Study of critical velocity and backlayering length in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires

Experimental tests and theoretical analyses were conducted to investigate the critical velocity together with the backlayering length in tunnel fires. The experiments were performed in two longitudinally ventilated model tunnels. The proposed correlations for critical velocity are found to comply well with experimental data in both tunnels. The critical Froude number and the critical Richardson number were analyzed using the experimental data. The backlayering length was related to the ratio of longitudinal ventilation velocity to critical velocity. Experimental data show that the relation between the ratio of ventilation velocity to critical velocity and the dimensionless backlayering length follows an exponential relation. A correlation based on experimental data to predict the backlayering length is proposed. Further, comparison of experimental data of critical velocity and backlayering length with results from large-scale tests shows that there is a good agreement in both scales. The effect of accident vehicle obstruction on critical velocity and backlayering length was also analyzed. Experimental data show that the decrease in rate of critical velocity due to obstruction is slightly greater than the ratio of cross-sectional area of the model vehicle to tunnel cross-sectional area, and the backlayering length with an accident vehicle set inside the tunnel gets smaller.     

单轴受载下岩体破裂演化特征的声发射CT成像

 岩石受载下的内部破裂演化特征对于研究岩石破坏机制具有重要意义。将声发射(AE)与CT成像技术相结合,对3种不同加载速率下的泥岩试样进行声发射CT反演计算,分析各加载阶段波速分布特征,探究波速演化与岩样宏、微观破裂的关系。研究结果表明：(1) 在加载初期,岩样内部波速范围变化较小,波速异常区面积较小且分布较为零散;随着载荷增加,波速范围不断增加,同时波速异常区面积也在不断扩大;临近破坏阶段,波速范围进一步增加,其低波速区也逐渐形成大面积贯通。(2) 岩样实际宏观破裂位置与低波速区及波速异常丰富区位置吻合,说明临近破坏阶段,岩样内部微裂隙的大量萌生发育使低波速区快速扩展贯通,同时微裂隙周围的岩石颗粒因受挤压而呈现出高波速状态。(3) 受载初期,岩样内初始微裂隙发育萌生位置与低波速区大致吻合;随载荷增加,大量微裂隙开始在低波速区与波速异常丰富区聚集、延伸;在临近破坏阶段,微破裂密集区扩展贯通,其所处区域与岩样破裂位置大体一致。(4) 反演计算调整前后的AE事件整体分布特征保持一致,证明了初始AE事件定位的准确性及声发射CT成像的可靠性。     

太阳房集热墙风口平均风速测定方法研究

本文对被动式太阳房集热墙风口平均风速的测定进行了研究。通过实验室模拟风口实验,测量分析风口截面上不同风量下风口的平均风速,找出测点风速等于平均风速的分布区域,将一个风速传感器探头放在该区域测出的风速即可代表风口的平均风速。将实验结果在青藏铁路线上被动式太阳房现场进行了校核,从而实现了对被动式太阳房集热墙风口平均风速的自动监测。     

涡轮流量计计量稳定性影响成因分析

分析前置导流体出流速度对涡轮流量计计量精度影响成因,在流量测量范围内对某型号涡轮流量计前置导流体流道内的速度分布进行模拟。叶轮角速度与气体流入叶轮绝对流速成正相关,由于叶轮角速度直接影响涡轮流量计计量稳定性,因此研究前置导流体流道内的速度分布能为提高涡轮流量计计量稳定性提供理论依据。流道内空气流速随着流量的增大而增大,且最大流速区随流量的增大向前置导流体中心线偏移。空气流量8、32、64、160 m3/h对应的最大流速区的最大流速分别为0.86、3.61、7.37、18.92 m/s。     

设排烟道隧道的烟气逆流长度与临界风速研究

隧道火灾是运营公路隧道的主要灾害。为有效控制隧道火灾,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法研究了设排烟道隧道的火灾烟气逆流长度与临界风速。以国内常见的双车道隧道尺寸建立模型,分析了排烟速率和纵向通风速率对烟气逆流长度的影响,提出了临界风速的预测模型。并将其通风效果与常规未设排烟道的纵向通风做了比较。结果表明:未设排烟道时,纵向风速还未达到临界风速时,火灾下游烟气的层化状态就已破坏。设排烟道能及时排出火灾产生的烟气,有利于保持烟气的层化状态,有效改善火灾时的隧道环境,为火灾下游人员的疏散救援提供了有利条件。同时,设置排烟道有利于减小逆流长度和临界风速。随着排烟速率的增大,相应的临界风速呈指数函数递减的特性。     

A method to model the effect of pre-existing cracks on P-wave velocity in rocks

Crack closure is one of the reasons inducing changes of P-wave velocity of rocks under compression.In this context,a method is proposed to investigate the relationships among P-wave velocity,pre-existing cracks,and confining pressure based on the discrete element method(DEM).Pre-existing open cracks inside the rocks are generated by the initial gap of the flat-joint model.The validity of the method is evaluated by comparing the P-wave velocity tested on a sandstone specimen with numerical result.As the crack size is determined by the diameter of particles,the effects of three factors,i.e.number,aspect ratio,and orientation of cracks on the P-wave velocity are discussed.The results show that P-wave velocity is controlled by the(i.e.number) of open micro-cracks,while the closure pressure is determined by the aspect ratio of crack.The reason accounting for the anisotropy of P-wave velocity is the difference in crack number in measurement paths.Both of the number and aspect ratio of cracks can affect the responses of P-wave velocity to the applied confining pressure.Under confining pressure,the number of open cracks inside rocks will dominate the lowest P-wave velocity,and the P-wave velocity of the rock containing narrower cracks is more sensitive to the confining pressure.In this sense,crack density is difficult to be back-calculated merely by P-wave velocity.The proposed method offers a means to analyze the effect of pre-existing cracks on P-wave velocity.     

利用岩体波速定量划分岩石风化度的试验研究

现行岩石风化度的划分普遍按钻芯定性方法,而定量法则大都以室内岩块试验为基础。为了探索利用原位岩体波速测试方法进行岩石风化度定量划分,在某工程的3个基岩深孔中进行了检层法与超声波法波速测试,以钻孔揭露的岩芯并结合室内波速确定的风化界线为基准,设定风化岩石的岩体波速比,并利用不同方法测定的纵、横波速度换算成波速比来划分岩石的风化程度。试验研究表明,按此方法划分的风化度基本与钻孔揭示一致,而未风化界线偏深的原因在于其岩体波速主要取决于节理裂隙的发育程度。     

下击暴流移动增大效应及带协同流壁面射流模拟方法

目前对移动型下击暴流的研究主要基于冲击射流模型,但研究中通常考虑的平移速度较低且缩尺比较小。为此,通过风洞试验与数值模拟方法,研究移动冲击射流风场中平移速度对出流段平均风场的影响,得到了平移速度对下击暴流出流段最大风速增大效应的经验表达式。同时考虑到采用壁面射流方法能够得到较大尺度的下击暴流出流段风场,但并未考虑下击暴流移动增大效应。因此,改进了壁面射流模型,通过协同流模拟下击暴流雷暴云平动。采用数值模拟方法研究了协同流对壁面射流平均风剖面特征长度以及特征速度的影响,得到了协同流速度对壁面射流最大风速增大效应的经验表达式。结果表明：随着平移速度的增大,冲击射流出流段的最大平均速度的增幅可达13.3%以上,并且最大风速产生的位置更靠近壁面;在壁面射流方法中引入协同流,能够有效地模拟移动增大效应,通过建立协同增大效应与平移增大效应的对应关系,可较为准确地采用壁面射流方法得到下击暴流任意水平移动速度下的最大平均风剖面。     

Characteristic length scale of critical ventilation velocity in tunnel smoke control

This paper investigates the characteristic length scale in an analytical correlation of critical ventilation velocity. The critical ventilation velocity is defined as the minimum airflow velocity to prevent smoke backlayering and is often used for smoke control in tunnels. Using a one-dimensional assumption of uniform mixing, the correlation of critical ventilation velocity was derived from the Froude number, which considered tunnel height as the characteristic length scale. Using numerical modelling, this study examines the effects of enclosure blockage ratio and tunnel width or aspect ratio on critical ventilation velocity. In particular, the results suggest that the correlation with tunnel hydraulic diameter may provide a better characterization of critical ventilation velocity. This is supported from the experimental data reported by others on the effect of tunnel width. The practical implications of using hydraulic diameter in determining critical ventilation velocity are discussed.     

An analysis of extreme non-synoptic winds

This paper presents an analysis of wind velocity data relating to 11 extreme non-synoptic events obtained from velocity time series pertaining to flow over rural and coastal terrain. For the purposes of the current analysis, an extreme event is deemed to have occurred when the local velocity increases rapidly by 50% or more and decreases within a relatively short time. The data were measured at a number of locations within Northern Europe and in all cases a sufficient array of anemometry was present to obtain an indication of the velocity profile. The velocity profile is shown to alter significantly during such events with three different trends identified. Despite the large variations in wind speed and velocity profile, wavelet analysis is used to illustrate that the underlying turbulent structures exhibit similar behaviour to those expected to occur during extreme wind speed events in boundary layer flow.     

火源横向位置及面积对双车道公路隧道临界风速影响研究

为了探明火源横向位置对临界风速的影响规律,运用FDS研究马蹄形断面双车道公路隧道内火源位于隧道中心与侧壁两种场景下的临界风速,并改变火源面积,结合理论分析,与前人矩形断面隧道内的研究结果进行对比。结果表明：单位面积热释放速率一定时,临界风速随火源面积的增大而增大;壁面火的临界风速小于中心火的临界风速,与矩形断面隧道存在差异;且随着火源面积的扩大,壁面火与中心火的临界风速比值趋近于1;不能用“镜面效应”解释马蹄形隧道内壁面火与中心火临界风速差异的原因。     

饱和土剪切波速在基桩缺陷定量分析中的应用研究

在基桩缺陷定量分析中准确定量地描述桩土之间的相互作用是非常重要的。以黏滞阻尼器模拟桩土之间的相互作用,对6种饱和土进行了桩土相互作用模型试验和剪切波速试验。试验结果表明,可以对这些饱和土在土剪切波速与阻尼系数之间建立一致的相关关系。同样依据试验结果分析了试验阻尼系数和理论值的差别,得到了以剪切波速的函数表示的理论值修正系数。由桩身纵向振动响应解析解利用正交试验方法分析了阻尼系数、瞬态冲击力的脉冲宽度和幅值、桩弹性模量、桩密度、桩长以及桩截面积对速度波衰减过程的影响,确定了阻尼系数是影响速度波衰减的唯一显著因素,得到了速度波沿桩身的衰减规律。进而结合土剪切波速与阻尼系数之间的相关关系和桩身缺陷处的能量分配特性建立了利用土剪切波速和桩顶速度响应进行基桩缺陷定量分析的关系式。根据建立的关系式分析了利用剪切波速确定阻尼系数所带来的误差,结果证明由剪切波速最终得到的缺陷程度相对利用试验阻尼系数得到的结果误差一般在10%以内,所以利用剪切波速确定阻尼系数是可行的。     

层状地基中表面波有效相速度

在表面波互谱分析方法中,考虑表面波高阶模态及振源对表面波传播影响对提高土层剖面参数计算精度是很重要的。为了研究高阶模态及振源对表面波有效相速度影响,基于薄层刚度矩阵方法,给出了弹性层状地基中表面波水平向及竖直向有效相速度一般解析表达式以及远场渐近表达式,并从能量的角度分析高频、低频有效相速度发展趋势。几种典型层状地基中有效相速度的计算表明:在剪切波速随深度递增的分层中,远场有效相速度随频率变化曲线趋近基阶模态频散曲线;在剪切波速随深度无规律变化分层中,高阶模态影响较大,水平向与竖直向有效相速度有较大的不同;在远场,高频有效相速度趋近表层介质瑞利波相速度。结果显示在高模态及振源影响下表面波有效相速度不仅与频率有关,而且与传播距离有关。     

对岩体完整性指数计算中岩块波速的几点思考

对岩体完整性指数计算公式中的岩块压缩波速的测试和代表值进行探讨后认为:岩体完整性指数计算的岩体和岩块应针对同岩性的同岩组单元;工程中必须通过数理统计方法寻找岩块波速的代表值才有实际工程意义,把岩块波速最大值当成新鲜完整岩石的压缩波速值是不合理的;选取算术平均值、最大平均值、最小平均值、众值、中值及标准值之一作为岩块波速代表值时,应根据测试数据的频率分布特征进行具体分析才更加合理可靠。     

Description of velocity fields in front of exhaust axisymmetric inlets by means of new empirical equations

New empirical equations for the prediction of air velocity in a symmetry plane of freely suspended circular exhaust openings (both plain and flanged) are presented. The new equations here introduced are derived from experimental studies carried out by the authors. In consideration of the difficulty in describing simply and accurately the velocity field by means of a single equation, velocity gradients are provided along lines parallel to the opening axis (i.e. perpendicular to the plane containing the circular suction aperture). These velocity decays allow the user/designer to predict with satisfactory accuracy the air velocity also outside the hood axis, by means of easy-to-use equations.     

基于无需测速的单纯形法微地震定位改进研究

 在综合分析传统单纯形法及目前微地震定位算法选用的各类速度模型及其相关误差的基础上,提出一种无需测速和反演的速度模型,并基于此对传统单纯形法进行微地震定位改进研究,结合不同速度模型、不同迭代算法在差异化速度误差和速度各向异性变化条件下的定位精度进行算例分析和工程验证,研究结果表明：无需测速和反演的速度模型能有效避免传统速度反演模型在速度反演过程中的方法误差和现场测速造成的测速误差,将其应用于传统单纯形法,不仅能有效避免传统单纯形法易陷入局部最优的问题,充分发挥单纯形法迭代易收敛的优势,且对于检波器阵列外的震源进行定位时相比其他迭代方法求解时定位精度显著提高,可为微地震定位领域提供一种新的研究思路。     

含气饱和度对碳酸盐岩声波速度影响的试验研究

 用试验方法探讨碳酸盐岩的纵横波速度、纵横波波速比随不同含气饱和度的变化关系。结果表明：(1) 随着含气饱和度的增加,纵波速度、纵横波波速比总体呈减小趋势,而横波速度几乎不受影响。(2) 声波频率对纵横波速度、纵横波波速比都有一定影响,不同频率下的纵横波波速比主要分布范围不一样,Sg = 0%时的纵横波波速比大于Sg = 100%时的纵横波波速比。(3) 将完全饱和的岩石模拟为水层,随着水层中含气量的增加,纵横波波速比从背景值开始递减,递减幅度越大说明水层逐渐向气层过渡,同时结合纵波速度递减的特点为利用声波测井资料指示气层奠定理论基础。(4) 所探讨的纵横波波速比可为碳酸盐岩气层识别提供一定的参考依据,但实际应用时还需结合其他相关参数才能更准确地评价储层。     

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Critical Velocity for Smoke Control in a Tunnel Cross-Passage

Theoretical analyses and model-scale experiments have been conducted to investigate the critical velocity in a tunnel cross-passage which is defined as the minimum ventilation velocity through the fireproof door to prevent smoke from flowing into a cross-passage. The effect of the fireproof door geometry, heat release rate, ventilation velocity and fire source location were taken into account. The critical velocity in a tunnel cross-passage varies approximately as 3/2 power of the fireproof door height, as one-third power of the heat release rate and as exponential law of the ventilation velocity, almost independent of the fireproof door width. The critical Froude Number mainly ranges from 5 to 10 and consequently as it is not a constant value it is not very suitable to predict the critical velocity in a tunnel cross-passage. A dimensionless correlation that can correlate well with the experimental data was proposed.     

离散元模拟中颗粒材料剪切波速的剪切振动确定方法

砂土等颗粒材料的剪切波速是反映其工程性质的重要参数,离散元模拟中实现剪切波速实时测试对研究砂土材料力学性质变化的细观机理具有重要意义。本文基于软件 PFC^3D ,在试样模型中设置激发源和接收源,通过对激发源施加产生剪切振动的速度脉冲、在接收源监测扰动信号,实现了剪切波在颗粒材料中的传播模拟和信号监测,提出了利用激发和接收信号的互相关系数确定剪切波传播时间和评价剪切波传播质量的方法。系统分析了激发频率、激发幅值、激发源和接收源尺寸、阻尼等因素对剪切波速测定的影响,给出了合理的参数取值范围。研究结果得到了均匀颗粒试样理论解的验证。     

二维应力场作用下岩体弹性波速与衰减特性研究

基于岩体在二维应力场作用下的节理变形分析,运用节理变形对岩体中节理体积率的改变,建立节理对岩体中弹性波传播影响的等效模型,从而推导节理岩体在应力场作用下的弹性波传播速度和衰减随应力的变化关系。为检验理论公式的可靠性,对2组含裂缝的石膏模型进行弹性波测试,试验测试结果表明,理论计算结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性。