CO2示踪气体法测定室内新风计算方法研究

新风是评价室内微环境空气质量的重要指标之一,精确测定室内新风量在室内环境污染、通风空调和建筑节能等领域具有非常重要的意义.本文以CO2作为示踪气体,首先利用干冰升华和人体呼吸产生CO2这2种方法对室内新风进行测定,而后运用盒子模式,分别用非线性回归法、差分法、国标法和稳态法计算新风量,最后根据计算结果,讨论了不同计算方法的误差来源及优缺点.结果表明,CO2作为示踪气体测定新风量,不同的计算方法得到的结果差别较大：非线性回归法与其它方法相比最为精确,差分法其次,国标法计算的新风量偏低,而稳态法计算的新风量偏高.     

我国民用建筑室内最小通风量研究应用现状

建筑通风是改善建筑室内环境的方法,同时建筑节能对室内通风也提出了要求。基于此,文章分析我国有关民用建筑室内最小通风量(新风量、换气次数)的标准规定及检测方法,探讨我国建筑通风对室内环境和建筑节能影响,阐述我国民用建筑房间自然渗透通风的现场实测研究现状,指出应明确民用建筑通风室内新风量的定义和完善室内新风量的验收规定,提出室外主风风速、建筑外门窗气密性等级是影响民用建筑房间自然渗透通风换气次数的主要因素,说明目前发展建筑节能中加强建筑通风的必要性。     

供暖住宅房间开窗热损失的测试与分析

分析了开窗对室内温度的影响,利用示踪气体法测试了冬季工况下开窗房间的通风换气次数.根据对 7 个住宅小区供热系统的测试结果,利用建筑围护结构综合传热系数计算得出了各个小区的开窗热损失.认为供热系统适量供热、室内温度保持在合理水平对减少开窗热损失至关重要.     

非集中空调建筑新风量及其对能耗的影响

针对住宅、教室、宿舍3种典型的非集中空调建筑的新风量测试结果进行分析。结果表明,非集中空调建筑仅靠关窗渗透的新风量不能满足人员需求,因此需要开窗通风。但开窗通风必然会造成某些时间段的新风供应过量,从而导致额外的空调、供暖能耗。与之对应的另一种解决方法是安装机械新风系统,新风量易定量控制,但会产生额外的风机电耗。以北京某住宅为例,对于非集中空调建筑开窗通风、安装机械新风系统(有无热回收)的能耗进行了计算,探讨非集中空调建筑合理的新风供给方式。     

窗对住宅自然通风影响初探

窗对于住宅的自然通风影响很大,开窗可以使室内产生较大的室内平均风速,并且窗台高度、窗的尺寸、窗的水平相对位置对室内流场都有一定影响.利用计算流体力学(CFD)软件,采用室内平均风速作为参考量,分别分析在贯穿通风和单侧通风的情况下,不同窗台高度下,不同尺寸的窗(窗面积相同),风进入窗的不同角度对于室内通风量的影响.     

基于实测数据的学生公寓共享起居空间通风效果与策略研究

选取清华大学紫荆公寓中厅作为研究对象,综合采用问卷调研、文献综述、实测分析等研究方法,通过控制中厅朝向、开窗时段、开窗数量、开窗面积等变量,研究不同工况下中厅夏季单侧通风对室内热环境的影响,为高校学生公寓设计提供参考.     

满足新标准ASHRAE Standard 62-1989R空调系统的实时控制

提出了通过在线检测新回风ＣＯ２浓度、室内人数动态计算模型及计算所需通风面积确定新风量的控制方案,利用动态仿真程序对１个具有８个分区的商业建筑办公室进行模拟和方案比较,结果表明带有预先通风的基于 室内人数的控制方案能够满足新标准的通风要求,保证室内空气质量,且能实现节能。     

试论建筑外窗与自然通风

外窗对于建筑室内通风起着非常关键的作用,就此从建筑物外窗的朝向、开窗的位置、窗洞口高度、可开启扇的面积、外窗的形式对建筑室内通风效果、影响进行了分析与研究,并得出结论。     

住宅换气次数与污染物浓度的研究

本文于2017年1月对西安市一所装修完成半年的住宅建筑进行室内温湿度、换气次数、污染物浓度测试,分析不同的窗户开启面积比例下换气次数与污染物浓度的关系。结果表明,开窗通风可以有效降低室内气态污染浓度。建筑密闭超过12h后就应进行一定时间的通风。保证窗户不低于10%的开窗比例对排除卧室污染物有积极作用。     

严寒地区住宅冬季置换通风测试分析

为研究严寒地区住宅冬季有组织通风效果,对哈尔滨市某住宅小区的通风系统进行了现场实测。通过测试数据分析结果表明:采用置换通风方式时,室内空气温度能够满足采暖热舒适度要求;室内空气品质达到标准规定;该通风系统的通风效率较高,能够有效地排除室内污染物,同时可减少新风量需求,降低空气的处理、输送能耗。     

浅析高速公路工程招投标中的最低评标价法

结合目前高速公路施工项目招投标活动的实际情况,阐述了最低评标价法的概念,归纳了其优点及存在问题,对完善最低评标价法提出几点策略,以期促进招标投标市场更加规范有序。     

Place-Making in Megaprojects in Melbourne

This article analyses state-led place-making practices in Melbourne. The two levels of government that influence planning in Melbourne make much of the city as ‘culturally vibrant’ and ‘creative’, and have incorporated creative city-inspired place-making principles into many layers of the planning system. An examination of the development of two mixed-use megaprojects in central Melbourne reveals however that ideals of culturally engaging public places, and indeed of creative landscapes for middle-class consumption, wither in the face of more basic imperatives for economic development. In these case studies the ‘creative city’, no matter how the idea is interpreted, has little traction either as a set of inclusive place-making principles or as a gentrification strategy. The article concludes that the creative city-inspired place-making objectives in the planning system at both state and local levels are ambiguous in their overall intents and completely unsupported by statutory controls. Such place-making objectives as are realised are the compromised results of the interplay of uncoordinated decisions, delivered at the pleasure of the developer.     

Pathogens in septage in Vietnam

Septage is widely acknowledged as a major source of infectious pathogens while disposal of septage, and the operation and maintenance of septic tanks, is not regulated in many developing countries. Twenty untreated septage and septage sludge samples were taken from Can Tho City, Vietnam to examine their pathogen content, and indicator micro-organisms. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were detected in all samples, regardless of sludge storage time. Phages were detected in 80% of samples. Salmonella spp. were detected in 70% of the untreated septage and 60% of septage sludge samples. Concentrations of phages and bacteria tested in septage sludge after many years of tank storage were much higher than the expected levels. Helminth ova were present in 95% of untreated septage samples with an average of 450 ova l^− 1, and were detected in all septage sludge samples with an average of 16,000 ova l^− 1. Twelve varieties of helminth ova were identified. More helminth ova varieties in higher concentrations were found in septage than those reported from stool samples. The varieties' frequency ranged from 10% to 50% and Ascaris lumbricoides predominated. Results show that pathogens and indicator micro-organisms, especially helminth ova, accumulate in sludge. Thus helminth ova should be considered when septage sludge is treated and used for agriculture. Proper health protection measures must be applied for people handling septage.     

在市场中实践在实践中学习在学习中进步--工程公司市场化进程的回顾与展望

近两年来，工程公司在提高市场竞争意识、推动市场化进程中做了大量工作，其中坚持走出去的方针是我们自我加压、推行加快市场化步伐的一个重要战略步骤。     

新时期广东城市化的新特点

新时期广东城市化出现以下特点:知识源导向、城市由单体向群体化发展、产业集群推动、政府主导自上而下的集约化发展、城镇化向城市化转变、由重“数量”发展向重“质量”发展的转变。     

2005年北京办公物业市场七大趋势

趋势一:CBD区域写字楼集中放量从各区域规划方案上看,CBD区域多数项目在03～04年处于项目的报批手续及拆阶段,预计2005年正式推向市场,因此2005年CBD区域将成为北京市场供应集中的域,区域即将供应的项目有北京财富中心(二期)、金地国际花园、万达广场、SOHO尚都、万通中心、世纪财富中心、怡禾国际中心、光华国际等。除去未知项目,2005CBD写字楼办公面积的供应量为60万平方米左右。中关村区域经过一段时间的集中供后开始逐步放缓,2005年供应的体量相对较大的项目有中关村金融中心、新中关。金街区域可能开盘的项目只有2个:英蓝国际中…     

Developments in immersed tunnelling in Holland

Holland has 22 immersed tunnels (14 road, 5 rail and 3 utilities tunnels). Another three are under construction, and more are foreseen. The tunnels are of the concrete type, i.e., constructed without a steel shell. The paper describes developments in technology and in design philosophy since the first immersed tunnel was completed 52 years ago. These developments include, amongst others: the introduction of the Gina rubber gasket between elements; the division of elements into sections divided by flexible joints; the application (if possible) of longer elements (up to 268 m); the use of precast sections for tunnels that have a small cross-section; the omission of the watertight lining (made possible by cooling the concrete of the walls during the first days after pouring); various foundation methods (e.g., sand flow instead of sand jet system; piled foundations when necessary); the use of the excavation for the open ramps (or the part of the tunnel built on land) as a casting basin for the elements; the changed approach to casting basins now that well pumping is usually forbidden; and the transport of the elements across shallow locations and across the sea. It is emphasized that the current state of immersed tunnel technology is the result of a continuous international exchange of ideas and experiences.     

新形势下高校强化基建财务管理的探讨

在市场条件下高校基建财务人员在加强日常财务管理的同时,必须树立起高度的工作责任心,抓好事前监督、事中监督、事后监督三个环节,全面理解、贯彻执行《高等学校财务制度》,管好用好各项基本建设资金,提高基建财务管理水平,更好地完成高校各项基建任务,以有限的投资,最快的建设速度,获得最大的投资效益。