Economic growth through entrepreneurship: Determinants of self-employed income across regional economies

Knowledge of the determinants of self-employment income is critical to entrepreneurial development strategies if the development goal is to increase incomes not just employment. Using American Community Survey data, unconditional quantile regression is used to investigate differences in the relationship between entrepreneurial income and an array of individual, industry, and regional characteristics across the self-employment income distribution. Personal attributes, such as education, race, age, and gender, both explain differences in self-employment income and vary in importance across the income distribution. Regional agglomerative effects are significantly positive and stronger at the upper end of the self-employed income distribution.     

The impact of economic policy on industrial specialization and regional concentration of China’s high-tech industries

This paper uses a dynamic panel approach to investigate the impact of economic policy on industrial specialization and regional concentration of China’s high-tech industries for the period 1996–2005. It is found that the degrees of specialization and concentration show increasing trends throughout the sample period, while high-tech industry sector has increasingly concentrated in costal regions. It is also found that the implementation of high-technology-oriented export policy and subsidy for science and high-technology activities encourage specialization and concentration, whereas local governments’ protection for local high-tech enterprises results in convergence in regional industrial structure and obstructs regional concentration of high-tech industries. The estimation result is robust not only to the use of various estimation techniques, but also to the control for other factors proposed by theories such as transport costs and knowledge resources. Our findings support the idea that economic policies might play an important role in determining the geographic distribution of high-tech industries in China.     

Agglomeration, (un)‐related variety and new firm survival in China: Do local subsidies matter?

We study empirically the effects of five different dimensions of agglomeration – specialization, diversity, related variety, unrelated variety, and city size – on the survival chances of new entrepreneurial firms in China. Consideration is further given to studying the mediating effects of local subsidies on new firm survival given different existing local industrial structures in those regions. In support of the ‘regional branching’ hypothesis, we find that increasing local related variety has a stronger positive effect on new firm survival than other types of agglomeration. We also find that receiving comparatively fewer subsidies motivates firms to seek out and benefit from local existing economies, which in turn, positively influence their chances of survival. By contrast, agglomerated firms that receive relatively more subsidies tend to be more likely to face financial distress leading to eventual market exit. The findings thus reveal that both the intensity and the location of state support matters in terms of optimizing positive agglomeration effects on firms' post‐entry performance and survival.     

Economic impact modelling of smart specialization policy: Which industries should prioritization target?

In this paper we argue that it is necessary to apply economic impact models in smart specialization policy in order to come up with reliable economic impact estimations. Solutions suggested in the smart specialization (S3) literature for economic impact assessments cover the economic effects only partially. To estimate the impacts in the industrial, regional and national dimensions in their entirety the application of specifically designed economic models becomes necessary. We extended the geographic macro and regional (GMR)-Hungary policy impact model with additional features to make this model applicable for S3 economic impact estimations. In our policy simulations we illustrate how the application of this model helps policy-makers in the prioritization process.     

Explaining new firm creation in Europe from a spatial and time perspective: A multilevel analysis based upon data of individuals,regions and countries

This paper seeks to better understand the significance of spatial context conditions and personal attributes for early‐stage entrepreneurship. We combine individual with regional and national level data using multilevel analysis to test our hypotheses. We differentiate between two phases in the entrepreneurial process as well as between general and ambitious entrepreneurship. First, we show that both the national and the regional context significantly impact individual entrepreneurial activities. Second, individual level characteristics exert the greatest overall influence, but the direction of this influence is not stable. Third, the impact of the three levels varies across the different phases in the entrepreneurial process as well as between different types of start‐ups. Fourth, we demonstrate that cross‐level interactions between individual characteristics and spatial context factors are important in explaining entrepreneurial activities.     

绿道作为国家与地方战略 从国家生态基础设施、京杭大运河国家生态与遗产廊道到连接城乡的生态网络

绿道作为维护生态过程和生态系统完整性,发挥生态系统服务价值的土地网络系统,可以成为国家和地方战略,提供整合自然保护、文化与自然遗产保护、乡土遗产保护和旅游与休闲产业发展机会。以北京大学景观设计学研究院1998年以来完成的研究成果为例,阐述建立国家绿道系统——国家生态基础设施、京杭大运河国家生态与遗产廊道的构想,以中山市、杭州市、合肥市和北京市为例阐述连接城乡的绿道网络的规划与实施途径。     

基于生态源地与生态廊道优先级评估的生态安全格局构建与优化——以石家庄都市区为例

【目的】构建生态安全格局（ESP）是改善区域生态系统结构和功能,维护生态系统服务的有效措施。近年关于ESP的构建与优化逐渐成为研究热点,但对其中关键因子——生态源地与生态廊道的深入分析仍是一项挑战。【方法】以石家庄都市区为例,基于生态资源综合评价,结合最小累积阻力（MCR）模型构建区域ESP,并根据优先级矩阵,确定其中生态源地与生态廊道的优先级。【结果】结果表明：1）石家庄都市区生态源地的主要用地类型为林地、农田与水体;2）高优先级的生态源地与生态廊道主要集中在西部浅山区与滹沱河沿岸,是需要重点关注与保护的区域。【结论】通过对生态源地与生态廊道优先级排序后进行区域ESP优化,可有效界定区域生态系统维护过程中的关键区域,为未来国土空间规划与生态文明建设深入了解区域生态资源提供助力,并为相应的绿色空间规划提供指导。     

Understanding regional variation in entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial attitude in Europe

Differences in entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial attitude are substantial and persistent across nations and regions. However, studies on entrepreneurship that encompass regions and countries at the same time are lacking. This paper explains both national and regional differences in entrepreneurial attitude and activity for 127 regions in 17 European countries, based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data. We reveal the importance of institutional factors and economic and demographic attributes to variations in regional entrepreneurial attitude and activity. Our findings point at the relevance of distinguishing between components of entrepreneurial attitudes, i.e. fear of failure in starting business, perceptions on start-up opportunities and self-assessment of personal capabilities to start a firm. We find different determinants of these components, suggesting that they reflect different aspects of entrepreneurial attitude. In explaining regional prevalence rates of phases in entrepreneurial activity (nascent, baby business, established business) we find significant contributions of entrepreneurial attitude components. Urban regions and regions with high levels of nearby start-up examples show relatively high rates of early-stage entrepreneurship. A large number of start-up procedures does not discourage early-stage entrepreneurship.     

浅析我国生态工业园区的发展及对策

介绍了生态工业园区这一概念的由来，阐述了生态工业的环境标志和评价方法，并希望由此对我国城市总体规划与区域规划起到一点启迪。     

How does industry specialization affect the efficiency of regional innovation systems?

This study analyzes the relationship between the specialization of a region in certain industries and the efficiency of the region in generating new knowledge. The efficiency measure is constructed by relating regional R&D input and output. An inversely u-shaped relationship is found between regional specialization and R&D efficiency, indicating the presence of externalities of both Marshall and Jacobs’ type. Further factors influencing efficiency are externalities resulting from high R&D intensity of the local private sector as well as knowledge from local public research institutions. The impact of both the specialization and the additional factors is, however, different for regions at different efficiency levels.     

Entrepreneurship,creative industries and regional dynamics in Spain

Depending on the country or region, the amount of entrepreneurial activity differs greatly. In order to appreciate these differences, a general supply and demand scheme has been suggested to measure the rate of entrepreneurship of an economy in the long term. This rate can be seen to depend on the level of development, the economic growth and the unemployment rate. However, the degree of competitive creativity linked to the entrepreneurial activity in its early, starting and establishing stages, particularly from a regional perspective, is not so well known. This is calculated using various indicators based on entrepreneurial decisions derived from the timing, sector and location opportunity when starting a business, as well as others that assess the commitment to innovation in dynamic markets generating emerging products. This paper analyses entrepreneurial activity from this completely new perspective, applying this to the Spanish regions (NUTS-1), with the intention of providing some useful results for research in this area.     

The city and high-tech startups: The spatial organization of Schumpeterian entrepreneurship

Research on Schumpeterian entrepreneurship identifies new high-growth startup companies as key factors in technological innovation and economic growth. While economists have tended to focus on high-growth, high-tech startup firms as the unit of analysis, economic geographers and urbanists have examined the geographic dimensions of entrepreneurship, particularly the rise of entrepreneurial clusters and eco systems. We focus here on a particular type of Schumpeterian entrepreneurship associated with high-tech startup companies, or what we refer to as “tech-startup entrepreneurship.” We contend that the organization of such Schumpeterian entrepreneurship occurs at two spatial scales. At the macro-geographic level, it is highly clustered and concentrated in a relatively small number of global cities or metro areas. At the micro-geographic level, it is highly concentrated in distinct districts or micro-clusters within these leading cities and metro areas. To examine the geographic dimensions of tech-startup entrepreneurship across these spatial scales, we use previously unused data on venture capital-financed startups at the metropolitan and district levels. Our findings support the hypothesis that tech-startup entrepreneurship is organized across two distinct but related spatial scales, which act on entrepreneurial activity through different mechanisms. These findings suggest that local diversity and local specialization can simultaneously potentiate innovation, and that a multi-scalar approach to the geography of entrepreneurship is prudent.     

Regional and structural analysis of the manufacturing industry in Turkey

The geography of the manufacturing industry has been changing due to technological development, flexible production and reducing transportation costs regarding the new specialization and distribution process in the world. While manufacturing production has been moving from developed countries to the relatively less developed ones, which have become the emerging economies over the last two decades, the concentration of these activities within the countries has always received the attention of researchers. On the other hand, not only the geographical shift but also structural shifts have increasingly been an important phenomenon of the twenty-first century. It is known that the level of technology and innovation makes a significant contribution to regional economic development. Determinants of manufacturing agglomerations have created a wide literature based on different empirical studies. Moreover the structural changes of industry need to be investigated regarding the spatial agglomerations. The aim of this paper is to explore how the factors of manufacturing agglomerations have differentiated due to the technological level across the country. Furthermore, we assume that the agglomeration mechanism is likely to vary across the space. Therefore, we have run both global and local regression models based on the employment data of the 81 NUTS III level regions (provinces) of Turkey in 2012. The results point out that the factors of agglomerations are different in the east and west provinces, while GWR has significantly improved global results.     

Taking Root in the Silicon Forest: High-technology Firms as Surrogate Universities in Portland,Oregon

Most case studies of successful high-technology industry regions highlight the role of research universities in fostering regional economic development. The Portland, Oregon, region managed to root a thriving high-tech industry in the absence of this critical factor. In this article, I present a case study of the evolution of Portland's high-tech industry and propose that high-tech firms can act as surrogate universities that attract and develop labor, create knowledge, and function as incubators for startups. I conclude that planners working to develop high-tech industries in regions without major research universities should attract R&D-intensive firms, maintain information on key busineses and entrepreneurial ventures, support an innovation milieu, and set realistic goals.     

大学生创业观的调查分析

对温州大学城市学院的400位大学生的创业状况进行了问卷调查以及个案访谈,分析了高校大学生的创业状况,并提出为促进大学生创业,社会、高校应采取的措施。     

Who’s got the aces up his sleeve? Functional specialization of cities and entrepreneurship

This paper combines the empirical finding of a functional specialization of cities with regional dynamics. We distinguish between cities dominated by headquarters and service firms (urban agglomerations), those with large stand-alone production plants in one sector (industrial agglomerations), and cities with integrated smaller firms (industrial districts). Based on German data, we find differing dynamics across these three city types. Cities that host basic research or integrated incumbents are more conducive to entrepreneurial activity, whereas the opposite is true of industrial agglomerations. Urban agglomerations dominated by headquarters with only administrative functions and the service sector are not very entrepreneur-friendly, either. However, although this type of city provides few externalities for startups in manufacturing, they could very well provide opportunities for service sector startups.     

Will specialization continue forever? A case study of interactions between industry specialization and diversity

This paper studies the interactions between industry specialization and diversity. Several studies have shown that competitive industries in a region grew faster, thus expanding their shares in overall employment. The implication is that a region will become more specialized in its competitive industries and the process will continue forever baring external intervention. Utilizing an econometric model on county-level employment growth in Virginia, this study confirms that competitive industries experience faster employment growth, reinforcing specialization. However, as specialization proceeds, it reduces economic diversity. That will hurt job creation, as economic diversity also stimulates employment growth. The interactions between specialization and diversity can lead to complex patterns of industry structural change. This study concludes that if a locality starts with low economic diversity, specialization will continue to deepen and the region may be trapped with limited economic diversity. However, when an economy starts with high diversity, specialization and diversity tend to offset each other, resulting a more consistent industry structure.     

Technology commercialization on campus: twentieth century frameworks and twenty-first century blind spots

This paper uses an interpretive analysis to exam past and present developments in knowledge commercialization and provide researchers, policy makers, and university leaders an alternative framework. The model is based on historical precedent, and current economic realities, for effectively commercializing knowledge in the entrepreneurial age. While traditional technology transfer focused on an organizational centric approach, we propose an individual centric model of technology commercialization from universities. The move from an organization centric model to an individual centric model will likely follow past eras of change and innovation in higher education. The challenge for regional and university leadership is clear. Find methods and models for unleashing the knowledge across campus to solve local and regional challenges.     

产业新城可持续发展规划的实践应用

以惠州潼湖大学创新园的产业新城规划为研究案例,梳理了产业新城的国际发展历程与国内现状。根据现状条件分析产城融合与区域联动发展的形式,构建区域综合产业体系,突出当地“产学研”特色空间弹性规划,针对企业不同发展阶段进行产业空间设计,并在保护当地生态系统完整性的基础上进行规划设计。在此基础上,进一步提出在产业新城建设中实现绿色发展方式的相关策略,并对高质量产业新城发展提出了发展建议。