Design of Rupture Strength of Side Blocks in Elevated Steel Girder Bridges with Elastomeric Bearings

Elastomeric rubber bearings with side blocks have been extensively used as a seismic response-control device in steel girder bridges in Japan. In real scenarios, the behavior of the girder bridges with elastomeric bearings are usually complex because of the complex mechanism by which the seismically induced inertia forces at concrete deck transmits to the girder bearings. Therefore, it is important to carry out seismic response analysis of a whole bridge system considering the interaction between different structural components in order to check the performance of the side blocks during an event of severe earthquakes. The objectives of the present study are to develop a detailed three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of an elevated girder bridge system and to propose a design rupture strength for the side blocks. The FE-model is constructed based on an existing plate girder bridge considering the effect of concrete slab, girders, stiffeners, rubber bearing, pier and the damage control by the side blocks. A sequence of seismic response analysis is then performed using four different rupture forces of the side blocks by considering the Level-2 design earthquake, the 1995 Kobe earthquake and the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake. The analytical investigation reveals that the side blocks should be designed to withstand a horizontal force of at least 1200 kN in order to prevent the rupture of the side blocks and to mitigate damage of bridge piers. Moreover, the damage to the critical parts of bridge superstructure can be mitigated by strengthening the side blocks. Based on the analysis results, a retrofit plan to strengthen the side blocks of existing girder bridges is proposed.

     

国内外规范的混凝土桥梁截面竖向温度梯度模式比较

收集整理了国内外桥梁设计规范的混凝土桥梁截面竖向温度梯度模式,通过具体算例对这些模式的温度效应进行了比较,并采用有限元方法对该算例的温度效应进行了时程分析。分析结果表明:不同温度梯度模式下的应力分布具有一定相似性,温度基数的取值对温度作用效应有较大影响,对于温度应力及温度挠度的计算是否可采用同一梯度模式,值得进一步研究。     

矮墩大跨连续梁体系桥纵向减隔震设计

以上海大治河桥为实例,分析了矮墩、大跨连续梁体系桥的结构动力特性与地震易损性一般规律。重点探讨了矮墩、大跨连续梁体系桥的纵向地震响应规律与合理抗震设计,并指出了该类桥梁不适宜按延性抗震进行设计。按结构纵向约束要求,提出了采用E型软钢阻尼器组的减隔震设计方案,并给出了具体的设计参数。从非减隔震设计与减隔震设计方案的结构抗震性能对比分析结果可以看出,减隔震设计体系可以有效缓解纵向固定墩支座、墩身以及基础地震惯性力大、构件能力匹配关系难以满足能力保护设计的特点,是矮墩、大跨连续梁体系桥纵向抗震体系的理想解决方案。     

冻融条件下公路桥梁板式氯丁橡胶支座受压试验研究

公路桥梁橡胶支座比建筑橡胶支座更容易受到气候的影响,为了研究公路桥梁板式氯丁橡胶支座经过冻融循环后的承载力变化情况,采用标准冻融试验箱对氯丁橡胶支座进行25、50、75、100次的冻融循环处理并进行轴心受压试验,研究其在不同冻融循环次数的承载力、极限抗压强度、竖向刚度、弹性模量等各项性能指标的变化,并与标准试件进行对比分析。结果表明经过冻融循环处理的氯丁橡胶支座更容易发生脆性破坏,且钢板外露、裂缝等破坏现象比标准试件更严重。随着冻融循环次数的增加,冻融程度的加深,氯丁橡胶支座极限承载力、极限抗压强度、抗压弹性模量都逐渐降低;采用最小二乘法得出50 a抗压强度和抗压弹性模量的衰减曲线和衰减公式,其变化趋势基本符合指数函数规律。冻融循环后的公路桥梁板式氯丁橡胶支座的各项力学性能指标显著降低,因此应严格控制公路桥梁板式氯丁橡胶支座的温度适用范围,并建议提高其最低适用温度,在寒冷地区尽量采用天然橡胶支座。     

Characterisation of the behaviour of steel bridge bearings under cyclic load reversal

Seismic hazards pose a significant concern for older steel bridges in the Central and Eastern USA. The majority of these bridges still use steel bearings that are not designed to sustain earthquake loads. To assess older bridge vulnerability, an understanding of the cyclic behaviour of their components, such as steel bolster and rocker bearings, is needed. A theoretical analysis is conducted to understand steel bearing behaviour and their potential limit states, which also serves to validate bearing finite element models. The high fidelity models are used to evaluate the hysteretic behaviour of the bearings. The influence of gravity load on the response is evaluated to consider different bridge configurations, while varying the friction coefficient between steel surfaces allows for consideration of effects from ageing and corrosion. These parameters are shown to influence the response suggesting the need to consider ageing effects in assessing the vulnerability of in situ bridges.     

整体式弯桥试设计研究

以某实桥为工程背景,进行整体式弯桥的试设计和设计验算。采用MIDAS/Civil2015有限元软件分别建立了原桥和整体式弯桥的3D有限元模型,后者考虑了台-土及桩-土相互作用。对比分析了两者在恒载、活载(汽车荷载)、温度荷载、混凝土收缩以及地震等荷载作用下的受力性能。结果表明:由于梁端固接和台后土压力等影响,恒载、活载、温度及混凝土收缩等荷载作用下,整体式弯桥梁端具有较大的负弯矩; 整体式弯桥在恒载作用下的主梁弯矩值较原桥均匀,而在活载作用下主梁弯矩值与原桥相近; 温度荷载对整体式弯桥的主梁内力影响最大,其次为混凝土收缩效应,在设计中应引起重视; 在恒载、活载作用下,整体式弯桥和原桥的主梁扭矩基本呈反对称分布,且恒载下的主梁边跨扭矩显著小于原桥,而在活载下两者的主梁扭矩相差不大,整体式弯桥表现出较优的抗扭性能; 此外,整体式弯桥的抗震性能明显优于原桥,可有效避免主梁在地震中的侧向偏位和落梁等现象,在高震区使用更具优势。     

关于一种新的桥梁支座布置形式的探讨

针对目前桥梁工程中、桥梁支座施工过程中存在的实际问题,简述了施工中的处理措施,提出了一种新的简支梁桥支座布置形式,并总结了新支座设计形式的优点,供支座设计时参考。     

大型钢框架结构温度作用最不利布置研究

因太阳辐射引起结构升温的计算方法在我国规范中并无明确规定,温度作用的取值仍处于探索的阶段。为此提出温度作用最不利布置的概念,以解释整体升温的温度作用计算方法缺陷的原因。温度作用最不利布置与活荷载的最不利布置相似,有着本身的规律,采用整体温度升降的计算方法对结构的设计偏不安全。     

橡胶隔震支座温度相关性的研究进展

随着隔震技术的发展，橡胶支座隔震体系的应用环境日趋复杂，温度对隔震体系性能的影响逐渐成为工程界和学术界关注的重点。通过对比多种常用的可以考虑复杂因素的支座力学模型，发现其均不能模拟温度因素的影响。整理了橡胶及橡胶隔震支座温度相关性的研究，总结指出温度对橡胶隔震支座性能的影响主要包括低温瞬时硬化、低温结晶硬化及滞回生热等。梳理了现有考虑温度相关性的支座理论模型，发现国外学者侧重于计算铅芯自热的影响，国内学者则采用温度影响系数来修正支座的力学参数，但其均需要支座试验校正，具有较大的局限性。国内隔震设计规范中尚无关于温度效应的规定，且文献调研发现隔震结构分析中考虑温度相关性的研究甚少，需深入研究以建立关于支座温度效应的完整理论体系和规范指南。     

摩擦摆式抗震支座在现浇连续梁中的应用

以一座四跨连续梁桥为研究对象,结合土木工程通用有限元分析软件Midas分析地震力作用下桥梁使用普通盆式支座和摩擦摆支座对桥梁下部结构受力性能的影响,分析结果表明在地震力作用下,装有FPB隔震支座桥梁比非隔震支座桥梁具有良好的隔震效果。     

Seismic performance of isolated curved steel viaducts equipped with deck unseating prevention cable restrainers

This paper presents an in-depth analysis to evaluate the efficiency of using cable restrainers connecting isolated and non-isolated spans for preventing unseating of curved steel viaducts. For this purpose, the overall three-dimensional non-linear bridge response is examined in detail under the action of strong earthquake ground motions. The expected seismic vulnerability of bridge structures with curved deck geometries has been demonstrated, providing a refined estimation of seismic demands on most critical bridge components. The advantage of using a precise three-dimensional model has revealed the concentration of large seismic forces on specific steel bearing supports and cable restrainer units that greatly increase their failure possibility. Moreover, the unbalanced distribution of pounding forces found across the expansion joint is able to cause local damage to colliding girders and transmit high impact forces to bearing supports. In general, restrainers perform effectively to minimize the possibility of deck unseating and reduce the pounding forces at the expansion joint. Special attention should be paid to the non-linear bridge dynamic response in order to avoid failure of restrainers and ensure the adequate proportioning of the cables according to the characteristics of isolation bearings.     

采用小半径曲线梁的立交匝道桥设计

简单介绍了曲线梁桥的特点。结合某匝道桥设计,采用有限元实体单元进行初步设计计算,列出了恒载、汽车活载、温度梯度、整体温差以及支座沉降内力组合下,各荷载及其组合对支座反力和弯矩的影响。根据计算结果,分析了产生梁端内侧支座脱空和梁体发生横向爬移的原因。给出了采取预偏心和墩梁固结优化设计后的支座反力和弯矩,2项措施能有效解决曲线梁支座脱空情况。以空间梁单元的方法对实体单元计算结果进行校核,结果显示计算可靠。     

小半径钢筋混凝土曲线梁桥的支座设置

支座的设置形式对曲线梁桥的受力很重要。阐述了小半径曲线梁桥的总体设计、力学特征和产生事故的主要原因。然后结合A15工程对小半径钢筋混凝土曲线梁桥支座的设置研究,说明连续曲线梁桥的扭矩分布可以通过调整支座预偏心加以改进。     

Interaction between continuous welded rail and long-span steel truss arch bridge of a high-speed railway under seismic action

Track–bridge interaction under the seismic excitation is a dominant factor to the design and operation of railway bridges. A spatial model integrating rails, deck system, stringers, cross beams, suspenders, main trusses, piers and foundations was established in this paper, adopting non-linear springs to simulate the longitudinal resistance between the track and the bridge. The improved Penzien model was utilised to simulate the soil-pile interaction effect and a computer program was developed to generate artificial seismic waves. Comparison of natural vibration characteristics for the track–bridge system with and without considering the track constraint was made. Furthermore, the effects of sensitive parameters were investigated, including the ballast resistance, friction of movable bearings, location of rail expansion joint (REJ), etc. Present study results indicate that the track–bridge interaction enhances the structural integrity and induces relatively higher natural frequencies of the bridge. In general, the response obtained by the ballast resistance specified in the Chinese code is smaller than that by UIC code. Neglecting the friction of movable bearing will lead to over-estimated rail stresses and under-estimated internal forces of some piers in the system. Setting REJ at both beam ends is more efficient to release the seismic stress of the rail on the bridge.     

Development of performance assessment tools for a highway bridge resulting from controlled progressive monitoring

As highway bridges continue to deteriorate given the increased service life, increase in vehicle demand and exposure to harsh environmental climates, new methods of monitoring their in situ performance are of high priority. Damage within the structure can alter various load demand and capacity characteristics, affecting the overall integrity of the bridge. Discussed in this paper is the monitoring of a simple span bridge superstructure under various induced damage states. Strain measurements were recorded at the midspan and north abutment of each girder. Six levels of damage progression were implemented at a rocker bearing and various diaphragms to girder connections. Transverse load distribution factors (DFs) and neutral axis (NA) locations were measured for each damage case and evaluated against the baseline undamaged response. These measurements serve to provide a possible method of damage detection using load-testing parameters already employed by various transportation agencies. Next, a performance index (PI) is developed for this stringer/multi-girder bridge utilising the NA and DF response from the steel girder system and the allowable stress design load-rating data. The ratio of NA to DF was compared to the inventory load rating for each girder at each damaged state. The data were fitted with a power regression model to form the PI. Furthermore, a 95% prediction interval was used around the predicted response to capture all the data from the testing. The model was applied to the damaged structure as well as two additional stringer/multi-girder bridges. The objective of the PI is to complement existing qualitative assessment protocols with quantitative results for improving the condition assessment process.     

多跨空心板简支梁桥整体化改造设计

以某多跨空心板简支梁桥工程为例,在病害调查、技术状况评价的基础上,提出了取消全桥伸缩缝和支座的全桥整体化改造方案,包括拆除桥梁上部结构,新设计的上部结构体系仍采用预制空心板,结构体系为先简支后连续结构;对桥台处主梁和连接结构进行改造,取消桥墩和桥台处的伸缩缝,同时取消全桥支座,将上、下部结构通过钢棒连接。最后对该桥整体化改造前后的受力性能进行对比分析。结果表明:这种通过体系转化的主动加固方法可以提高结构的承载力,改善结构的受力状况;将该桥改造成为整体式桥梁可以有效提高其使用性能,免除伸缩装置和支座的养护、维修,提高桥梁的可持续发展能力。     

Seismic vulnerability assessment of wall pier supported highway bridges using nonlinear pushover analyses

Pushover analyses were conducted to assess the seismic vulnerability of wall pier supported highway bridges on southern Illinois priority emergency routes. Three-dimensional finite element models were developed to reflect typical hammerhead and regular wall pier bridges from a random sample of the bridge inventory. The models incorporated expected nonlinear structural and material behavior of all the bridge components—superstructure, expansion joints, approach embankments and/or abutments, bearings, wall piers, footings and/or pile caps, and pile and/or mat foundations (plus soil effects)—as well as defining failure measures for each component. Both transverse and longitudinal pushover analyses were conducted on ninety wall pier bridge models reflecting the sample population variation in bridge characteristics such as wall pier type, number of piers, skew, type of foundation, concrete reinforcement ratio, bearing type, and wall height. It was found that the population of wall pier bridges studied was generally vulnerable to wall bearing and abutment bearing failures, wall pier ductility failures, and footing shear and/or bending failures, with bridge skew leading to a coupling of the failure mechanisms from the two pushover directions.     

考虑板式支座滑移的中小跨度梁式桥振动台试验

基于汶川地震中小跨度梁式桥普遍出现的板式橡胶支座滑移典型震害,采用大比例全桥振动台试验手段探究了考虑板式支座滑移对该类桥梁抗震性能影响。以一座25m跨径的标准简支T梁桥为例,设计了1/4缩尺比的全桥试验模型,选取一条近场脉冲型实际地震动记录作为振动台试验输入,对不同墩梁横向约束体系的结构开展了一系列振动台试验研究。试验结果表明：①强震作用下板式橡胶支座与梁底间会出现摩擦滑移效应,从而在一定程度上对下部结构起到隔震作用;②在地震动较小时,常规横向混凝土挡块可以起到一定限位效果,但在强震作用下,随着板式橡胶支座开始发生滑移,混凝土挡块的限位效果逐渐减弱,同时混凝土挡块还会造成下部结构较大的地震损伤;③新型弹塑性挡块具有良好稳定的滞回耗能能力,可有效控制强震作用下墩梁间最大相对位移需求,减低其震后残余位移,同时弹塑性挡块的屈服还可避免下部结构造成严重地震损伤。     

基于光纤光栅传感技术的测力球型支座的性能研究

为获取球型支座的受力状况数据,便于监测和评估桥梁结构的运营状态,研究一种新型测力球型支座,采用光纤光栅传感技术检测支座的竖向承载力,通过测力试验证实,该新型测力球型支座能够方便真实地收集工程结构的实际受力情况,可为评估桥梁结构健康状况提供有效的科学依据。     

江苏淮河大桥主桥设计

淮河大桥主桥为50+3×80+50m预应力混凝土连续箱梁,该桥主要设计特点为纵向预应力索,只有顶底板索,无腹板下弯索,制动墩设隔离支座,本文介绍了该桥的设计概况。结论特点,预应力体系及合拢措施等内容。