斜拉桥拉索风雨激振的两质量三自由度理论模型

斜拉索的风雨激振严重地影响到斜拉索以至于斜拉桥的安全,其机理至今仍无定论。同时考虑拉索面内和面外两个自由度,并假设拉索和水线之间的作用力为库仑阻尼力和线性阻尼力,建立斜拉桥拉索风雨激振的两质量三自由度理论模型。采用Runge-Kutta法对拉索和水线的耦合方程进行数值求解,得到拉索和水线的运动规律。与仅考虑拉索面内自由度的两质量两自由度理论模型相比,考虑拉索面内面外自由度的两质量三自由度理论模型的起振风速区更多,这主要是因为拉索的水平气动力系数也存在突降,且拉索面内面外运动是相互耦合的。水线上的气动力和重力为水线提供总体的平衡;阻尼力则消耗水线的能量;至少一个方向的拉索运动引起的附加惯性力(竖向或水平)一直对水线做正功。     

超高层建筑气动弹性效应双向受迫振动风洞试验研究

通过双向受迫振动风洞试验对高347m的长沙世茂广场模型的气动弹性效应进行研究,模拟结构平面两个轴向的一阶振动,同步测量了振动模型上的表面风压和模型顶部位移。在对振动模型横风向和顺风向的气动弹性力分析基础上,识别了该模型气动阻尼比和气动刚度比,计算并分析了气动弹性效应对结构风致响应和等效风荷载的影响。分析结果表明,在100年重现期风速作用下,该模型气动阻尼比为正值,气动刚度为负,气动刚度相对于结构刚度较小,对结构自振频率影响不大。考虑气动弹性参数后,顶部最大位移响应可减小5%,最高居住层最大加速度响应可减小10%,由等效风荷载计算得到的基底总剪力和基底总弯矩减小1.1%左右。分析表明,双向受迫振动风洞试验是一种有效且有实用前景的超高建筑气动弹性参数识别方法。     

Simplified prediction of wind-induced response and stability limit of slender long-span suspension bridges, based on modified quasi-steady theory: A case study

The Hardanger Bridge is currently under construction in Norway. It will have a main span of 1310 m and a girder that is only 18.3 m wide, which implies that wind-induced vibration is a major concern in the design. Buffeting response and flutter analysis of the Hardanger Bridge are treated in this paper. The self-excited forces are modelled using aerodynamic derivatives obtained from free vibration tests, quasi-steady theory, and a suggested modified quasi-steady theory. The stability limit predicted using aerodynamic derivatives corresponded well with the wind tunnel results, while the quasi-steady theory severely underestimated the critical mean wind velocity for the section model used in the wind tunnel tests. A new set of modified quasi-steady coefficients are suggested, where the experimental results of the aerodynamic derivatives are used to obtain frequency-independent model coefficients. The critical velocities predicted by the modified quasi-steady coefficients differ only by 4-5% from estimates based on the aerodynamic derivatives. The response predicted by the suggested simplified aerodynamic model is also presented, and the results indicate that adequate estimates are achieved.     

基于等效风振力的结构风振内力计算——关于我国荷载规范中有关风荷载理论的分析

关于在脉动风荷载作用下的结构内力计算 ,目前我国结构风荷载理论中通常采用等效风振力法[1] ,而等效风振力在本质上就是结构动力学中的等效惯性力。从结构动力学基本理论和具体算例两方面 ,分析讨论了基于等效惯性力的结构动内力计算方法及其在结构风振计算中的应用 ,阐明了等效风振力法的正确性     

基于可调姿态气动翼板的大跨度#br# 悬索桥颤振主动抑振方法

针对传统被动气动措施难以满足超大跨度悬索桥颤振设防需求的问题,提出一种基于可调姿态气动翼板的颤振主动抑振方法。该方法首先基于Roger颤振自激力时域模型建立主梁 翼板动力系统的状态空间表达,并通过系统重构优化使该表达能更加合理、有效地反应翼板姿态调节机制。此后通过引入基于主梁 翼板系统振幅控制权重的线性二次型指标,建立从桥梁振动状态监测到翼板姿态控制的颤振稳定性实时调节方法。为验证该方法的有效性和鲁棒性,研发针对桥梁节段模型风洞试验的反馈控制系统。研究发现,作用于两侧翼板上的反相气动升力在翼板间距的放大作用下形成的力偶是颤振控制力的主要成分,当迎风侧翼板振动相位滞后于主梁扭转振动约90°、背风侧翼板振动相位超前于主梁扭转振动约90°时有最优抑振效果;调节主梁控制权重至翼板控制权重的2倍时,可以提高颤振临界风速33%。     

Biaxial and torsional response of inelastic structures under random excitation

Structures under strong motion earthquake excitation often go into the inelastic range, and the restoring force becomes nonlinear and hysteretic. Since only very rarely the excitation direction perfectly aligns with the structural orientation, the response is generally biaxial and torsional motion often becomes important for structures which have geometric of a random vibration method to predict the inelastic response including the biaxial interaction and torsional motion. A previously developed differential equation model for the restoring force and the equivalent linearization solution procedure are generalized for this purpose. The methods are tested using a single-story space-frame and a three-story space-frame with setbacks. Comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations are made and methods for improvement of the accuracy are suggested.     

高耸结构风振系数简化分析方法

主要阐述了高耸结构顺风向抗风力简化分析方法的原理 ,导出了不随高度变化的风振系数的表达式和应用于典型高耸结构 (烟囱和钢塔架 )的计算表格 ,同时综合分析了各种影响风振系数的因素及变化规律。该方法可方便地应用于实际工程 ,也可作为修订规范或规程时参考采用     

Numerical study on suppression of vortex-induced vibrations of box girder bridge section by aerodynamic countermeasures

This paper investigates the mechanism of reduction in the amplitude of vortex-induced vibrations for a box girder bridge section in the presence of aerodynamic countermeasures using 3D LES turbulence model. Being the basic configuration for the bridge section, the aeroelastic instability of rectangular section with an aspect ratio of 4 is investigated in heaving mode under smooth flow conditions and the wake characteristics are examined. Thereafter flow around box girder section having width to depth ratio of 3.81 in the presence of aerodynamic countermeasures is analyzed and the effect of these countermeasures on the unsteady lift forces is evaluated using forced oscillation simulations. Then response of the box girder section in the presence of such aerodynamic countermeasures is investigated by conducting the free oscillation simulations, and the predicted amplitudes of vibration are compared with the experimental results. Flow visualization is employed to clarify and understand the modified flow characteristics around bridge section in the presence of aerodynamic countermeasures resulting in a reduced amplitude of vibration. Further a method based on forced oscillations to identify the reduced velocity corresponding to the maximum amplitude of vibration is proposed.     

Experimental and semi-analytical studies on the aerodynamic forces acting on a vehicle passing through the wake of a bridge tower in cross wind

In a strong cross wind, sudden change of wind velocity in the wake of a bridge tower causes rapid change of the aerodynamic forces acting on a passing vehicle, which may result in an accident due to driver’s miss-steering. This paper discusses and clarifies the transient characteristics of the aerodynamic forces acting on a ground vehicle in high cross winds when the vehicle is passing through the wake of a bridge tower using a scale model in a wind tunnel experiment. Various parameters, such as wind speed and direction, type of vehicle and tower, were considered in the study.The side force and yawing moment acting on the vehicle model were measured using strain gauges on the model-supporting system that was designed as two cantilever beams with high stiffness. Characteristics of the aerodynamic forces acting on the vehicle model were described and the prediction methods that considered the wind non-uniformity acting on the vehicle were proposed and their applicability was studied.For the side force, the quasi-steady forces based on the relative wind velocity acting at the c.g. of the vehicle model generally agreed with the measured results. Changes in side force were found to be more or less proportional to the wind speed distribution. For the yawing moment, however, the quasi-steady prediction did not agree well with the measured results due to the wind non-uniformity. Therefore, a modified prediction method was proposed that included the effects of wind non-uniformity in a simple manner. Depending on the case, the agreement of prediction and measured results was still not good quantitatively, but from the qualitative point of view, the proposed prediction method could reproduce the yawing moment peak that was similar to the experimental results.     

鞍形索网等效静力风荷载研究

针对大跨度屋盖结构多振型参与振动的特点,提出了一套确定该类结构等效静力风荷载的精细化方法。该方法的流程包括风振响应分析和静力等效两个阶段,每个阶段又分为平均分量、背景分量和共振分量等3个部分分别进行研究。风振响应分析时,背景响应分析采用准静力方法;共振响应分析综合运用本征正交分解法(POD法)和Ritz向量直接叠加法。静力等效时,等效静力风荷载的背景分量采用荷载响应相关系数法分析,其共振分量表示为多个主要参与振型惯性力的组合。基于本文的分析方法,对一鞍形索网结构的风振响应和等效静力风荷载进行了研究,探讨了不同风向下、针对不同响应的等效静力风荷载分布情况。结果表明本文方法能够有效地分析大跨度屋盖结构的风振响应和等效静力风荷载,能够解决大跨度屋盖结构中多振型参与振动这一主要问题。     

Across-wind vibrations of structures of circular cross-section. Part I. Development of a mathematical model for two-dimensional conditions

A model is presented for predicting the across-wind response of constant-diameter circular cylinders vibrating in a mode of uniform amplitude and subject to uniform flow. A key feature of the model is the representation of all motion-dependent phenomena by a nonlinear aerodynamic damping force. This force coexists with the fluctuating force which arises from vortex shedding on a stationary cylinder, and the two forces are assumed to be uncorrelated.The ability of the device used in representing the motion-induced force to model certain aeroelastic characteristics associated with vibrating cylinders is demonstrated. The device is shown to be capable of successfully reproducing two effects; namely, the increase of the spanwise correlation of forces with increasing amplitude, and the phenomenon of “lock in” where the shedding frequency is apparently dictated by the vibration frequency.The model is developed within the framework of random-vibration theory, and a number of simplifying assumptions are necessary to incorporate the nonlinear aerodynamic damping force and also to account for the influence of turbulence. Numerical experiments, undertaken to examine the nature of the approximations involved in the assumptions adopted, are described. The results of the numerical experiments are very encouraging and justify the simplifications made in the modelling process.     

浅埋地下结构地震反应分析的惯性力–位移法

现有的地下结构地震反应简化分析方法,如:地震系数法、自由场变形法、柔度系数法、反应位移法、反应加速度法和Pushover分析方法等,均没有考虑上覆回填堆积土体或地震中因剪切破坏失效后的上覆堆积土体在竖向地震作用下产生的惯性力效应。已有研究表明,这种上覆土体竖向惯性力效应对浅埋地下结构支撑构件的抗震性能(抗剪强度和极限变形)有重要影响,是评价浅埋地下结构抗震安全性的关键因素之一,不能忽视。为此,针对浅埋地下结构地震反应分析问题,提出了一种考虑上覆土体竖向惯性力影响的反应位移法,简称惯性力–位移法。给出了惯性力–位移法分析模型的两个关键参数确定方法,包括地基弹簧刚度及上覆土体最大竖向惯性力。工程实例分析结果表明,建议的惯性力–位移法与传统的反应位移法相比,不仅克服了传统的反应位移法不能给出中柱轴力的缺陷外,其它反应量的计算精度与之基本相当。     

考虑横向惯性效应时非均质土中大直径桩纵向振动特性及其应用

 基于Rayleigh-Love杆模型,研究考虑横向惯性效应时非均质土中大直径桩纵向振动特性。首先,采用虚土桩模型模拟桩底土对桩的支承作用,通过径向圈层间的剪切复刚度传递,考虑施工扰动造成的桩周土的径向非均质性;然后,将桩与虚土桩假设为Rayleigh-Love杆,建立其纵向振动控制方程,通过Laplace变换和阻抗函数递推方法,得到桩顶频域响应解析解,并通过Fourier逆变换得到桩顶时域响应半解析解;在此基础上,通过参数分析的方法,研究横向惯性效应对大直径桩纵向振动特性的影响以及与桩–土参数之间的关系;最后,将理论计算结果与现场实测曲线进行对比,验证了本文解的合理性。     

高耸塔架横风向动力风效应

在现行的荷载规范、高耸结构设计规范以及能源部颁发的《架空送电线路杆塔结构设计技术规定》（ＳＤＧＪ９４－９０）中,对格构式塔架的横风向风振力均未作考虑。作者通过对气动弹性模型风洞试验和国外现场实测资料的分析,论证格构式塔架具有几乎与顺风向等同的横风向风振力,以期在设计中引起足够的重视,并且根据试验结果提出了横风向风振力的简化计算公式。     

单层柱面网壳结构风振响应分析

风荷载在大跨度屋盖结构设计中常常起主要甚至决定性作用,这使得该类结构的风荷载及风致动力响应研究日益受到关注与重视。利用随机模拟时程分析方法对三向网格单层柱面网壳结构的风振性能进行了系统的参数分析,探讨了几何参数、气动参数、结构参数等因素对结构风振响应规律的影响,并在此基础上给出了可供单层柱面网壳结构抗风设计参考的风振系数。     

Cross-wind response of tall buildings

A design procedure was developed using random vibration theory and uses mode-generalized cross-wind force spectra and aerodynamic data to calculate the cross-wind displacement and acceleration responses of tall buildings. The force spectra of a number of building shapes and sizes in both suburban and city centre type wind flow are presented. The proposed design procedure gives reasonable estimates of the cross-wind response, compared with wind tunnel measurements, at reduced wind velocities and at structural damping values consistent with modern habitable tall building design. This allows assessment of the structural requirements of tall buildings to be made at an early design stage, and also allows the designers to assess the need for more detailed and expansive wind tunnel model tests.     

隧道爆破施工合理毫秒延期时间的数值研究

毫秒延期爆破作为降低爆破震动效应的主要措施,已广泛应用于实际工程。但毫秒延期间隔时间多以经验或现场爆破试验给出,数值模拟方面所做研究较少。基于ANSYS/LS-DANY有限元软件的动力分析功能,建立了隧道三维爆破模型。简要分析了最大段药量对爆破震动效应的控制作用,在此基础上首次定量研究了不同的毫秒延期时间对隧道衬砌动力响应的影响;并结合质点震动速度安全判据,给出了合理的毫秒延期爆破时间。本文定量研究毫秒延期爆破间隔时间的方法及所采用的模型,可结合不同隧道的具体爆破条件修正后推广应用。     

Frequency domain identification of modal characteristics and loads from output-only measurements

This paper proposes a frequency domain framework for concurrently estimating the modal structural parameters and modal loads from the measured output response. A mathematical load model is theoretically developed and compared to the load determined by force identification. Unlike conventional modal identification schemes, the proposed approach can effectively accommodate the spectral shape of the external load in the frequency domain, enabling the determination of the modal parameters without explicit white noise assumption. The proposed approach is verified by applying it to a single-degree-of-freedom system system representing a modal response, an aeroelastic model in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel, a multi-degree-of-freedom system, and the measured acceleration response of a 40-story building. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique can reliably estimate the modal parameters and load model and is robust against the noise present in the response and the order of the load model. Additionally, the proposed technique can be applied to various loading conditions such as vortex-induced and buffeting effects since the modal parameters and the load model can be identified for any shape of the loading spectrum.     

Modeling of nonstationary ground motion and analysis of inelastic structural response

A new stochastic model of ground excitation is proposed in which both intensity and frequency content are functions of time, and corresponding methods for estimating the model parameters based on actual earthquake records are also given. The proposed ground motion model can be efficiently applied in simulations as well as random vibration vibration and reliability studies of inelastic structures. Responses of single-mass inelastic systems and three-story space frames, with or without deterioration under the nonstationary biaxial ground excitation are investigated via the equivalent linearization method and Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that the time-varying frequency content the dominant frequencies of ground excitation are close to the structural natural frequency. Also biaxial and torsional response may become significant in an unsymmetric structure.     

斜拉桥拉索风雨激振理论分析的一个新方法

首先对人工雨线拉索模型进行了风洞实验,测量了气动力系数。建立了斜拉桥拉索风雨激振理论分析的一个新方法,基于此方法和试验所得的气动力系数,探讨了水线在拉索表面的周向振荡对拉索风雨激振所起的作用,以及拉索风雨激振的机理。最后将计算结果和有关文献中的试验结果进行了对比,它们基本一致。