科教中心污水和景观水处理工程实例

介绍了某科教中心的污水、景观水处理系统设计和实际运行情况。采用生化处理／高效固液分离器／过滤／消毒工艺,对整个科教中心的污水进行处理并回用,实现了零排放;采用景观水处理器循环处理／生态点缀的处理工艺,保证了景观水体主要水质指标达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-2002）的Ⅴ类标准。两套处理系统产生的泥渣进行离心脱水后外运,同时对污水处理系统产生的臭气进行氧化、吸附处理后高空排放,实现了污水、臭气、泥渣的全面处理。     

中国都市排水系统功能的变革

在当今水环境劣化趋势日益严峻,水资源日益短缺的态势下,在污水深度处理、超深度处理和回收利用已经实用化了的今天,排水系统不应仅仅是排除雨水、污水及保护城市环境和公共水域水质的基础设施,更应升华为维系城市健康水循环和良好水环境,实现水资源可持续利用的人类社会的生命线工程。在城市污水作为可贵的淡水资源之新理念下,阐述了排水系统功能、规划和设计方面的新构想和新特点。     

昆山市给水工程改善水质的措施

介绍了昆山市的供水现状以及已实施的、将要实施的一系列改善水质的措施，包括：在全市实施区域供水，逐步用以阳澄湖为水源的规模化水厂替代分散在各镇、村的以地下水和内河、湖泊水为水源的水厂；实施水源生态保护工程，改善原水水质；改进水处理工艺，提高供水水质；对受到微污染的原水采用生物预处理和臭氧活性炭深度处理；实施分质供水。     

Developing efficient management strategies for a water supply system using system dynamics modelling

In this paper, the causal feedback relationships among the components that make up the working mechanism of water supply systems management, including key factors and their relationship to the management of water pipes, were identified based on the conceptual framework established for water supply systems management. Subsequently, a system dynamics computer simulation model, which can be used to aid efficient management of water supply systems, was developed. The computer model consisted of water supply, pipe maintenance, and water supply business finance sub-models. The model was verified using historical data from a water supply service case study. Using the verified model, long-term managerial and operating conditions of the case study system were predicted under optimistic, basic, and pessimistic management condition scenarios. In addition, sensitivity analyses on major indicators of the case study system have been presented to show that the developed model can facilitate identification of the best policy for achieving a specific management objective of a water supply system.     

城市供水系统决策支持系统的开发与设计

通过对城市供水系统优化运行理论的深入研究,综合运用多种系统方法和计算机技术,开发了城市供水系统决策支持系统.首先按照城市供水系统运行的内容和流程设计出该系统的总体结构和框架.在此基础上,采用Delphi和Matlab等编程工具,结合数据库技术,通过多种接口设计方法实现了供水系统优化运行的数据、模型、算法等的有机结合.最后,通过实例验证,表明该系统功能比较强大,操作简便,具有较强的实用价值,能够提高供水企业的工作效率和决策水平.     

宝钢长材坯料生产污泥处理系统的设计

采用调节池/混凝反应槽/絮凝反应池/污泥浓缩池/带式压滤机工艺处理电炉和连铸机净循环旁滤过滤器反冲洗排泥、连铸浊循环水系统斜板除油沉淀器排泥及VOD浊循环水系统斜板沉淀器排泥等的混合钢铁污泥。该系统自2007年9月初调试正常以来,运行良好,泥饼含固率为30%。     

水厂滤池滤后水浊度自动巡检控制系统设计

在合肥市供水集团公司第五水厂滤池滤后水浊度自动巡检控制系统的设计中，在水厂原有控制系统的基础上进行了扩展开发，从而实现了全过程的自动控制。实际生产表明，该系统既提高了供水水质，又达到了节能降耗的目的，同时改善了企业员工的工作环境，降低了劳动强度。     

南通醋酸纤维有限公司四期自备水厂工艺设计

结合工程概况，根据其原水水质特征，确定了具体的技术方案，详细阐述了其工艺设计情况，指出该设计达到了工业用水水质标准，在工业用水水厂设计方面具有一定的代表性。     

人工快渗处理牛湖河水的实践

为改善观澜河水质兴建了牛湖河污染治理工程，采用人工快渗处理工艺。运行实践表明，该工艺投资省、运行费用低、处理效果好，处理出水可回用作景观和绿化用水。     

直接过滤深度处理工艺用于太湖新城再生水回用工程

针对太湖新城污水处理厂二级出水水质较好的实际情况,在再生水回用示范工程中选用经济合理的直接过滤深度处理工艺,其虹吸滤池占地面积小、动力消耗低、配水系统阻力小。设计中还考虑了预留加药装置以适应水质的变化。处理后出水可作为京杭大运河支流景观河道用水及工业冷却用水,该工程具有良好的再生水回用示范作用。     

Design and operational charts for complete mixing activated sludge systems

This paper provides charts enabling the derivation of design and operational procedures for an activated sludge waste water treatment system including the final settler. These charts are based on a mathematical model including Monod relationships describing the microbial growth and the substrate removal in the aerator, while sedimentation in the final settler is assumed to follow the limiting flux theory. Charts represent the minimum required settler area, insuring that given effluent standards will be met, as a function of either the hydraulic retention time or the recycle rate. Most design and operational characteristics of the activated sludge system can be read directly on the charts, while a simple equation is provided for the sludge wasting rate.Operational procedures under constant or variable inflow conditions are first derived from the charts. It is concluded that operational policies including a constant recycle sludge concentration are especially attractive in response to various types of influent variations. Such policies allow one to maintain either the effluent substrate concentration or the recycle flow rate at the same level in most situations. Furthermore, the required settler area remains reasonably small. Large aerators provide considerable operational flexibility and appear to be required when hydraulic overloads are expected.The charts allow one to design the activated sludge system in such a way that expected overload conditions can be overcome. Least-cost design is briefly studied through simplified cost functions. This allows derivation of the best compromise between sufficient operational flexibility and least-cost design, leading to the “optimal overdesign” of the system.Parameter variability has a significant influence on the charts. Hence, correct determination of the model parameters is required before calibrating and using the charts.     

基于BP神经网络的供水管网分时段宏观模型研究

准确快速地模拟供水管网的运行状态是城市供水系统优化调度的前提和关键。针对城市供水管网建模难的状况，结合南京市供水管网的特点，利用BP神经网络建立了城市供水管网分时段宏观等效模型。经实际运行数据验证，该模型计算得到的压力预测值与实际值非常接近，预测误差能满足优化调度的工程精度要求。可见该模型基本上能反映南京市供水管网的供水量与水压的关系，可用以模拟城市供水管网的运行状态，为管网优化调度提供了有力支持。     

Development of computational algorithms for pump operations and their applications to the system dynamics modelling of a water supply system

In this study, computational algorithms for the simulations of the operations of pumps for water distribution storage tanks were developed. The developed algorithms include pump operating rules for different electricity price schemes and operating situations such as normal and emergency conditions. The algorithms were programmed into System Dynamics modelling modules that can be used as basic building blocks when an SD model is constructed for the simulations of complex real-world water supply systems. Based on the basic SD modelling modules, a dynamic computer simulation model was developed for the simulations of the water supply system in Young-Jong island in South Korea where multiple local water sources are to be utilised. The developed model dynamically simulated the water levels in the water distribution storage tanks and estimated the pumping costs of the system according to the normal and emergency operational scenarios. During the emergency situation it was assumed that the local water sources will not be able to supply the assigned portion of demand. STELLA system dynamics modelling software was used for the modelling.     

热电厂利用再生水的技术经济性分析

将城市中水回用到热电厂,既符合循环经济理念,也符合节能减排目标.根据热电厂用水特点,在明确不同工艺水用途的基础上,通过采用分级处理的技术手段,解决好加药量,运行流量、流速,工艺处理效率等技术问题,可安全有效的解决中水回用问题.经过深度处理后的中水,可应用于热电厂循环冷却水、供热、制冷管网等,是稳定可靠、保证率高的水资源.中水在热电厂的成功应用,为节约宝贵的淡水资源开辟了一条有效途径.     

建筑给水管生命周期能耗分析方法及应用

建筑给水管材的选用对于建筑节能具有十分重要的现实意义。传统的建筑给水系统设计中管材的选用主要考虑其使用性能和一次性成本,忽视了不同的管材在整个生命周期过程中的能耗差异。本文首先运用生命周期评价方法有效地比较分析了建筑给水管材在其生命周期各个阶段的能耗,为建筑给水节能设计提供了一种全面有效的方法。而后从工程实际出发选择了2种常见的建筑给水管材并进行了生命周期能耗分析比较,得出在实现同等供水功能的前提下,镀锌钢管比硬聚氯乙烯给水管材生命周期能耗大。     

MIBR/纳滤组合工艺用于再生水回用工程

以生活污水为对象,采用膜固定化微生物反应器（MIBR）／纳滤组合工艺进行再生水回用处理,出水水质达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749-2006）中“农村小型集中式供水和分散式供水部分水质指标及限制”标准。该组合工艺流程简单、投资省、出水水质好、自动化程度高,为严重缺水地区（尤其是铁路沿线站点）解决洗衣、洗浴等用水提供了新思路。     

Evaluating the potential of improving residential water balance at building scale

Earlier results indicated that, for an average household, self-sufficiency in water supply can be achieved by following the Urban harvest Approach (UHA), in a combination of demand minimization, cascading and multi-sourcing. To achieve these results, it was assumed that all available local resources can be harvested. In reality, however, temporal, spatial and location-bound factors pose limitations to this harvest and, thus, to self-sufficiency. This article investigates potential spatial and temporal limitations to harvest local water resources at building level for the Netherlands, with a focus on indoor demand. Two building types were studied, a free standing house (one four-people household) and a mid-rise apartment flat (28 two-person households). To be able to model yearly water balances, daily patterns considering household occupancy and presence of water using appliances were defined per building type. Three strategies were defined. The strategies include demand minimization, light grey water (LGW) recycling, and rainwater harvesting (multi-sourcing). Recycling and multi-sourcing cater for toilet flushing and laundry machine. Results showed that water saving devices may reduce 30% of the conventional demand. Recycling of LGW can supply 100% of second quality water (D_Q2) which represents 36% of the conventional demand or up to 20% of the minimized demand. Rainwater harvesting may supply approximately 80% of the minimized demand in case of the apartment flat and 60% in case of the free standing house. To harvest these potentials, different system specifications, related to the household type, are required. Two constraints to recycle and multi-source were identified, namely i) limitations in the grey water production and available rainfall; and ii) the potential to harvest water as determined by the temporal pattern in water availability, water use, and storage and treatment capacities.     

Disinfection by-products in filter backwash water: Implications to water quality in recycle designs

The overall purpose of this research was to investigate disinfection by-product (DBP) concentrations and formation potential in filter backwash water (FBWW) and evaluate at bench-scale the potential impact of untreated FBWW recycle on water quality in conventional drinking water treatment. Two chlorinated organic compound groups of DBPs currently regulated in North America were evaluated, specifically trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). FBWW samples were collected from four conventional filtration water treatment plants (WTP) in Nova Scotia, Canada, in three separate sampling and plant audit campaigns. THM and HAA formation potential tests demonstrated that the particulate organic material contained within FBWW is available for reaction with chlorine to form DBPs. The results of the study found higher concentrations of TTHMs and HAA9s in FBWW samples from two of the plants that target a higher free chlorine residual in the wash water used to clean the filters (e.g., clearwell) compared to the other two plants that target a lower clear well free chlorine residual concentration. Bench-scale experiments showed that FBWW storage time and conditions can impact TTHM concentrations in these waste streams, suggesting that optimization opportunities exist to reduce TTHM concentrations in FBWW recycle streams prior to blending with raw water. However, mass balance calculations demonstrated that FBWW recycle practice by blending 10% untreated FBWW with raw water prior to coagulation did not impact DBP concentrations introduced to the rapid mix stage of a plant’s treatment train.     

城市给水管网的多目标宏观调度研究

城市供水企业是耗电大户.研究供水系统的优化运行可以达到节能的目的.因此该研究具有重要的社会经济效益.本文引入多目标决策技术,建立了以供水水质、运行费用、水量平衡函数及投入运行水泵台数四个目标函数为基础的优化调度模型.该模型是一个混合离散变量非线性规划问题,可用MDOD法求解,对实际管网进行了优化计算,结果表明:该方法可直接计算含定速泵与变速泵的供水系统.具有明显的实用价值.     

强化老旧水厂常规处理工艺优化提升出水水质

老旧水厂因场地限制,通过改造现状工艺池组提升水质存在困难。因此,通过强化常规处理工艺,增加应急投加系统,对提高老旧水厂出水水质以及应对突发性污染有重要作用。某水厂采用常规处理工艺,水源水为沧江河支流,原水水质为地表Ⅲ类水标准,受周边环境的影响以及存在突发性水质污染的情况,短时会达到Ⅴ类水质指标,常规工艺难以处理。通过将虹吸滤池改造成炭砂滤池,并增加粉末活性炭和高锰酸钾应急投加系统来应对微污染及进行应急处理,能有效提高供水安全保障能力。改造后出厂水TOC下降48.28%,耗氧量下降18.49%,三氯乙醛下降81.41%,应急处理NH₃-N能力提高56.79%。