橡胶混凝土轴拉破坏过程中声发射特性

为了研究橡胶掺量对单调荷载下混凝土拉伸破坏的影响,开展了不同橡胶掺量(体积分数0%、5%、10%、15%、20%)的带缺口混凝土棱柱体的单轴拉伸破坏试验,采用声发射技术监测其破坏过程,进一步分析应力-裂缝张开位移曲线、断裂能以及声发射特征参数。结果表明:随着橡胶掺量的增加,混凝土失稳荷载下降,峰值裂缝张开位移增大,橡胶混凝土断裂能大于基准混凝土,并在橡胶掺量为15%时达到最大值; 声发射累计振铃计数及累计撞击次数曲线能够将混凝土破坏过程划分为3个阶段,随着橡胶掺量的增加,声发射活性有所降低,峰值频率由高频向低频转变; 声发射b值能够很好地反映混凝土试件的破坏形式,可以将混凝土试件的破坏过程划分为2个阶段,试件破坏过程中b值整体呈下降趋势,随着橡胶掺量的增加,b值有所增大,主裂纹形成阶段b值最大值与最小值的差值有所减小; 橡胶掺量小于20%时,强度降低速率较快,大于20%时,强度下降减缓。     

掺锂渣再生粗骨料混凝土断裂能试验研究

为研究锂渣掺量、再生粗骨料取代率和初始缝高比对混凝土断裂能的影响，制作了144个掺锂渣再生混凝土三点弯曲梁试件，试验获得各组试件的荷载-跨中位移曲线，计算其断裂能进行分析。试验结果表明：混凝土中掺入锂渣没有改善混凝土断裂能的效果，再生粗骨料适量替代卵石可以提高混凝土断裂能，因此随再生粗骨料取代率增加混凝土断裂能先增大后减小。随初始缝高比的增大，掺锂渣再生粗骨料混凝土的断裂能逐渐减小。     

混凝土结构裂缝扩展全过程的新GR阻力曲线断裂判据

混凝土结构的受力特性与裂缝的发展密切相关。在对国际断裂力学领域里所提出的三种裂缝扩展阻力曲线理论加以总结的基础上,以能量为表征,基于裂缝黏聚力提出了描述混凝土结构裂缝扩展全过程的新GR阻力模型。在该模型中,裂缝扩展阻力分为三部分:一部分是基体水泥凝胶材料裂缝发展需克服的表面能,一部分是克服细骨料桥联作用的能量消耗,另一部分是粗骨料桥联闭合作用消耗的能量。文中对粗细骨料所消耗的能量进行了详细推导,得出了不同区段裂缝扩展阻力的解析计算公式。根据实测试验结果,得到了混凝土新GR阻力曲线。结果表明GR曲线是材料的基本参数,与试件尺寸无关,并建立了适用于混凝土结构裂缝扩展全过程的断裂判据。     

逆推混凝土软化曲线及其断裂能的研究

断裂能是描述混凝土受拉开裂的重要参数。混凝土的断裂能可通过RILEM推荐的断裂功的方法确定,还可通过拉伸软化曲线下的面积确定。基于虚拟裂纹模型并采用Levenberg-Marquardt优化算法,由三点弯曲切口梁断裂试验获得的(荷载-裂缝口张开位移)曲线做逆分析,获得混凝土的软化曲线。在位移控制加载的试验机上完成6组不同尺寸的三点弯曲梁的稳定断裂试验。与单轴直接拉伸试验相比,逆推法获得的混凝土软化曲线试验具有容易实现和试验成功率高的优点。两种方法获得的混凝土断裂能变化趋势相同,随试件尺寸增大而增大,到达一定试件尺寸,断裂能不再增大。研究结果还表明,逆推获得的软化曲线具有尺寸效应,可用来解释断裂能的尺寸效应。     

橡胶混凝土断裂韧性试验研究

为研究橡胶混凝土断裂韧度,以C30混凝土为基准混凝土,将橡胶颗粒的粒径、掺量以及试件的缝高比作为变量,制备混凝土试件进行楔入劈拉试验研究。计算得到橡胶混凝土试件起裂韧度及失稳断裂韧度的变化规律。结果表明:掺入橡胶后,混凝土的起裂韧度有明显降低,橡胶掺量越高降幅越明显,橡胶掺量为5%~15%的混凝土失稳断裂韧度大于基准混凝土;20%橡胶掺量的混凝土失稳断裂韧度略小于基准混凝土;缝高比相同时,掺粒径为0.3mm橡胶颗粒的混凝土试件失稳断裂韧度高于粒径为0.6mm的橡胶混凝土,表现出更好的断裂韧性;与起裂韧度相比,失稳断裂韧度与橡胶含量的非线性特征更加明显。     

橡胶混凝土断裂韧性试验研究

为研究橡胶混凝土断裂韧度,以C30混凝土为基准混凝土,将橡胶颗粒的粒径、掺量以及试件的缝高比作为变量,制备混凝土试件进行楔入劈拉试验研究。计算得到橡胶混凝土试件起裂韧度及失稳断裂韧度的变化规律。结果表明:掺入橡胶后,混凝土的起裂韧度有明显降低,橡胶掺量越高降幅越明显,橡胶掺量为5%~15%的混凝土失稳断裂韧度大于基准混凝土;20%橡胶掺量的混凝土失稳断裂韧度略小于基准混凝土;缝高比相同时,掺粒径为0.3mm橡胶颗粒的混凝土试件失稳断裂韧度高于粒径为0.6mm的橡胶混凝土,表现出更好的断裂韧性;与起裂韧度相比,失稳断裂韧度与橡胶含量的非线性特征更加明显。     

三点弯曲下玄武岩纤维混凝土的断裂韧度实验研究北大核心

采用三点弯曲试验研究了不同纤维体积掺量和长径比的玄武岩纤维混凝土试件的断裂韧度,获得了玄武岩纤维混凝土的F-CMOD曲线,根据曲线特征将玄武岩纤维混凝土的裂缝扩展划分成不扩展、稳定扩展和失稳扩展三个阶段。讨论了纤维体积率和长径比对断裂韧度影响。根据试验现象和数据探讨了纤维对断裂韧度的影响机理,据此引入了纤维削弱系数和削弱函数的概念,并根据试验数据拟合出了两者的参考值,给出了断裂韧度的实用计算表达式。可以为更深入研究和工程应用提供参考。     

橡胶混凝土断裂韧性试验研究

为研究橡胶混凝土断裂韧度,以C30混凝土为基准混凝土,将橡胶颗粒的粒径、掺量以及试件的缝高比作为变量,制备混凝土试件进行楔入劈拉试验研究.计算得到橡胶混凝土试件起裂韧度及失稳断裂韧度的变化规律.结果 表明:掺人橡胶后,混凝土的起裂韧度有明显降低,橡胶掺量越高降幅越明显,橡胶掺量为5％～15％的混凝土失稳断裂韧度大于基准...     

三点弯曲下玄武岩纤维混凝土的断裂韧度实验研究

采用三点弯曲试验研究了不同纤维体积掺量和长径比的玄武岩纤维混凝土试件的断裂韧度,获得了玄武岩纤维混凝土的F-CMOD曲线,根据曲线特征将玄武岩纤维混凝土的裂缝扩展划分成不扩展、稳定扩展和失稳扩展三个阶段。讨论了纤维体积率和长径比对断裂韧度影响。根据试验现象和数据探讨了纤维对断裂韧度的影响机理,据此引入了纤维削弱系数和削弱函数的概念,并根据试验数据拟合出了两者的参考值,给出了断裂韧度的实用计算表达式。可以为更深入研究和工程应用提供参考。     

基于数字散斑法研究碾压混凝土的有效裂纹扩展量

阐述了数字散斑相关方法的基本原理。通过数字散斑相关方法观测了不同尺寸碾压混凝土楔入劈拉试件的裂纹扩展过程及裂缝尖端区域位移场和应变场的变化,得到了不同尺寸试件在不同荷载条件下的裂纹开口位移曲线及有效裂纹扩展量。试验结果表明,有效裂纹扩展量随尺寸的增加而增加,尺寸越大,试件的延性越好,数字散斑相关方法操作简单,测量准确,可有效的测定碾压混凝土表面的裂纹发展过程,其在混凝土损伤断裂方面具有重要的科学意义和工程应用价值。     

Correlation between tension softening relation and crack extension resistance in concrete

Changes of the material fracture toughness with crack propagation can be described by a crack extension resistance curve, one of the fundamental fracture criteria in crack mechanics. Recently, experimental observation of the fracture behavior in concrete was used to develop a new fracture criterion, the crack extension G _R resistance curve, to analyze crack propagation during the entire concrete fracture process. The variation of the crack extension resistance is mainly associated with the energy consumption in the fracture process zone ahead of the stress-free crack tip. The crack extension resistance is then a function of the softening curve, which is a basic mechanical property in the fracture process zone. The relationship between the softening curve and the crack extension G _R resistance curve is then analyzed based on results of three-point bending beams tests. The results indicate that the characteristic points of the crack extension resistance G _R curve is closely related to the characteristic point on used tension softening curve. __________ Translated from Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2008, 48(3): 316–320 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Fracture resistance on aggregate bridging crack in concrete

Fracture toughening exhibited in quasi-brittle materials such as concrete is often mainly related to the action of aggregate bridging, which leads to the presence of a fracture process zone ahead of stress-free cracks in such materials. In this investigation, the fracture resistance induced by aggregate bridging, denoted by G _I-bridging, in the primary focus. In order to quantitatively determine it, a general analytical formula is firstly developed, based on the definition of fracture energy by Hillerborg. After this, we further present the calculated procedures of determining this fracture resistance from the recorded load vs. crack opening displacement curve. Then, both numerical simulations and fracture experiments are performed on concrete three-point bending beams. Utilizing the obtained load against crack opening displacement curve, the value of G _I-bridging at any crack extension as well as the change of G _I-bridging with the crack extension is examined. It is found that G _I-bridging will firstly increase with the development of crack and then stay constant once the initial crack tip opening displacement reaches the characteristic crack opening displacement w ₀. The effects of material strength and specimen depth on this fracture resistance are also investigated. The results reveal that the values of G _I-bridging of different specimens at any crack propagation are strongly associated with the values of fracture energy of specimens. If the values of fracture energy between different specimens are comparable, the differences between G _I-bridging are ignored. Instead, if values of fracture energy are different, the G _I-bridging will be different. This shows that for specimens with different strengths, G _I-bridging will change greatly whereas for specimens that are different in depth, whether G _I-bridging exhibits size effect depends on whether the fracture energy of specimens considered in the calculation of G _I-bridging is assumed to be a size-dependent material parameter.     

Correlation between tension softening relation and crack extension resistance in concrete

Changes of the material fracture energy consumption with crack propagation can be described by a crack extension resistance curve, one of the fundamental fracture criteria in crack mechanics. Recently, experimental observation of the fracture behavior in concrete was used to develop a new fracture criterion, the crack extension G_R resistance curve, to analyze crack propagation during the entire concrete fracture process. The variation of the crack extension resistance is mainly associated with the energy consumption in the fracture process zone ahead of the stress-free crack tip. The crack extension resistance is then a function of the softening curve, which is a basic mechanical property in the fracture process zone. The relationship between the softening curve and the crack extension G_R resistance curve is then analyzed based on results of three-point bending beams tests. The results indicate that the characteristic points of the crack extension resistance G_R curve is closely related to the characteristic point on used tension softening curve.     

Experimental measurement of double-K fracture parameters of concrete with small-size aggregates

The double-K fracture model can well describe the development of cracks undergoing during the entire fracture process in concrete. Therefore, it has been selected as the theoretical basis of the “Norm for fracture test of hydraulic concrete” (China) and the double-K fracture parameters proposed in this model are regarded as the essential fracture parameters needed to be measured. Therefore, the primary objection of this paper is to present an overall report on the determination of the double-K fracture parameters of concrete involving the fundamental theory, calculation formulas, experimental arrangement and identification of initial cracking load in order to provide a reference for the specification committee. The fracture tests are carried out on the total of 43 concrete specimens where the small-size aggregates with the maximum size of 10 mm are chosen. Two typical widely-used geometries, i.e. three-points bending beam and wedge splitting specimen are adopted. The initial cracking load is determined by means of graph method or electrical resistance strain gauge method. Then, the initial fracture toughness and unstable fracture toughness are measured. It is found that the ratio of initial cracking load to maximum load is 0.67–0.71 and the ratio of initial fracture toughness to unstable fracture toughness is 0.45–0.50. It is also found that, for the initial fracture toughness and unstable fracture toughness, the values are approximately close to the constants when the depth of specimens is large than 200 and 400 mm for three-points bending beams and wedge splitting specimens respectively. Besides, the critical crack tip opening displacement of each specimen is calculated, too. The big difference between two geometries is noticed. __________ Translated from Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2006, 37(5): 543–553 [译自: 水利学报]     

带裂纹花岗岩试件三点弯变形演化及破裂机制

为建立岩石工程灾害精准预测预报体系,开展含预制裂纹花岗岩试件的三点弯试验,研究岩石试样变形演化及破裂机制。以声发射技术和数字散斑相关方法作为试验观测手段,通过矩张量反演方法研究岩石破裂类型。通过对岩石预制裂纹扩展长度及声发射振铃计数、能量和体积参数进行分析,研究岩石试件变形演化特征和破裂机制。研究结果表明:(1)三点弯岩石试样裂纹扩展具有明显的阶段性和不连续性,其过程为某次裂纹扩展 微裂纹静默积累-裂纹再次扩展;(2)预制裂纹扩展与不同破裂类型裂纹的声发射指标具有相关性。预制裂纹扩展时,张拉裂纹体积参数、能量和振铃计数随之出现;预制裂纹扩展前后,3种类型裂纹体积参数、能量和振铃计数随机产生;在预制裂纹长度保持稳定不变时,没有声发射信号产生;(3)裂纹扩展后到下一次裂纹扩展前,先是在贯通裂纹尖端附近随机出现各种破裂类型的裂纹,随着微裂纹的积累,贯通裂纹所主导的裂纹类型占比开始增加,直至产生新的贯通裂纹。     

橡胶自密实混凝土断裂性能及声发射特征

为研究橡胶对自密实混凝土断裂性能的影响,针对4种橡胶掺量(0％、10％、20％和30％)的自密实混凝土,采用声发射(AE)技术,开展三点弯曲梁断裂试验,获得其荷载-裂缝口张开位移(P-CMOD)曲线、断裂能及声发射特征参数.通过荷载、累计振铃计数和累计撞击次数随时间的变化关系曲线,分析了橡胶掺量对自密实混凝土边界效应的影响.利用声发射源定位,确定橡胶自密实混凝土断裂过程区的宽度,计算得到上升角(RA)和平均频率(AF)值,分析了橡胶自密实混凝土的破裂模式.结果 表明:随着橡胶掺量的增加,自密实混凝土的延性和韧性均有所提高,其声发射特征表现为橡胶自密实混凝土的边界区域长度和信号活度减小,断裂过程区的宽度和拉伸裂纹的比例增大;橡胶颗粒对能量的吸收和扩散作用是橡胶自密实混凝土断裂性能得以改善的重要原因.     

Computer controlled volumetric strain measurements in metadolerite

A new volumetric strainmeter system has been developed for the measurement of true volumetric strains occurring in selected fresh and decomposed rock samples tested under computer controlled triaxial loading conditions. The system is capable of resolving volume adjustments of the confining medium to within ±2.8 mm³ and maintain confining pressure deviations to ± 6.9 kPa. The results of the investigation have shown the inadequacy of the commonly used strain gauge method to represent the volumetric strains occurring in the whole of the test specimen and they have provided further experimental evidence for the continuity concept in the fracture mechanism of rocks. Even in the most decomposed samples tested, crack initiation and propagation starts at lower stress levels than previously recognised, in contrast to the generally accepted concept of critical stress levels which characterise and define the process of brittle fracture propagation in rocks.     

用非连续变形分析方法模拟冲击荷载作用下巴西圆盘的破坏过程

 为研究岩石在冲击荷载作用下岩石的破裂过程,运用岩体裂纹扩展破坏二维分析程序DDARF(Discontinuous Deformation Analysis for Rock Failure),对大理石巴西圆盘试样在分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB-Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)试验中动态破裂全过程进行了数值模拟分析研究。模拟结果形象展示了试样在不同入射波作用下裂纹的萌生、演化、扩展及贯通破坏情形,与试验结果有较好的吻合。对裂纹产生的力学机理、扩展过程及伴生现象做出了解释。研究结果表明：(1) 改进的微观破裂准则不仅适用于模拟岩石静载破裂,而且可以用于模拟动载破坏;(2) 巴西圆盘试样在受到冲击荷载作用时,主裂纹首先从一端产生,然后逐渐沿径向加载方向向中心延伸、扩展至另一端贯通破坏,裂纹尖端的拉应力是导致岩石开裂的原因;(3) 主裂纹拓展过程中伴随着次生损伤微裂纹的产生,次生微裂纹主要集中在主裂纹两侧附近区域;(4) 试样两端与入射杆、透射杆接触部分会产生三角形破裂区,且随着入射波幅值的增大,三角形破裂区域面积有增大的趋势。