A critical review of the use of 3-D printing in the construction industry

3-D printing, which is an automated production process with layer-by-layer control, has been gaining rapid development in recent years. The technology has been adopted in the manufacturing industry for decades and has recently been introduced in the construction industry to print houses and villas. The technology can bring significant benefits to the construction industry in terms of increased customization, reduced construction time, reduced manpower, and construction cost. A few isolated products and projects have been preliminarily tested using the 3-D printing technology. However, it should be noted that such tests and developments on the use of 3-D printing in the construction industry are very fragmented at the time of the study. It is therefore necessary for the building and construction industry to understand the technology, its historical applications and challenges for better utilization in the future. A systematic review shows that 3-D printing technology, after years of evolution, can be used to print large-scale architectural models and buildings. However, the potential of the technology is limited by the lack of large-scale implementation, the development of building information modeling, the requirements of mass customization, and the life cycle cost of the printed projects. It is therefore expected that future studies should be conducted on these areas to consolidate the stability and expand the applicability of 3-D printing in the construction industry.     

面向大规模定制的数字建筑设计变革

大规模定制是数字时代生产模式变革的重要趋势。促进了产品生产效率和个性需求之间的有效平衡。结合对国内外设计研究案例的分析,本文从基于算法编程的智能生成设计、基于数字建造的自由模块设计和基于协同管理的用户参与设计这三个关键因素来探讨面向大规模定制的数字建筑设计技术逻辑和方法策略。以期对目前仍过分沉迷于视觉形式创造的数字建筑设计研究带来新的启发。     

复杂工程岩体结构三维可视化构造及其应用

针对岩体结构的复杂性和无规律性,提出了一种新的基于NURBS算法的岩体结构三维可视化构造技术。根据实测的离散信息和交互解译得到一系列二维剖面,以系统的思想实现了岩体结构三维可视化模型,并能进行与工程密切相关的结构可视化分析。最后将该技术成功应用到糯扎渡水电站工程的三维岩体结构模拟和可视化分析中,对工程设计有较大的指导意义。     

A road map to find in 3D printing a new design plasticity for construction — The state of art

Recent years are showing a rapid adoption of digital manufacturing techniques to the construction industry, with a focus on additive manufacturing. Although 3D printing for construction (3DPC) has notably advanced in recent years, publications on the subject are recent and date a growth in 2019, indicating that it is a promising technology as it enables greater efficiency with fair consumption of material, minimization of waste generation, encouraging the construction industrialization and enhancing and accelerating the constructive process. This new building system not only gives an optimization of the building process but provides a new approach to the building design materiality. The direct connection between design and manufacturing allows the reduction in the number of the various construction phases needed. It is opening a new and wide range of options both formal and chromatic in customization, avoiding complex formworks, reducing costs and manufacturing time. The creative process has a strict and direct link with the constructive process, straightening design with its materiality. Cement-based materials lead the way, but new alternatives are being explored to further reduce its carbon footprint. In order to leverage its sustainability and enhance the system capacity, initiatives are being pursued to allow the reduction of the use of PC. Geopolimers are taking the first steps in 3DPC. Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) materials are used to substitute natural aggregates. Even soil is being explored has a structural and aesthetic material. These research trends are opening a wider range of possibilities for architecture and design, broadening the spectrum of color, texture, and formal variations. The concern about textures and colours is not yet evident in many the structures already printed, opening the opportunity for future research. More can be done in the mixture and formal design of this building system, “discovering” other raw materials in others waste. This article aims to make a critical review of technologies, materials and methodologies to support the development of new sustainable materials to be used as a plastic element in the printed structure. A roadmap of 3D printing for construction is presented, and an approach on mix design, properties in the fresh and hardened state, highlighting the possibilities for obtaining alternative materials are pointed. With this review possible directions are presented to find solutions to enhance the sustainability of this system discovering “new” materiality for architecture and design.     

Large-scale 3D printing by a team of mobile robots

Scalability is a problem common to most existing 3D printing processes, where the size of the design is strictly constrained by the chamber volume of the 3D printer. This issue is more pronounced in the building and construction industry, where it is impractical to have printers that are larger than actual buildings. One workaround consists in printing smaller pieces, which can then be assembled on-site. This workaround generates however additional design and process complexities, as well as creates potential weaknesses at the assembly interfaces. In this paper, we propose a 3D printing system that employs multiple mobile robots printing concurrently a large, single-piece, structure. We present our system in detail, and report simulation and experimental results. To our knowledge, this is the first physical demonstration of large-scale, concurrent, 3D printing of a concrete structure by multiple mobile robots.     

基于虚拟现实技术的城市规划仿真系统开发研究

三维虚拟现实系统的发展,使城市规划的表现手段从原有的传统模型工艺提升到全新的数字技术阶段。本文以厦门市城市三维模型地理信息系统的创建为例,介绍了基于Vrmap与Creator的三维场景构建流程,虚拟现实集成方法以及面向城市规划的三维可视化系统设计方案,探讨了三维虚拟现实系统开发中的关键技术问题。     

数字建筑设计与结构形态探索

建筑设计与结构设计在思维方式 和设计目标上存在较大差别,两个专业往往 是在相互妥协中完成设计,这种模式不利于 发挥结构在建筑设计中的积极作用,并有可 能造成浪费。数字技术在建筑领域中的渗透 使得建筑结构一体化的设计与建造在数字 平台上成为可能。在2014年清华参数化设计 研习班的Grasshopper班教学中,尝试使用这 一数字化设计平台进行非对称折板结构的 几何形态生成和力学模拟,并使用激光切割 和三维打印等数字化加工技术进行构件加 工,完成了一个实验性折板结构空间形态的 设计和建造。本文介绍了这一实验性教学的 相关技术问题,以及其背后的思考。     

“蝶变”*——一场由3D打印演绎的力与美的视觉盛宴#br#

在进入工业4.0的时代背景下，3D打印技术正在逐步渗透和深刻改变建筑产业。“蝶变”，作为2016年广州国际灯光节的大型3D打印作品，上演了力与美交融的视觉盛宴。该作品创作及研究通过力学分析与参数化设计协同的方法，重点研究面向3D打印工艺的建筑数字化设计与建造的重要内容，实现了具有高效结构性能的大尺度蝶形薄壳的3D打印与制作成型。作为3D打印技术与建筑数字化设计的新结合与大胆尝试，在当今建筑3D打印与智能制造领域的研究中具有典型性和启发意义。     

大型木构建筑物三维透视图的制作技术

在建筑设计和施工中,三维透视图是十分重要的,可以让设计人员和施工人员了解最终建筑物的视觉效果和真实外观,从而指导实际施工过程,但它的制作是相当困难和费时的。该文对基于AutoCAD的大型木构建筑物的三维透视图的制作方法进行了探讨和研究,并以实际工程证明了方法的适宜性。     

基于3D打印技术的模拟柱状节理岩体试样制备方法

以规则正六棱柱型柱状节理岩体为对象,介绍了基于3D打印技术的模拟柱状节理岩体试样制备方法,即在SolidWork中建立柱状节理网络3D打印数字模型,以光敏树脂为打印材料,采用3D打印技术打印具有不同倾角的圆柱形柱状节理网络模型,并以此为模具,采用白水泥浆为模型材料进行浇筑,经过拆模、黏结等程序制备具有不同倾角的模拟柱状节理岩体试件;再通过对试件进行单轴抗压强度试验,分析模拟柱状节理岩体试件的强度、变形和破坏特征,初步验证了上述基于3D打印技术的制样方法能够较好考虑柱状节理岩体的结构特性,反映柱状节理对岩体强度的弱化效应,所制备的柱状节理岩体试件基本满足柱状节理岩体室内试验的要求。     

3D打印建筑技术应用研究

近年来,3D打印技术的快速发展,带动了其在建筑领域的研究及实践。新的建造技术是对传统技术的挑战和补充,同时促使了建筑设计、材料研发、计算机编程、机械设计等多方面的创新。本文通过一些3D打印建筑应用案例及设计的研究,分析本技术的特点,对3D打印建筑的发展进行展望。     

Media Network: Three Moments From the Future Post-Manufacturing Supply Chain

What will be the post-manufacturing future of the industrial heartlands of Southeast Asia? Fiction and non-fiction author Tim Maughan teams up with speculative architect and educator Liam Young to capture a dystopian vision of desolate dereliction in 2050, in which large-scale mass production has been almost altogether abandoned in favour of small-scale, local 3D printing shops.     

Institutional obstacles in large-scale retail developments in the post-socialist period — A case study of Niš, Serbia

The main objective of this paper was to research the main institutional obstacles to large-scale retail developments in the post-socialist period through a case study of the city of Niš in Serbia. The first step of the research included analyzing the institutional and policy environment for a large-scale retail development in post-socialist countries and its major systematic differences in relation to developed European countries. The second step of the research included a case-study analysis of three large-scale retail projects and their building procedures in the city of Niš, in which the strengths and weaknesses of the institutional and policy framework were identified. Factors crucial for the effective realization of large-scale retail projects in the post-socialist period are identified in the paper.     

3D打印混凝土材料的研究现状与展望

随着3D打印技术的快速发展和3D打印建筑材料的研发,3D打印技术在建筑行业得到了迅速发展,它是一种基于增材制造的建造技术,而混凝土是该技术最常用的打印材料。重点阐述了3D建筑打印技术,3D打印混凝土材料的可建造性、临界失效时间、层间黏结强度、干燥收缩率等性能要求,总结了3D打印混凝土材料国内外研究现状,最后着重阐述了3D打印混凝土施工技术中存在的问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望,希望为以后该方向此类问题的研究提供借鉴。     

地下工程流–固耦合试验新技术及其在充填型岩溶管道突水模型试验中的应用

在地质力学模型试验技术的基础上,根据大型交通、水利水电及矿山工程的需要,开展大比尺流–固耦合模型试验技术研究,包括新型流–固耦合相似材料、三维可视化固液耦合试验系统以及多物理场信息监测分析技术。提出了流–固耦合相似材料的配制原则,选择了多种性能耦合较小的调节剂,实现了强度、渗透性、重度等指标的独立调节,大大提高了材料的相似度,保证材料能够在水长期作用下保持稳定的性质,很好地模拟中、低强度的岩体、破碎带及充填物。三维可视化固液耦合试验系统具备了自动化静力加载和数字化水压加载功能,实现了复杂地质条件下有压水体与相似材料的大面积直接作用,为流—固耦合条件下渗流和突涌水过程的模拟提供了可视化的试验场所。光纤技术、电阻元件柔性防水技术和自动化数据采集分析系统,实现了水环境下模型体内部渗压、应变和位移的精确采集和分析。最后,依托湖北省保康至宜昌高速公路尚家湾隧道,开展了充填型岩溶管道失稳突水的大比尺三维模型试验研究,真实再现了工程中的突涌水过程,揭示了充填型岩溶管道突水的灾变特征。流–固耦合试验新技术得到成功应用,为试验的顺利进行提供了技术保证。     

建筑3D打印技术及材料的研究进展

3D打印技术在建筑领域的研究与应用逐渐成为世界范围内的热点研究课题之一,建筑3D打印材料的研究与开发是3D打印技术在建筑领域应用的重点和难点。本文回顾了3D打印技术的发展历程,在总结国内外建筑3D打印技术的基础上,重点介绍了建筑3D打印材料的研究状况和进展,并对目前建筑3D打印材料的应用和问题进行了概括,对建筑3D打印材料未来的发展进行了展望。     

The impacts of fabrication systems on 3D concrete printing building forms

Recently, 3D concrete printing (3DCP) technology starts entering the market from factories and laboratories, contributing to the creation of new construction methods and architectural forms. However, since the technologies of most 3DCP institutions are independently developed, there is a lack of consensus in terms of construction methods and development approaches in the industry. In this paper, based on 42 3DCP architectural works completed in last five years, a quantitative analysis was made to evaluate the impacts of the fabrication system on 3DCP building forms. The paper introduced three criteria, including Workspace Index, Geometric Complexity Index, and Tectonic Prospect Index, analyzing and answering the discussions about “adopting in-situ printing or prefabrication”, “using gantry printers or robotic arms” from the perspective of architectural form. By analyzing specific construction methods and design strategies in these projects, the research summarized three development trends, “mobile equipment, algorithmic structure, and intelligent construction”, which will affect the future development of 3DCP building forms. Finally, the paper discussed the advantages, limitations, and potential of four different 3DCP fabrication systems, expecting to point out the directions to further optimize each system and realize more diverse 3DCP buildings.     

3D打印技术在岩体物理模型力学试验研究中的应用研究与展望

含内部三维缺陷的试样和含复杂地质结构的物理模型制作一直是制约岩石力学试验发展的主要原因之一,鉴于3D打印(3D Printing,3DP)技术可以便捷地制作含复杂结构的三维实体,将3DP技术引入到岩体/岩石力学试验的研究中。以粉末性石膏为打印材料制作了含内部多孔洞结构和预制裂隙结构的模型试样,力学试验表明,这2种打印试样的变形特征、破坏特征、强度特征以及裂隙扩展过程与岩石类材料较为一致;利用粉末性石膏和PLA材料为打印材料,制作出了含单断层和含锚杆衬砌支护工程的隧道物理模型,试验证明了断层的存在降低了隧道的稳定性,而锚杆衬砌支护系统可以有效地提高洞室的承载能力,而且3DP隧道模型的变形破坏过程与其他岩石类材料的物理模型试验结果和工程现场观测现象较为一致。同时,将3D光学面扫描技术和3DP技术相结合建立一种含自然节理面模型的制作方法,试验测试表明该方法能够较好地复制出节理面的形貌特征,并且试样的剪切力学性质和破坏特征具有很好的稳定性和一致性。通过上述3DP试样的初步力学试验测试表明该技术在岩体力学试验研究中的可行性。最后,进一步了探讨和挖掘了3D打印技术在岩石力学和岩体工程研究中的应用潜力。     

影响黏土3D打印性能的主要参数研究

针对影响以黏土作为原材料的小尺寸3D打印性能的主要参数(包括含水率、打印线速度和打印层高)进行了全面研究,并通过试验确定在不同条件下黏土浆体的打印性能,包括浆体流动性、可挤出性、可堆积性等。试验首先研究3D打印系统中挤出压力与浆体挤出速率的关系,根据二者关系调节气泵压力来控制挤出速率。分别改变黏土含水率、打印线速度、打印层高等影响参数,进行黏土的3D打印,并对打印试件进行流变试验,观察试件的成型情况,测量打印试件的相对偏差,分别用于评估黏土浆体的流动性、可挤出性和可堆积性。结果表明:最适合3D打印的黏土含水率为34%～35%,相比于黏土的液限高出3%～4%; 最佳打印线速度为4～5.5 mm·s^-1; 最佳打印层高为1.4～1.8 mm,约为喷嘴直径的1倍～1.3倍; 打印参数的设置既要考虑打印材料的特性,又要考虑打印系统的特点,各参数取值还应当受质量守恒定律的约束; 进行黏土3D打印试验时,在确定打印机喷嘴尺寸后,应当率先确定黏土的含水率,随之确定打印系统的线速度、层高、挤出速率和挤出压力等参数。     

混凝土3D打印技术的研究与应用进展

3D打印技术是一种热门的新兴技术,与传统技术相比,其更加系统,也更加便捷,已经在很多行业和领域得到应用。本文综合相关研究成果,阐述了混凝土3D打印技术的材料与工艺研究、3D打印混凝土的性能试验方法研究及混凝土3D打印技术的应用研究,并分析了3D打印技术现阶段存在的问题与不足,对混凝土3D打印技术的研究方向进行了展望。