Informal democracy in Patras,Greece: A mechanism for improved planning?

Greek spatial planning reality faces the problems like sprawl and illegal settlements outside the building zones, underpinned by the conventional self-financed real estate development model under the patronage of the national government. In case of transportation congestion problems, the formal planning proved to be even more ineffective and unpopular. Therefore, non-institutionalized supplement to formal planning is considered highly effective: informal planning relies upon the principles of collaborative dialogue, networks and trustful relationships among the relevant players. The article describes the informal planning procedure – the test planning method – analyzed against the theoretical background of communicative rationality, on the one hand, and critically assessed through the practical implementation in the case of Peloponnesian city of Patras on the other. As a result, the article highlights the successful phases of the test planning, nevertheless pointing to its shortcomings, which could be expected in the societies with a dominant political cronyism.     

Empowering New Regional Political Institutions: A Norwegian Case

The main purpose of the new regional policy in Norway is to create dynamic regions through a regional empowerment process that is supposed to give a better balance between a top-down governing with an emphasis on the redistribution of activities and resources, and local mobilization with an emphasis on self-reliance, innovation and learning by doing. To achieve this empowerment is in fact to seek a balance between vertical and horizontal power structures, and between instrumental and communicative rationalities. However, the main problem in modern society is that the instrumental rationality has become dominant. The challenge is to make communicative rationality superior to instrumental rationality. The aim of this article is to illustrate how Habermas's normative model of discursive will formation and political institution building may be used to develop a framework with which to evaluate regional planning and development work in the Aalesund area in Norway. This evaluation shows that the institution building process in the area is incomplete compared to this normative model. This discrepancy can explain the weak legitimacy of the region as a political actor.     

从工具理性到交往理性——现代城市规划思想内核与理论的变迁

理性思想的发展大致可以分为古代至中世纪、启蒙时代、现代和后现代(晚期现代)四个阶段,现代以来对城市规划影响最大的理性思想是工具理性、有限理性和交往理性。工具理性衍生出了理性综合规划、系统规划论和程序规划理论;分离-渐进主义和混合审视模型是在有限理性的影响下发展出来的,是对工具理性思想的修正;沟通规划、协作规划和协商规划以交往理性为基础发展而来,是当前重要的发展方向之一。     

Empowerment planning in local communities: Some experiences from combining communicative and instrumental rationality in local planning in Norway

This article attempts to provide insight into research from several development projects in local communities in Norway. These projects have had the overall purpose of designing a model of empowerment planning which utilizes communicative and instrumental rationality in a combined top‐down and bottom‐up development approach. It has been found that, if the planning is based on Habermas’ concept of a logical political will‐making process with undisturbed discourses, strategic planning can be used to mobilize the people, tactical planning can be used to organize the local resources and the implementation can be supported by operative planning. In addition, an evaluating and learning process can nurture the mobilization, organization and implementation. Experience has shown that this alternative planning approach is needed, but a successful process is heavily dependent on strong local and regional political institutions which are under democratic control.     

城市规划的基本原理是常识

这里讨论三层理念:①城市规划的基本原理是常识.常识有地域性和时间性,必须与时俱进;(②常识是建立共识的基础.而共识是交流性及协作性规划的基础,只有回归常识.才有可能通过交流性及协作性规划实现共赢:③城市建设和规划中的大部分错误.不是由于不理解规划原理,而是由于忘记了常识.笔者呼吁:城市建设的基本理念应该回到常识上来,城市规划工作应该回到平常心来,规划要实现常识意义上的"好城市".体现普通市民的意愿,满足普通市民的基本需要,保证城市的基本功能,才能最终实现城市规划工作的根本目的.     

Backtracking Auckland?: Technical and Communicative Reason in Metropolitan Transport Planning

Communicative planning has helped to illuminate the role of technical reason in planning processes. Transport planning has had little exposure to the communicative perspective. This paper examines transport planning in Auckland, New Zealand, from a communicative planning perspective. The paper argues that the historical dominance of technical reason has biased strategic transport policy towards supporting automobiles over more sustainable modes. The paper demonstrates the dominance of technical rationality in transport strategy-making processes and institutions in contrast to expressed public preferences. The paper concludes by arguing that the achievement of greater sustainability in Auckland's transport, and elsewhere, depends on a greater communicative emphasis in regional planning and transport strategy making.     

Communicative planning as counter-power

This article presents a theory of communicative planning in which the power of citizens is conceived as a resource in the promotion of long-term planning against the short-term interests of investors in public planning. Its point of departure is the depiction of three planning paradigms – traditional synoptic, incremental and participatory planning – and a critical discussion of different theories within the latter. In the light of this, it is argued that, in practice, planning authorities most often regard public participation as a problem, rather than as a potential. The article dismisses this conception and (a) conceptualizes planning on the basis of a Habermasian theory of communicative action and power, (b) shows that the participation of citizens is necessary to secure the inclusion of ethical and aesthetic rationalities in the planning process, and also that (c) citizens may constitute a counterpower to short-term investor interests in planning by (d) strengthening the respect for long-term solutions and the common good. This becomes a structural necessity when it comes to securing sustainability and democratic justice in planning. The article conceptualizes the difference between planning and politics, since in the former, power is constituted in the actual process, not given in advance.     

范式沉浮——百年来西方城市规划理论体系的建构

本文在总结前人研究的基础上,从范式的角度对近百年来西方城市规划的思想演变进行了归纳和总结,认为:(1)当代西方的规划思想深深根植于“现代性”的启蒙传统中,理性始终是西方规划理论演变背后的“内核”和“原动力”;(2)近百年来西方规划理论范式围绕“理性”大体经历了四次重大的转变,笔者分别将其命名为“经验理性范式”、“工具理性范式”、“价值理性范式”和“沟通理性范式”;(3)规划理论范式的演变是革命性与连续性、稳定性与“创造性破坏”的辩证统一.规划具有深刻的时代背景和思想基础,也具有多种创新的可能性;具有跨越性质变,也有渐进性的“连结谱”和跨期的思想“再现”.最后笔者试图基于上述结论对西方未来的城市规划理论发展方向加以展望,并对中国目前的城市规划理论发展提出了一点看法.     

Spatial Planning Judgments and Computer Supported Collaborative Planning

The role of planning support systems has become closely aligned with the dominant theoretical paradigms – primarily collaborative planning and communicative rationality – within the field of urban planning. However, scholars from Human-Computer Interaction have built a theoretical tradition drawing on Activity Theory, among others, to describe computer supported collaborative learning. Collaboration, from this perspective, represents a form of distributed learning situated within a social interaction. Individuals work with each other and technology to converge on shared conceptual understandings of the problem space and to develop a shared praxis for collaboratively addressing those problems. Instead of the tools talking, technology plays a critical role in helping stakeholders develop a common ground for planning and supporting an activity-aware praxis. I use empirical examples from a planning process on Cape Cod, Massachusetts to illustrate these features of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) for a planning audience. I focus, in particular, on how planning support systems mediate group judgments about space and scale to account for spatial scale mismatches between the Cape’s watersheds and towns.     

沟通式规划理论发展研究——从“理论”到“实践”的转变

沟通式规划理论自诞生之日起就受到了人们的普遍关注,并在实践中得到充分应用。本文从沟通式规划理论及相关概念的分析入手,阐述了沟通式规划的内涵、发展历程、主要思想及其优势与不足。在借鉴西方国家规划编制成功经验的基础上,结合我国目前规划编制的实践,提出了适合我国国情的沟通式规划编制过程。最后,总结了沟通式规划编制的几点成功经验。     

上海综合交通战略规划的演进

研究回顾近30年上海市城市交通发展特点、交通规划和交通政策的发展历程,分析了综合交通战略规划思路及实际应用的转变,并展望了未来30年上海市综合交通的发展方向和战略目标,提出了符合城市特点的海、空国际枢纽战略,公路、铁路复合战略,公交优先战略和综合交通协调战略。     

城市的逻辑=混沌?——一次概念性城市设计后的传统哲学思考

通过对一次概念性城市设计的再思考,从中国传统哲学中得到一些启示:“城市的逻辑=混沌”,并在此基础上指出城市规划的“哲学之道”:“为无为,则无不为”。进而阐述“反规划”不是“不规划”,而是将传统的规划思路颠倒过来,进行逆向规划,使理性复活;“自组织”不是“无组织”,而是靠城市巨系统自发形成宏观有序的过程及结果。     

ITS对国内城市交通规划影响的探讨

基于ＩＴＳ对国内城市交通系统正、负效应的分析,探讨了ＩＴＳ这一新概念对国内城市交通规划的影响,认为ＩＴＳ难以对城市交通规划产生根本性的变革作用,但对城市交通规划的一些技术、方法、手段会产生不同程度的影响,并提出国内大城市交通规划要求ＩＴＳ应注重智能公交的发展。     

临港新城泥城社区综合交通规划研究

通过编制泥城社区综合交通规划这一载体,对泥城社区的交通发展目标、交通战略选择、规划编制技术路线等方面进行了一定的探索和思考,如怎样协调局部与整体的关系、协调优化土地利用与交通系统的相互适应关系,研究成果对在社区（小城镇）层面开展综合交通规划是一种有益的工作尝试,并具有一定的现实意义。     

金华西站综合交通枢纽规划与建设的思考

文章针对金华西站综合交通枢纽规划、建设过程中所涉及的工程选址、交通衔接、站区综合规划等方面存在的问题,提出了完善金华西站综合交通枢纽的建议。     

Consensus,Democracy and the Land Surveyor in the Swedish Cadastral Executive Procedure

Taking the method of formal consensus as its conceptual point of departure, the article analyses the Swedish cadastral executive procedure ( fastighetsförrättning ) as a case where the issue of land use directly confronts the individual citizen with the state administrative apparatus and its interpretation of the land policy legislation. In the mixture of negotiations, consensual decision-making and court procedure that characterizes this process the emphasis is on the crucial, and complex role of the executive land surveyor. Identifying deliberative democracy and communicative planning theory as two complementary discourses within which to discuss the cadastral executive procedure, the article finally argues that giving consensual approaches to planning a stronger place in their training would substantially improve the ability of the land surveyor to execute her/his delicate set of roles in this procedure.     

规划“不可能三角”——一个关于规划价值的新视角

借鉴西方经济学中的"不可能三角"模型,提出高度的市场经济、充分的社会民主和稳定的规划秩序构成了规划的"不可能三角",其内在逻辑是城市发展过程中市场理性与社会理性的矛盾,以及这对矛盾的协调界面——规划秩序。围绕这一模型,可以对规划地位、规划理性、规划价值、规划实践展开新视角下的讨论,主要观点包括:(1)对于城市发展,规划秩序应与经济社会发展拥有对等的影响权重,而不是简单地随动、从属于经济社会的发展和变革。因此,规划地位应予以加强并在空间秩序的构建中回归人的本质。(2)规划理性首先应知"有不可为",要把握好"度";其次,秩序的要义是"各适其位,各尽其才"。(3)规划价值体现在明确"是非"问题、不较"长短"问题、慎对"有无"问题,要构建一个兼具原则性、程序性和包容性的规划秩序。(4)在规划实践中必须重视规划的技术制度二象性,加强空间规划与政策设计的结合。     

城市综合体交通组织系统规划探析

大量人流是维持城市综合体社会经济效益的关键,因此,组织城市综合体的内外部交通成为城市综合体规划设计的核心内容之一.对城市综合体进行精细化的交通组织,并形成结构化、体系化的设计方法,对于需要组织大量纷繁复杂人流、以交通为主导的综合体尤为重要.本文通过对城市综合体的交通组织规划研究,从规划、建筑、交通多专业的角度提出“一体化规划设计”的思路,结合交通空间的营造,总结出城市综合体项目内外部交通组织体系的规划原则,力求形成对现代城市综合体较系统的认识,以期对目前的城市建设、建筑设计的实践发挥积极的指导作用.