当代日本建筑之生命力

本文探讨当代日本建筑成功之根本原因，目的是为了在我们今天的建筑创作中能更好地借鉴他人的成功经验。文章简单地回顾了当代日本建筑起步、探索和发展的历程，分析了在各个时期、背景和经济条件下，日本新老建筑师的成功作品，得出了日本建筑之所以在当今世界范围举足轻重的根源，即日本文化特质一禅文化。这种文化表现出来的博采众长、兼容并蓄的能力，也就是当代日本建筑强大生命力之所在。     

当代日本建筑之生命力

本文探讨当代日本建筑成功之根本原因，目的是为了在我们今天的建筑创作中能更好地借鉴他人的成功经验。文章简单地回顾了当代日本建筑起步、探索和发展和历程，分析了在各个时期、背景和经济条件下，日本新才建筑师的成功作品，得出了日本建筑这所以在当今世界范围举足轻重的根源，即日本文化特质－禅文化。这种文化表现出来的博采众长、兼容并蓄的能力，也就是当代日本建筑强大生命力之所在。     

日本软件行业的运行轨迹

日本软件行业的运行轨迹马跃云１９９１年，正当日本经济由高温高热的气泡经济骤然萧条的时节，我作为一名计算机软件技术工作者去了日本，并在那里工作了近四年。亲眼目睹了各行各业尤其是软件行业在经济低谷中挣扎、饱受煎熬的实态。同时，也对整个日本经济的运行机制以...     

日本企业集团管理的主要特点和趋势分析

日本是一个科技创新以及与之相适应的管理创新都非常优秀的国家，日本企业东方式的管理方式和管理风格也是我们国内企业比较容易接受的。带着学习发达国家先进管理经验的目的，2003年深秋时节，中国建材集团管理研修团踏上了日本国土，在三大日本合作伙伴——新日铁、丰田和三菱公司的认真组织下，研修团考察了分布在日本中部到南部     

中国消防协会生产技术考察团访问日本

中国消防协会生产技术考察团访问日本应日本消防协会邀请，以中国消防协会副秘书长刘福民为团长的中国消防协会消防生产技术考察团一行８人，于１９９７年１月２１日至１月２９日，对日本进行了访问。考察团在日期间，参观考察了日本４个消防企业。即：日本火灾探知器株式...     

侘·寂与怪石 日本京都修学院离宫游后感

一个时代兴起的美学价值观往往起源于有影响力的少数人。在日本足利义政时代,也就是茶从中国传到日本之后的几百年,日本茶道出现了一位重要的人物─千利休（1522—1591），他几乎凭借一己力量，改变了整个日本茶道美学追随中国华丽茶具的传统，创造了一种纯日本的，遵从简朴清寂的茶道美学，     

近年来日本关于中国建筑的研究

近年来日本学者关于中国建筑的研究成果越来越多，这反映了中国在关注世界的同时世界在注中国，但是他们的研究成果多发表在日本，本文介绍了日本有代表性的研究，并分析了其研究的背景条件及对中国建筑史研究的认识，供中国的研究者借鉴。     

日本消防五则

日本消防五则一、横滨市消防科研所日本横滨港，初创于１８５９年，现已成为日本的第二大城市，人口３２２万。明治１３年（１８８０年）横滨发生地震。同年，日本的有志之士便在横滨设立了日本地震研究会。昭和８年（１９３３年）横滨配备了第一辆消防急救车。横滨市消防...     

访日见闻

樱花盛开的四月，“第二届中日建材交流研讨会”在日本东京都举行。笔者有幸作为70名中国代表团的一员参加了本次研讨会，并在会后拜访了田岛、大关株式会社和日本全国防水协会等部分日本业界朋友，对日本防水技术与工程现状有了初步的了解．现将所见所闻撰成此文，愿与国内同仁分享。     

日本为何无“非典”

不随地吐痰日本人很少随地吐痰。有了痰日本人一般吐在随身携带的手绢上，然后带回家清洗。勤洗澡洗手日本人爱洗澡，一般工薪族每天要洗两次：早上淋浴提精神，工作时干劲十足；晚上泡澡消除疲劳，有助于睡眠。饭前便后、外出回家要洗手。而且，日本人注意保护牙齿，认为没了牙齿就没了健康，所以，不少日本人一吃完东西就会漱口刷牙。水处理完善从环境卫生角度看，日本城市上下水道设施完善。日本自来水的洁净标准高，饮用生水不担心病毒或细菌感染。日本的住宅、饭店或公天南地北园里，人们口渴时就拧开水龙头解渴。其结果是，在日本早已…     

杭州亚运村综合管廊兼顾人防设计方法研究

在我国当前大规模城市基础设施建设进程中,为提高城市生命线工程的防护性能,降低战时破坏带来的不利影响,对于综合管廊兼顾人防设计的需求逐渐提上议事日程。本文首先系统回顾了我国在该领域内的理论研究历程及工程实践现状,对综合管廊工程兼顾人防设计的理论要点做了全面分析总结,归纳了全套设计方法;其次以杭州亚运村片区综合管廊防护设计为例,侧重于片区管廊防护单元的总体布局特点,介绍了按浙江省人防标准进行防护设计的方法和思路,详细分析各专业防护设计方法及技术措施;最后基于前述内容,提炼了该领域内关键技术问题,并对技术标准及相关技术措施提出了建议。本文提出的设计思路方法以及工程实例,可供目前国内类似工程规划设计借鉴参考。     

城外造景：清末广州景园营造与岭南 园林的近代转型

清末广州中西交汇,景园营造新旧共存互动,推 动岭南园林的近代转型。其中,在繁荣的中西贸易和文化交 流,以及书院文化、士绅文化等的影响下,清末岭南形成了 以广州为中心、十三行行商为代表、官商士绅竞相造园的特 殊历史时期,其造园数量、规模、意匠等均在该时期达到岭 南古典园林发展的巅峰。这一时期也是岭南园林近代转型的 关键时期。在西方文化和清末洋务运动思想的影响下,广州 开始出现洋务花园、公园、市政绿化,以及校园绿地等新型 园林形式。这些具有公共性质的城市景致与新建私园一道广 泛分布在城墙以外,成为清末广州城市空间拓展与风景体系 形成的重要参与者。由于清末广州城外造景的繁荣,从时间 上开启了岭南园林的近代转型,在空间上使岭南园林的地域 性特征得以形成和辨识,其空间性与时间性界定了清末岭南 园林近代转型的物质及文化维度。梳理了清末广州具有代表 性的景园营造活动,在分析其动力机制的同时,探讨城外造 景之于岭南园林近代转型的意义。     

探究“虚实”空间关系，创造个性化的城市空间场所

作者利用空间的“虚、实”概念,结合格斯塔心理学的“图底”关系,类比分析中国水墨画的留白艺术手法及生态系统中的细胞繁衍规律,通过张家界城市绿化广场周边地段的概念设计的创作实践,提出创造个性化的城市空间场所工作中虚实空间的理念与原则目标。     

Trace metal behaviour in estuarine and riverine floodplain soils and sediments: a review

This paper reviews the factors affecting trace metal behaviour in estuarine and riverine floodplain soils and sediments. Spatial occurrence of processes affecting metal mobility and availability in floodplains are largely determined by the topography. At the oxic-anoxic interface and in the anoxic layers of floodplain soils, especially redox-sensitive processes occur, which mainly result in the inclusion of metals in precipitates or the dissolution of metal-containing precipitates. Kinetics of these processes are of great importance for these soils as the location of the oxic-anoxic interface is subject to change due to fluctuating water table levels. Other important processes and factors affecting metal mobility in floodplain soils are adsorption/desorption processes, salinity, the presence of organic matter, sulphur and carbonates, pH and plant growth. Many authors report highly significant correlations between cation exchange capacity, clay or organic matter contents and metal contents in floodplain soils. Iron and manganese (hydr)oxides were found to be the main carriers for Cd, Zn and Ni under oxic conditions, whereas the organic fraction was most important for Cu. The mobility and availability of metals in a floodplain soil can be significantly reduced by the formation of metal sulphide precipitates under anoxic conditions. Ascending salinity in the flood water promotes metal desorption from the floodplain soil in the absence of sulphides, hence increases total metal concentrations in the water column. The net effect of the presence of organic matter can either be a decrease or an increase in metal mobility, whereas the presence of carbonates in calcareous floodplain soils or sediments constitutes an effective buffer against a pH decrease. Moreover, carbonates may also directly precipitate metals. Plants can affect the metal mobility in floodplain soils by oxidising their rhizosphere, taking up metals, excreting exudates and stimulating the activity of microbial symbionts in the rhizosphere.     

Alteration of arsenopyrite in soils under different vegetation covers

The weathering of arsenopyrite (FeAsS) has been monitored in soils using an in situ experimental approach. Arsenopyrite in nylon experimental bags was placed in individual horizons in soils in spruce (litter, horizons A, B, and C), beech (litter, horizons A, B, and C) and unforested (horizons A, B, and C) areas and left in contact with the soil for a period of 1 year. The individual areas on the ridge of the Krušné hory Mts., Czech Republic, had the same lithology, climatic and environmental conditions. Scorodite (FeAsO₄·2H₂O) was identified as a principal secondary mineral of arsenic (As) formed directly on the surface of the arsenopyrite. Scorodite was formed in all the areas in all soil horizons. The amount of scorodite formed decreased in the series beech, spruce and unforested areas. In forested areas, there was a larger amount of scorodite on arsenopyrites exposed in organic horizons (litter, A horizon). The greater rate of arsenopyrite alteration in organic horizons in the beech stand compared to spruce stand is probably a result of faster mineralization of organic material with resulting production of nitrate and better seepage conditions of soil in this area. Speciation of As determined using the sequential extraction technique demonstrated that As was bonded in the soils primarily in the residual fractions prior to the experiment. The As content in the mobile fractions increased in the organic horizon in the forested areas after the experiments.     

化学溶液和干湿循环作用下砂岩抗剪强度劣化试验及化学热力学分析

 为研究化学溶液和干湿循环共同作用下砂岩抗剪强度的劣化机制,在不同pH环境下,通过不同干湿循环次数后的单轴、三轴试验,计算出砂岩的黏聚力和内摩擦角,同时得到其与循环次数的关系式,进而获得砂岩在浸泡环境下抗剪强度随干湿循环次数的变化公式。根据砂岩的组成矿物及其百分含量,得到各种主要组成矿物在中性、碱性、酸性溶液中溶解的化学反应方程式,利用化学热力学的基本原理,确定各主要矿物在中性、碱性、酸性溶液浸泡下能否稳定。为了验证分析的正确性,对浸泡溶液中的部分离子(Ca2+,SiO2,Na+,K+)浓度进行测试。结果表明,酸性环境下,砂岩抗剪强度劣化最为严重,碱性次之,中性最轻。在酸性环境中,对抗剪强度影响较大的胶结物主要组成成分(长石、方解石)的性质不稳定,溶解反应能自发进行,而碱性环境中,对强度影响较小的骨料主要组成成分(石英)的性质不稳定,溶解反应能自发进行。酸性浸泡液中,方解石、钾长石、钠长石溶解出的Ca2+,K+,Na+的浓度明显高于中性和碱性液中Ca2+,Na+,K+的浓度,而碱性溶液中,石英溶解出的SiO2的浓度明显高于中性和酸性液中SiO2的浓度,与热力学分析结果一致。     

生态还是自然主义: 关于当代种植设计的简要回顾和一些思考

Nature is a cultural construct, and a symbolic form to our cultural landscape. It plays a critical role in the profession of Landscape Architecture, shaping both the practice in the constructed environment as well as the conception of landscape in Pedagogy. This article evaluates contemporary landscape architecture practice in the U.S. through the lens of planting design and ecological design approaches. This retrospect situates selected individuals and their practices in the field of landscape architecture in the past two decades, in parallel with the evolving ecological understanding. These individuals and their works demonstrate the changes in planting design and ecological thinking in the professional practice, and most importantly how these changes contribute to current ecological design methodologies, landscape aesthetics, and public perception of landscape. In addition, the article aims to illustrate a shifting conception of Nature over time and in different cultural context, in which different conceptions of Nature facilitate various approaches to addressing environmental issues. By situating in such context, the article hopes to provide a critical view of contemporary American landscape architecture practice and the current ecological agenda, in order to enable discussions regarding the professional practice in the future.     

A study of the cycling of manganese and other elements in a seasonally anoxic lake, Rostherne Mere, U.K.

The vertical distribution of sulphate, dissolved sulphide, alkalinity, pH, total iron and manganese, Fe(II) and Mn(II) and humic substances was monitored for a year in a seasonally anoxic lake, Rostherne Mere, U.K. During summer stratification Mn(II), probably of sediment origin, accumulated in the hypolimnetic bottom waters to a concentration of 50μm. Release occurred in two stages and appeared to be related to the supply of organic material to the sediment. No ferrous iron or dissolved sulphide were detected in the water column, although they were measured in the interstitial waters of the sediment. Ferrous sulphide formation in the sediment controls the iron(II) and dissolved sulphide concentrations and so minimises the concentration gradients at the sediment-water interface. Electron acceptors other than oxygen are capable of oxidising ferrous and sulphide ions in the water column. pH and alkalinity were the only other chemical components to show appreciable variation with depth, reflecting the biological processes of photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition. Iron and humic substances simultaneously increased in the surface waters after a major flood indicating that they are both present in the solution in contact with the soils of the catchment.     

Towards an ‘Integration Model’ of Planning Education Programmes in a European and International Context: The Contribution of Recent Greek Experience

The article investigates planning education programmes and attempts to re-orient them in the context of both an international ‘problematique’ in reforming planning education, and European Union directives about the creation of a common European space in higher education. First, the article reviews the international trends in changes and challenges in planning and planning education in the 21st century and proposes an ‘integration model’ of planning education programmes in a European and international context. Second, the article focuses on the development of planning studies in Greece. It presents their history and development as well as the institutional framework in which planning and planning education operate. It then analyses the Greek educational curricula in two ways: (1) a quantitative analysis classifying courses into different thematic areas and thereby, revealing the basic structure of the curricula; and (2) a qualitative analysis based on interviews with academic staff in charge of educational curricula and examining the content of courses, the adopted pedagogies and possible restrictions (e.g. human capital, institutional framework, etc.) in introducing effective planning curricula. Finally, the article proposes guidelines for re-orienting educational curricula in Greek schools of planning and draws out wider implications for planning studies in the wider European and international context.