the temperature calculation of fuel elements, several uncertain factors are considered carefully, including non-uniform burnup, power distribution deviation, manufacture deviation of fuel elements, graphite balls mixed with fuel balls in the core, calculation deviation of heat transfer and so on. In the flow distribution calculation, the conservative pebble bed core flow value is selected. The results show that the maximum fuel temperature is much lower than the limitation and the flow distribution can meet the cooling requirement in the reactor core.     

Experimental and Operational Verification of the HTR-10 Once-Through Steam Generator (SG)

In January 2003, the 10MW High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTR-10) reached its full power for continuous operation of seventy-two hours in the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University. The reactor was operated smoothly at the designated parameters. The once-through steam generator (SG) is one of key equipments of the HTR-10 reactor. The SG includes 30 modular heating helical tube assemblies. Design of the SG includes hydraulics, heat transfer and stability designs. Based on the design requirement, it is necessary to ensure sufficient heat removal from the reactor in order to maintain stable operation. In order to confirm the thermal hydraulic reliability of the SG, a series of experiments had been carried out. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the design features and experimental verification of HTR-10 SG, and the research results of small bending radius helical coil-pipe used in HTR-10, for example, the heat transfer coefficient of water, superheat steam and the two phase flow in the helical tube, the heat transfer coefficient of the He flow across the helical tube, and the centrifugal force effect on the heat transfer for the helical tube. In the paper, some operational experimental data of the HTR-10 SG have been presented.     

Experiment and Verification Test of the Once-through Steam Generator of the 10 MW High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Flow Stability of the Once-through Steam Generator

In January 2003, the 10MW High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTR-10) reached its full power for continuous operation of seventy-two hours in the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University. The reactor operated smoothlyqbthe design parameters were successfully attained.

The once-through steam generator (SG) is one of key equipments of the HTR-10 reactor. The SG includes 30 modular heating helical tube assemblies. There are two thermal hydraulic requirements to be satisfied for the once-through steam generator: (1) enough heat transfer surface; (2) qualified steam can be produced under rated electrical generation power, and water-steam two phase flow un-stability can be avoided. In order to obtain the thermal hydraulic characteristics of the SG reliably, before design, a numerical code was developed for the design, and a full-scale test loop with two heating tubes as model was established, and series experiments had been carried out.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the design of SG and researches on the stability of small bending radius helical coil-pipe used in HTR-10, for exempla, the effects of outlet steam pressure, inlet water sub-cooling degree, thermal power and inlet throttling degree. Up to now, the SG has experienced full power operation smoothly, and approvingly reached its original design requirements.

In the paper, some operational experimental data of the HTR-10 S.G have been presented.     

10MW高温气冷堆主要调节回路工程整定方法的仿真研究

１０ＭＷ高温气冷堆（ＨＴＲ－１０）动力系统自动控制的研究是ＨＴＲ－１０工程重要子课题之一,核功率调节回路与氦流量调节回路是其中两个重要的回路。由于控制对象存在参数变化大、非线性特性强特点,给控制器参数的工程整定带来了很大困难。本文研究了上述回路在一定性能指标约束下的参数调整方法和规律,为控制器的工程实现和现场整定提供了指导,也为ＨＴＲ－１０整体控制策略的深入研究奠定了基础。     

HTR-10蒸汽发生器的建模及分析

为开发适用于球床模块式高温气冷堆HTR-10的模拟机,采用一体化仿真支撑平台vPower建立了蒸汽发生器的实时热工水力模型。模型以传热方程为基础求解两侧工质及金属管壁的温度和焓,以流体网络为基础求解两侧工质的压力和流量。本文讨论了3种节点划分方案,针对不同节点划分方案的适用范围提出了建议并采用96节点划分方案进行后续研究。此外,通过分析确认了模型在稳态工况下主要参数和分布参数的准确性和合理性,并在100%功率稳态工况的基础上模拟了氦气侧流量阶跃的场景,分析了模型中主要参数的变化过程。动态仿真结果表明,氦气流量阶跃会引起一、二次侧参数不同程度的变化,变化幅度与阶跃程度呈正比,且金属管壁和水侧热容、二次侧参数变化速率相对缓慢,模型再平衡时间较短,表明HTR-10采用的螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器的热惯性相对较小。     

10MW高温气冷堆控制方案研究

在清华大学核能设计研究院开发的高温堆可视化仿真控制平台上进行了10MW高温气冷堆动态特性研究,并结合其运行特点和控制要求设计了3种控制方案,采用比例积分与微分控制方法,在高温堆可视化仿真控制平台上进行了控制方案的仿真比较。控制的重点在于维持直流蒸汽发生器的出口蒸汽温度恒定,同时兼顾反应堆出口热氦气温度不超出保护限值。仿真结果表明,采用给水泵调节给水流量来控制蒸汽温度,并通过氦风机调节氦流量保持与给定功率成比例,避免跨回路调节,静态解除了由于氦流量的变化对一、二回路的耦合问题,能够获得理想的控制效果。