林芝地区传统民居冬季室内热环境评价与分析

西藏林芝地区传统民居是在高原寒冷气候条件下形成的居住形态。本文选取林芝地区传统民居和现代民居在冬季进行室内外温湿度,风速等热环境参数测量,并对民居的建筑热工性能及室内热环境进行定量分析与对比,同时通过热舒适指标对传统建筑热舒适进行评价。结果表明传统民居外围护结构具有较好的热工性能,通过被动式的方式降低室外气候对室内的影响,但室内不能达到热舒适标准,需要通过采暖和合理的功能安排实现室内热舒适。     

怒江中游河谷地区民居冬季室内热环境评价与分析

怒江中游的少数民族民居具有鲜明的地域特色,但该地区典型民居的室内热环境状况却鲜为人知。本文选取该地区2类常见的民居(干栏式房屋和石墙承重式房屋)进行了太阳辐射强度、温湿度、壁面温度、风速等热环境参数的测试,并用PMV-PPD指标进行了评价。其次,从技术的视角对极富地域特色的空间和材料进行了解读。结果表明:1)冬季夜间和早晨房屋热感觉差,白天热感觉舒适。冬季夜间需要通过增加热源或加厚被褥的方式达到人体热舒适。2)对于乡土民居,房屋上部通常采用开敞的空间形式,这种空间形式不但不会影响室内温度,反而可以达到除湿的目的。3)干栏式房屋室内的火塘作为热源,可以弥补房屋密闭性差所导致的室内温度低和湿度大的问题;当房间内不再使用火塘时,其围护结构热工性能不及围护结构密闭性好的房屋。     

严寒地区乡村民居冬季室内热环境测试分析

为掌握严寒地区乡村民居的室内热环境变化规律及采暖特征,选择三栋典型乡村民居进行冬季室内热环境测试与分析及室内热舒适温度、采暖耗煤量调查。结果表明,由于严寒地区乡村民居平面布局不合理、围护结构热工性能差、采暖方式的局限性原因导致室内温度稳定性差、采暖能耗高等问题,居民对冬季室内热舒适性的满意度较低。     

康定民居夏季室内热环境分析

为了解四川康定民居夏季室内热环境现状和人体热舒适状况,通过客观热环境参数测试并结合现场主观问卷调查,结果表明康定地区夏季室外温湿度变化大,室内温度偏低,80%的居民服装热阻集中在0.5~1c1o之间,测试期间室内最大温差13.6℃,最大相对湿度84.4%,有37.82%的居民希望房间变得更热,因此提高建筑围护结构保温蓄热性能,加强防潮设计对改善该地区室内热环境具有重要意义。     

重庆市住宅冬季热环境及供暖现状

根据实测调研结果,分析了重庆地区住宅冬季室内外热湿环境、人体热感觉及建筑外围护结构现状。结果表明:虽然重庆地区居民对冷环境的适应能力比理论上强,但冬季室内热环境恶劣,需采取一定的供暖措施,且居民对冬季室外热湿环境变化的反应较敏感,在选择供暖设备的时候,需考虑其连续性及波动性。通过对重庆地区供暖现状及常见供暖方式的分析,发现常见的3种供暖方式均存在舒适性较差的弊端。     

拉萨传统民居冬季室内热环境测试与分析

为了解拉萨传统民居室内热环境现状,进一步为当地民居冬季室内热环境的改善提供依据,对拉萨某传统民居的冬季室外气象环境和室内热环境进行了长期测试与结果分析。并根据当地民用建筑节能设计标准对室内热环境进行评价,提出不舒适度日数(UCDD12)作为评价室内温度与最低舒适温度差距的量化指标。结果表明:该传统民居未生火炉的人员活动房间室内温度波动较小,但不舒适度日数过大,原因是室内热源不足、围护结构保温性能较差,应利用当地丰富且稳定的太阳能资源及优化围护结构的热工性能设计以改善室内热环境。     

徽州民居冬季室内湿环境

对徽州地区两栋典型民居冬季室内温度、湿度进行连续测试,通过对比徽州传统民居与现代民居室内热湿条件,考察了不同功能区域室内湿环境及热舒适性。结果表明,传统民居冬季室内处于潮湿及非常潮湿等级,相对湿度值高于现代民居,但传统民居室内湿度日较差小于现代民居,室内湿环境稳定性良好;传统民居与现代民居室内外含湿量相关性系数均高于0.8,室内湿环境对室外湿环境响应明显;在自然通风条件下,传统民居厅堂、厢房热舒适时间段占比分别为7.36%、8.77%,冬季室内热舒适性差,建议采用局部采暖设施。     

鄂西南乡村传统干栏式民居室内热舒适现场研究

现场实测调查鄂西南传统干栏式民居室内热舒适水平,首次构建居民的热舒适模型。研究分冬夏两季进行,对208户民居进行热环境参数实测、387位居民的主观热感觉进行问卷调查,再用回归方程进行大量数据分析,确立其热舒适阈值为:夏季热中性温度为26.0℃,可接受的温度范围是22.2～29.7℃;冬季热中性温度为13.2℃,可接受的温度范围是8.1～18.4℃。按此值选取两户典型传统民居进行热环境评价,发现夏季室内热环境较舒适,冬季室内热环境较差;进而提出当地传统民居的优化重点是冬季保温,适当兼顾夏季防热。最后结合当地乡村住宅的现状,分析适宜的热环境优化策略。     

皖南山区单层民宅冬季室内热环境分析及改善研究

目前多数研究者已对皖南传统形式的合院进行了冬季室内热环境的研究分析,但单层独栋形式的早期普通民居在山区中仍大量存在,且多数有老人独居,对冬季室内热环境的舒适性要求很高。本文通过对此类型单层民宅地实地实测及对比分析,发现其由于围护结构热工性能差,导致冬季室内温湿度波动大,室内热环境舒适性低。同时,本文进一步通过模拟分析对比,以全年累计冷热负荷指标变化为依据,提出对围护结构进行改造以改善舒适度的建设性方案。结果表明:外墙与屋面分别增设60mmXPS挤塑板和80mmXPS挤塑板能够经济高效地改善此类型房屋的冬季室内热环境,在不给居民造成太大经济负担的同时,达到提高生活舒适性,降低建筑能耗的目的。     

农宅火炕采暖环境热舒适温度与影响因素分析

为研究严寒地区火炕采暖不均匀环境的热舒适温度及其影响因素,对火炕农宅冬季的室内热环境进行了现场测试,建立了热舒适评价模型,并对热环境评价方法进行了分析.同时,利用CFD仿真模拟的方法对室内热舒适性的影响因素进行了分析.测试结果表明,火炕农宅冬季的室内热舒适温度为17.7 ℃,90％可接受的操作温度的范围为14.7～ 20.8℃.模拟结果表明,在保证基本供暖室温的前提下,较低的火炕表面温度、较高的辅助热源温度以及保温性能较好的围护结构,有助于减小室内温度不均匀性,增加居民热舒适感.火炕营造的微气候环境可以满足农宅居民的热舒适要求.     

浅析高速公路工程招投标中的最低评标价法

结合目前高速公路施工项目招投标活动的实际情况,阐述了最低评标价法的概念,归纳了其优点及存在问题,对完善最低评标价法提出几点策略,以期促进招标投标市场更加规范有序。     

Pathogens in septage in Vietnam

Septage is widely acknowledged as a major source of infectious pathogens while disposal of septage, and the operation and maintenance of septic tanks, is not regulated in many developing countries. Twenty untreated septage and septage sludge samples were taken from Can Tho City, Vietnam to examine their pathogen content, and indicator micro-organisms. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were detected in all samples, regardless of sludge storage time. Phages were detected in 80% of samples. Salmonella spp. were detected in 70% of the untreated septage and 60% of septage sludge samples. Concentrations of phages and bacteria tested in septage sludge after many years of tank storage were much higher than the expected levels. Helminth ova were present in 95% of untreated septage samples with an average of 450 ova l^− 1, and were detected in all septage sludge samples with an average of 16,000 ova l^− 1. Twelve varieties of helminth ova were identified. More helminth ova varieties in higher concentrations were found in septage than those reported from stool samples. The varieties' frequency ranged from 10% to 50% and Ascaris lumbricoides predominated. Results show that pathogens and indicator micro-organisms, especially helminth ova, accumulate in sludge. Thus helminth ova should be considered when septage sludge is treated and used for agriculture. Proper health protection measures must be applied for people handling septage.     

Place-Making in Megaprojects in Melbourne

This article analyses state-led place-making practices in Melbourne. The two levels of government that influence planning in Melbourne make much of the city as ‘culturally vibrant’ and ‘creative’, and have incorporated creative city-inspired place-making principles into many layers of the planning system. An examination of the development of two mixed-use megaprojects in central Melbourne reveals however that ideals of culturally engaging public places, and indeed of creative landscapes for middle-class consumption, wither in the face of more basic imperatives for economic development. In these case studies the ‘creative city’, no matter how the idea is interpreted, has little traction either as a set of inclusive place-making principles or as a gentrification strategy. The article concludes that the creative city-inspired place-making objectives in the planning system at both state and local levels are ambiguous in their overall intents and completely unsupported by statutory controls. Such place-making objectives as are realised are the compromised results of the interplay of uncoordinated decisions, delivered at the pleasure of the developer.     

新时期广东城市化的新特点

新时期广东城市化出现以下特点:知识源导向、城市由单体向群体化发展、产业集群推动、政府主导自上而下的集约化发展、城镇化向城市化转变、由重“数量”发展向重“质量”发展的转变。     

在市场中实践在实践中学习在学习中进步--工程公司市场化进程的回顾与展望

近两年来，工程公司在提高市场竞争意识、推动市场化进程中做了大量工作，其中坚持走出去的方针是我们自我加压、推行加快市场化步伐的一个重要战略步骤。     

新形势下高校强化基建财务管理的探讨

在市场条件下高校基建财务人员在加强日常财务管理的同时,必须树立起高度的工作责任心,抓好事前监督、事中监督、事后监督三个环节,全面理解、贯彻执行《高等学校财务制度》,管好用好各项基本建设资金,提高基建财务管理水平,更好地完成高校各项基建任务,以有限的投资,最快的建设速度,获得最大的投资效益。     

谈城市历史保护规划的误区

由于缺乏起码的历史文化知识,忽视历史文化遗产的保护,错误的决策导致了建设性的破坏,要加强城市保护的教育,培养合格人才。     

Variation in property taxation in Tulsa

Conclusions It may be reasonably concluded from this study that the range of variation in these ratios of assessed to actual value are of a reasonable size for the great majority of cases. The frequency distribution of these sample ratios was not normal, however, as was assumed a process of this type would produce. On the other hand, the failure of the regression analysis to identify any significant variables which would explain these variations would tend to re-enforce the assumption that the fluctuations were indeed of a random nature.To sum it up in one paragraph, aside from a few extreme cases, the assessing process appears to give estimates which are more consistent than would be expected under the assumption that any errors would be of a random nature, but the regression analysis was unable to isolate any particular socioeconomic characteristics which would explain the variation which was present.Financial support for this research project was furnished by the University of Tulsa.     

2008年日本火灾情况

<正>1火灾总数在2008年(1～12月),日本发生的火灾总数为52 394起,与2007年相比减少了2 188起(4.0%)。这相当于平均1天大约发生143起火灾,每10min发生一起火灾。火灾类别(见表1)。     

Experiences in radon-safe building in Finland

A study was made of radon-safe buildings in 300 Finnish low-rise residential buildings using data obtained from a questionnaire study. The study also aims at finding the main defects in design and implementation and how the guidance given on radon-safe buildings in slab-on-grade houses has been followed. According to the guidelines, the prevention of the flow of radon-bearing air from the soil into the house is recommended to be carried out through installation of aluminised bitumen felt and use of elastic sealants. Second, as a precaution perforated piping should be installed in the subsoil of the floor slab. The median indoor radon concentration in the houses was 155 Bq/m3. This is 32% lower than the median of the estimated reference values. The action level of 200 Bq/m3 was still exceeded in 40% of the houses. In most houses with slab-on-grade the prevention was based only on the installation of a sub-slab depressurisation system. Sealing was performed in a low number of houses. In 80% of houses with a sub-slab piping connected to an operating fan, radon concentration was below the action level of 200 Bq/m3. In houses with piping but no fan, the corresponding fraction was only 45%. Sub-slab piping without a fan had no remarkable effect on radon concentration. In houses with crawl-space and edge-thickened slabs, radon concentrations were low. The choice of foundation system thus significantly affects the indoor radon concentration. The importance of complete and careful sealing work should be stressed in advice and guides concerning radon prevention.