高饱和度土的一维连续方程及其固结分析

为了解决高饱和度土的连续性条件表述的复杂性并由此建立相应的固结方程,从质量守恒的角度,避免了非饱和土中气相体积难以确定的困难,建立了土体的一维连续方程。假设Terzaghi有效应力原理依然适用于高饱和度土,推导了一维固结方程。在Terzaghi一维固结的假设基础上,再假设固结过程中饱和度为常数,求解了解析解。然后分析了高饱和度土的固结特性。结果表明：1）高饱和度固结方程与Terzaghi的一维固结方程形式完全一致,但是固结系数不同;2）因初始瞬时变形,初期固结度与饱和土的差别较大,随后差值减小;当时间因子等于1时,高饱和度土的固结度与饱和土基本相同;3）高饱和度土的固结完成时间与相应饱和土相比较,要延长;饱和度越小,土体的压缩性越小,其固结完成时间比越大。     

动力固结后饱和软土三轴剪切性状的试验研究

通过淤泥质饱和软粘土的三轴固结不排水剪切试验,研究了海相沉积原状土、重塑土以及超固结土在动力固结后的应力–应变性状表现。原状软土经过动力固结后在剪切过程中表现出应变软化,重塑软土在低围压下具有一定的应变硬化现象,而在高围压下则为应变软化型。3种状态下的软土的应力–应变关系曲线按照双曲线形式对围压均具有较好的归一性。应力路径分析表明,原状土经过动力固结后在剪切过程中表现出一定的超固结土的性状,而经过动力排水固结后,重塑土则具有明显的超固结土特性。     

单向压缩状态下滇池泥炭土的蠕变特性研究

为探究不同埋深和扰动状态对滇池泥炭土固结蠕变特性的影响,采用分级加载方式分别对埋深17 m、34 m的原状和扰动泥炭土样进行了一维固结蠕变试验。结果表明:泥炭土粘塑性蠕变特性显著,扰动后竖向应变在各级压力下均较高。17 m土样前期固结压力较小,孔隙和有机质较多,压缩性更高。土体内排水通道随固结压力增大被逐渐压缩,延长了主固结时间。扰动土因结构性被破坏,主固结时间较短。17 m原状土的固结系数在低固结压力下较大,其结构随压力增加而破坏,固结系数逐渐接近于扰动样;34 m土样分解度高且较密实,扰动后易于排水,故扰动土固结系数大于原状土。滇池泥炭土的次固结系数大于一般软粘土,且有机质含量较高的17 m土层的次固结特性更为显著。     

四川地区砂卵石土动强度试验分析

基于GBS LABV2动态三轴仪的砂卵石土的固结不排水振动三轴试验，对试验过程及试验成果进行了分析。初步探讨了围压及饱和度对砂卵石土试样动强度及液化特性的影响，以及孔压变化的规律，对其中的问题提出了几点浅显的认识。     

非饱和Q_3原状黄土及其重塑土的持水特性研究

为研究黄土结构性变化对其持水特性的影响规律,以兰州和平镇非饱和Q3原状黄土及其重塑土为研究对象,利用非饱和四联固结仪和压力板仪,对28个环刀试样进行了施加竖向应力和吸力的固结排水试验,以获取原状黄土和重塑黄土的土—水特征曲线。研究结果表明:固结试验中,竖向应力对黄土的持水特性有着明显影响。在同一竖向应力和吸力作用下,重塑土的固结排水要大于原状土;原状黄土的进气值和残余含水率均要略高于重塑土;吸力在20~80k Pa范围内,随着吸力的增大,原状土饱和度的减小趋势要强于重塑土;在吸力80~1000k Pa范围内,在同一吸力条件下,原状土饱和度要大于重塑土。低吸力作用下,原状黄土特殊结构有利于其排水;而高吸力作用下,对于原状黄土,其大孔隙和竖向孔洞中气体抑制水分排出,使得原状土排水减小,重塑土的排水增大。通过分析原状黄土和重塑黄土持水特性的差异,可为黄土结构性的研究提供一种新思路。     

饱和城市固废一维降解固结解析解

填埋后的城市固废因降解产生固相质量损失,从而造成在外力作用下的固结是一个相当复杂的过程。为研究饱和城市固废的降解固结特性,建立了一维降解固结普遍模型;基于已有城市固废降解、压缩和渗透特性研究,获得了考虑可降解固相水解、胞内水释放为孔隙水及降解导致压缩性衰变的一维降解固结简化模型;基于简化模型,针对饱和城市固废填埋层底部淤堵不透水和顶部自由排水工况,获得了一维降解固结解析解。针对国内填埋场新鲜城市固废的计算结果表明:在瞬时常荷载作用下,固结初期,填埋层底部的超静孔压值会超过初始值,这主要是因为降解引起固相质量损失导致骨架疏松、压缩性增大;固结后期,整个填埋层出现负的超静孔压,这是因为后期填埋层孔隙比因固相质量损失而增大,而压缩性衰变相对较小。参数敏感性分析表明:降解引起的次压缩速率越大,固结初期超静孔压越大;增加填埋层的先期固结压力会延缓超静孔压的消散。     

宁波软土结构性成因及其对工程特性影响的研究

土结构性对工程特性具有重要影响。通过内、外因对宁波软土结构性的成因进行分析以及单向固结试验和常规三轴固结不排水试验,对比宁波地区典型淤泥质软土原状土与重塑土的试验结果,系统对其结构性引起的压缩特性、孔压特性以及强度特性进行研究,以分析结构性对宁波软土工程特性的影响。最后根据试验成果提出在该地区软土本构模型研究中应注意考虑的问题。     

不同应力路径下结构性土的力学特性

天然土在受荷过程中会经历不同的应力路径，开展结构性土在不同的应力路径下的力学特性的试验研究可以为建立复杂应力路径下的合理结构性本构模型提供试验依据。对结构性土样在不同应力路径下的力学特性进行试验研究。所用土样是人工室内制备的结构性土试样，共进行不同的固结应力状态下常围压、减小围压和增大围压时施加竖向应力直至土样破坏的固结排水和固结不排水三轴试验，对结构性土样在不同的应力路径下的强度特性、破坏特性和变形特性进行探讨和分析。     

灵敏性粉土的压缩及触变特性研究

山西汾河一级阶地的饱和粉土大多具有灵敏性,使得其强度和变形性质在扰动前后差别很大.为了研究灵敏性粉土的压缩及触变特性,对探井取样的原状土和重塑土样进行了一维固结压缩试验和无侧限抗压强度试验.试验结果表明,原状土加载到结构屈服应力处,沉降量突增,固结系数突增,主固结比突降,次固结对沉降的贡献开始上升;原状土与重塑土的差异...     

萧山软粘土一维固结系数非线性研究

根据广泛采用的e-lgσ′和e-lgkv关系推导出饱和软粘土非线性固结系数的表达式,该式反映了有效应力、孔隙比等因素对固结系数的影响。在固结过程中,利用可以测量孔压并在固结完成后可进行渗透试验的GDS先进固结试验系统对饱和的萧山软粘土进行一维固结试验,得到了压缩指数和渗透指数。利用非线性理论进行计算并与试验结果进行对比分析,发现土体在固结过程中固结系数是呈现非线性变化的。     

Liquefaction of Unsaturated Sand Considering the Pore Air Pressure and Volume Compressibility of the Soil Particle Skeleton

A series of cyclic triaxial tests of unsaturated soils was conducted to get a better understanding of the general liquefaction state of unsaturated soils. In the tests, cyclic shear strain was applied to fine clean sand with the same dry density but different initial suction states under the undrained condition. During cyclic shear, the volume change of the soil particle skeleton, the pore air pressure and the pore water pressure were measured continuously. Having used the effective stress defined by Bishop (Bishop et al., 1963), where the net stress and suction contribute to the effective stress, our test results showed that unsaturated sand specimens with quite a low degree of saturation lose their effective stress due to cyclic shear. At a zero effective stress state, unsaturated specimens behaved similarly to liquids in much the same way as saturated specimens. From experimental and theoretical considerations, the zero effective stress state (i.e., liquefaction) for unsaturated sand was found to have been established when both the pore air and water pressures build up to the point where it is equal to the initial total pressure. A volume change of pore air under the undrained condition, if a volume change of pore water is negligible, is equal to that of the soil particle skeleton. Therefore, it can be concluded that the liquefaction of unsaturated soil generally depends on the volume compressibility of the soil particle skeleton and the degree of saturation. On the other hand, according to the ideal gas equation of Boyle-Charles law, the volume change required to bring about a zero effective stress state can be calculated from the initial pore air pressure (usually the atmospheric pressure) and the final pore air pressure (the initial confining pressure). Therefore, the liquefaction of unsaturated soils also depends on the initial confining pressure. Based on this concept, the liquefaction potential of unsaturated soil can be evaluated by comparing the volume compressibility of the soil particle skeleton and the volume change of the pore air required to bring about a zero effective stress state.     

One-dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils considering self-weight: Semi-analytical solutions

For the newly deposited soil, the consolidation will occur under the self-weight and external load jointly if the soil is treated by the stack pre-pressure method. The soil stress caused by self-weight has a significant influence on its consolidation process no matter the soil is either saturated or unsaturated. However, the soil’s self-weight is ignored in the one-dimensional (1D) consolidation theory for unsaturated soils (Fredlund and Hasan, 1979). In this paper, we derived the semi-analytical solutions for excess pressures and normalized settlement in 1D dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils considering self-weight. The analytical solutions were obtained by Crump’s method (Crump, 1976), through a computing program coupling the calculation of initial excess pore pressures with the inverse Laplace transform of the obtained solutions. Then, the proposed solutions are verified through a degradation case. Several 2D charts are presented to visualize the solutions, and various examples are employed to discuss the key factors that affect one-dimensional consolidation behavior of unsaturated soils when self-weight is considered. It can be found that the relative excess pore pressure will be restrained for the one-dimensional consolidation when considering self-weight.     

Cyclic resistance of two unsaturated silty sands against soil liquefaction

The changes of the cyclic resistance of two silty sands under unsaturated, partially saturated and fully saturated conditions are examined based on a series of undrained cyclic tests conducted using triaxial test apparatus specially equipped for testing unsaturated soils as well as ordinary triaxial test apparatus for testing partially saturated and fully saturated soils. Based on the observations of volumetric strain, pore air and pore water pressures of unsaturated soil specimens, the possibility of soil liquefaction triggering under different degrees of saturation is examined and discussed. The changes in the cyclic resistance under different degrees of saturation are then examined. Those two unsaturated silty sands with different grain size compositions are found to give rise to different responses on the volumetric strain as well as pore air and pore water pressure developments during undrained cyclic loading, leading to different relations between cyclic resistance and degree of saturation, covering unsaturated, partially saturated and fully saturated conditions.     

One-Dimensional Flow Infiltration Through a Compacted Fine Grained Soil

Compacted soils are widely used in engineering work and engineers often specify that cohesive soils be compacted either around or on the wet side of optimum water content. In general, at the corresponding degree of saturation values, water component in soil voids is continuous but the air phase is not. The modelling of the infiltration process through compacted soils requires that unsaturated hydraulic functions be defined. A theoretical soil water retention function for soils with a discontinuous air phase is derived using the theory proposed by Schuurman (1966). Data from the test results provide encouraging evidence of the validity of the proposed theory. An empirical hydraulic conductivity function where the air is present in the form of occluded bubbles is also determined by curve fitting to the experimental measurements. A numerical solution of Richards' equation for one-dimensional flow, which incorporates the experimental findings, was used to simulate the measured transient water flow. The results show that the proposed constitutive relationships are capable of producing simulations of the measurements of the unsaturated flow that are both qualitatively and quantitatively realistic.     

非饱和土的水气运动规律及其工程性质研究

本文以压实黄土为对象,以各种改进的仪器设备为手段,在较大的湿度和密度范围内系统地研究了非饱和土的渗气性、渗水性、孔隙水压力和孔隙气压力在三轴不排水不排气剪切过程中的演化特性;用多种方法研究了非饱和土的吸力-密度-饱和度间的关系;在总结正反两方面经验的基础上,摸索出一套相应的测试方法.     

非饱和土受压变形的简化计算研究

非饱和土的固结问题是岩土工程研究中非常复杂的热门课题。本文拟将非饱和土受压后的固结过程简单地分为压密和固结两个阶段。在压密过程中,与饱和土固结不同是,由于非饱和土的孔隙水、气来不及排出,与骨架共同承担荷载,产生了超孔隙气压和超孔隙水压,这个阶段土体变形主要是压缩孔隙气产生的压缩变形;固结阶段,土体在恒定荷载作用下,超孔隙气压和超孔隙水压逐渐消散而固结。对于饱和度较高的地基土,将水、气可看作混合流体,并考虑残留混合流体的压缩性,建立平衡微分方程和混合流体的连续方程,求出有效应力和混合流体压力;土体中水压力可通过水连续方程求出,继而求出气压力、吸力等。最后算例表明:加载过程中,有效应力、混合流体压力、水压力不断增大,吸力不断减小;竣工后,混合流体压力、水压力还在增长;由加载产生变形以荷载压密变形为主,之后变形增量逐渐减小。这与路堤填筑过程中的监测结果相一致,说明本文的简化方法是合理的。因此本文的非饱和土固结研究对于促进了非饱和土固结变形计算走向实用化,具有重要的工程意义。     

非饱和硬土的长期固结特性探讨

利用室内一维固结试验研究了非饱和硬土在受到长期荷载作用下的固结特性。研究发现非饱和硬土的长期固结曲线在"反S"型趋势后继续下弯,揭示了非饱和硬土内部超静孔隙气压力和超静孔隙水压力的分段消散过程。温度对于非饱和硬土长期固结特性的影响较为明显,随温度的升高,固结速率明显增大。非饱和硬土并不一定能完全满足高速铁路地基土的设计要求,实际工程中还要根据土体性质、排水条件、上覆荷载等条件进行综合判定。     

求解饱和土固结方程的增维精细积分法

采用增维精细积分法对饱和土固结方程进行了求解,详细推导出了以位移表示的状态方程、求解位移及孔隙流体压力的计算公式。一维固结沉降的计算结果表明,该方法的计算精度和计算效率均很高。     

双层非饱和土地基一维固结半解析解

基于Fredlund和Hasan的非饱和土一维固结理论,将非饱和地基假定为双层,引入层间渗流连续条件,得到双层非饱和土地基一维固结控制方程。采用Laplace变换将偏微分方程组转化为常微分方程组,求解得到双层非饱和土地基在单面、双面渗透边界条件下超孔隙压力和沉降在Laplace域内的解;并利用Crump数值方法实现Laplace逆变换,最终得到时间域内双层非饱和土地基一维固结的半解析解。通过与已有文献和有限差分解的结果比较,验证了所得半解析解的有效性。基于得到的解答,结合算例考察了不同层间渗透系数比下,双层非饱和土地基中超孔隙压力的分布规律;并通过参数分析讨论了土层厚度比和层间渗透系数比对双层非饱和土地基沉降的影响。     

非饱和土力学实用化之路探索

非饱和土力学的研究水平目前还停留在学院式阶段,主要原因在于吸力量测的困难。为了促进非饱和土力学的实用化,在分析吸力的3种作用机制的基础上提出了几种吸力的替代方案,如饱和度、折减吸力和广义吸力。此外,孔隙气压力的计算也是一件麻烦事,为此提出了简化计算方法。最后探讨了非饱和土中表面裂缝的形成对边坡稳定和变形的影响。