空调系统冷凝水的回收利用分析

针对通信枢纽楼空调系统的冷凝水量大、运行时间长、运行稳定性高的特点,分析了通信枢纽楼空调冷凝水回收的基本条件,并结合实际枢纽楼的运行情况对回收系统的经济效益、投资成本、水资源循环利用的经济、社会和环境效益进行了分析,提出了枢纽楼冷凝水回收的技术措施和基本方案,为枢纽楼空调冷凝水水资源循环提供了基本思路.     

空调冷凝水回收与利用技术的现状及展望

空调作为一种绝佳的室内环境调节设备,从上市至今已得到大规模使用。然而,随着空调的普及,大量排放的冷凝水却引发了资源浪费、环境污染等诸多问题,回收并利用冷凝水势在必行。基于冷凝水的形成过程,通过理论分析和计算,总结了冷凝水具有水质较高、温度较低和水量可观三个特性,辩证分析了开式回收和闭式回收两种冷凝水回收技术的优缺点,系统阐述了冷凝水"作为水资源"和"作为辅助冷源"的两大主要利用方式,并对空调冷凝水未来的回收与利用技术做出了一定的科学性展望。     

空调冷凝水回收利用初探

结合工程实例,介绍了空调冷凝水回收系统的原理,并对冷凝水回收系统所回收的水量、冷冻水系统所需的补水量等进行了分析,指出回收的空调冷凝水量可满足冷冻水系统的补水和冷却水系统的部分补水量,具有一定的实用性。     

空调冷凝水的回收利用

本文讨论了空调冷凝水的回收应用,空调冷凝水降低冷凝温度对制冷系数的影响,并对其进行了经济计算,对冷凝水其他回收利用方式的可行性讨论进行了研究。     

空调冷凝水的回收利用

本文讨论了空调冷凝水的回收应用,空调冷凝水降低冷凝温度对制冷系数的影响,并对其进行了经济计算,对冷凝水其他回收利用方式的可行性讨论进行了研究。     

分散式空调冷凝水的回收与节能利用探讨

介绍了分散式空调冷凝水回收利用的研究现状。依据对夏热冬冷地区某住宅建筑空调冷凝水量的理论计算,建立了空调冷凝水回收利用实验系统,通过理论计算和实验检测得出:回收20台制冷量为3 500 W的分体空调产生的冷凝水,余冷利用后节省的冷量为单台空调制冷量的9.68%。     

分体式空调冷凝水产量计算方法研究

以广州地区某办公建筑为研究对象,现场测量办公室内分体式空调产生的冷凝水量,测量结果显示单台额定制冷量为7. 21 k W的分体式空调单日冷凝水产量最高可达12. 9 kg,表明湿热地区空调冷凝水产量可观,回收潜力巨大。将测量结果与两种空调冷凝水产量理论计算模型进行对比分析,分析结果表明:采用新风量、室内外空气状态参数和室内人数计算空调冷凝水产量,可以获得与实测值较为接近的结果。因此,该方法可以用于冷凝水回收系统的设计及其节能效益的评估,为冷凝水回收利用提供参考依据。     

一种废蒸汽冷凝水回收利用技术的应用

以某酒店空气源热泵与洗衣房乏汽冷凝水为研究对象,利用洗衣房乏汽余热间接加热已经过非直热式空气源热泵一次加热的低温热水,将非直热式空气源热泵循环制造热水的方法改为非循环一次制造热水,停开了热泵的热水循环泵,节约了电能,并回收乏汽的高温冷凝水;将经过热泵降温的冷空气作为洗衣房的冷源,夏季代替洗衣房制冷空调,以节约电能,开发了一种废蒸汽冷凝水回收利用技术,该技术为酒店回收高温冷凝水达8 634 t/a.     

浅述商场中央空调冷凝水回收利用

以青岛即墨某超市为例,分析冷凝水的生成量和影响生成量的各个因素,并结合该项目,介绍冷凝水回收用于空调冷却塔补水的思路和方案,最后验证冷凝水用于冷却塔补水的经济效益和可行性.     

空调冷凝水余热回收利用问题探讨

就青岛乾豪国际广场空调冷凝水的余热回收利用问题进行计算、方案比较,探讨空调冷凝水余热回收的可行性、经济性。     

景观延续与重塑的人文之道——记安亭中学绿化环境改造更新

校园作为城市公共设施体系中的重要组成部分,对人们的社会生活和精神文明起着重要的影响、教育、服务作用。结合安亭中学的景观改造工程实例,从校园的区位环境因素、历史文化积淀、园内景观现状等方面,分析了改造的必要性,改造工作的原则及人文理念的改造方法,重点阐释了对原有历史和景观的发现、挖掘、保护、改造和再利用。通过简洁、现代的手法,把新景观融入校园的建筑环境、历史环境和人文环境之中,重建具有视觉、生态和文化三重效益的校园景观,把校园环境变成凝固的诗、流动的画、无言的歌,从而达到"润物细无声"的效果。     

公园绿地绩效的概念内涵及评测方法体系研究

绩效衡量评测能为公园绿地布局优化、功能完善和服务提升提供直接依据。但由于影响公园绿地绩效的因素众多且作用方式各异,在界定、衡量和评价上均有一定复杂性。本文首先结合不同视角和标准,将公园绿地绩效分解为核心绩效与延展绩效、功能运行绩效与空间结构绩效、系统绩效与单体绩效等概念展开内涵及应用特征梳理;其次以处于核心地位的游憩服务绩效为主体对公园绿地功能运行绩效与空间结构绩效的评测方法展开辨析;最后根据各个绩效评测方法的利弊特点对不同方法的组合应用模式以及精度校验途径提出建议。     

跨度120m三角锥体钢结构施工滑移监测方法研究

大跨度钢结构的滑移是一个动态过程,滑移推力、环境荷载、轨道承载力、轨道平顺性等因素对结构准确就位均有影响。为此,提出了一种能够监测滑移施工过程结构安全、稳定及滑移同步性的方法,该方法通过模拟分析施工滑移过程,准确预判滑移中结构出现损伤的位置和程度,提前采取措施;通过实时在线监测结构滑移施工过程中多项参数的变化,避免滑移过程中结构的应力集中、局部变形过大、脱轨、失稳及倾覆。以大同美术馆钢结构屋盖滑移施工监测为例,在滑移前对滑移施工过程进行模拟分析和监测系统安装,对滑移阶段结构关键构件的应变、位移、构件变形及环境温度进行实时监测、分析与反馈。结果表明：大跨度钢结构滑移受温度、轨道平顺性、轨道处结构变形值、顶推设备误差影响;采用有限元模拟分析、现场监测、实时分析与反馈的监测方法,可有效控制滑移过程中结构的内力、变形、各轨道滑移的同步性及结构的整体稳定性。     

盐湖侵蚀环境喷射混凝土耐久性能劣化规律及机理研究

我国西部地区盐湖分布广泛,土壤及地下水中含有高浓度硫酸盐、镁盐及氯盐,与衬砌喷射混凝土发生一系列物理化学反应,造成其结构耐久性能下降。为系统研究盐湖侵蚀环境喷射混凝土耐久性能劣化规律及机理,以5%Na2SO4+5%MgSO4+3.5%NaCl混合溶液为侵蚀介质,采用干湿交替法,分别模拟盐湖环境地下水及隧道衬砌侵蚀方式,开展喷射混凝土耐久性试验,对其物理力学性能、侵蚀产物矿物组成及含量、微观形貌、孔结构和离子含量进行测试分析。喷射混凝土SO2? 4含量随侵蚀时间快速增大,Cl-和Na+含量缓慢增大,而Ca2+和混凝土pH值降低。喷射混凝土侵蚀过程包含水镁石、石膏及钙矾石形成阶段,C-S-H分解和碳硫硅钙石形成阶段,M-S-H形成等三个阶段。最终,在碳硫硅钙石、水镁石、石膏、钙矾石以及结晶盐所形成的膨胀应力和结晶压力共同作用下,喷射混凝土内部孔数量及空气含量增大,形成网状裂纹,性能快速劣化。模筑混凝土微裂缝在盐结晶形成的结晶压作用下快速开裂,与气孔形成宏观裂缝导致断裂。钢纤维可显著消减喷射混凝土内部应力,提高其抗侵蚀能力。     

身体经验与时空想象—— 基于场地、场景、场域的景观建构原型研究

Contemporary landscape is an important medium that resists the environmental homogeneity and diversifies the cultural imagery. The neglect of physical experience would intensify the perception contradiction and separation between people and the site. This paper proposes to use the prototype of the interactions between the body, time, and space to build an abstract discourse to study the design dimensions of site, sight, and insight based on different elements—the three dimensions are represented as perception, conception, and live. It then focuses on how to employ design methods (including the arrangement of spatial sequence and direction, the design of thresholds in the space, the creation of texts and syntaxes, and the stimulation of events and social imagery) to form the push-pull movement in the material space, the abschattung and gestalt of ideographic texts in the meaning space, and the apperception of the social field, so as to enhance people’s perception of the landscape. This paper studies physical experience and spacetime imagery to extract and deduce the thinking of landscape design within varied dimensions, and argues that a profound and intimate relationship between man and the site can be established by organizing different elements under the ternary system of site, sight, and insight.     

The Intension and Values of Urban Wildscapes

The process of urban sprawl, restructure, and shrinkage provides the possibility for the formation and evolution of urban wildscapes. Physically, urban wildscapes refer to the urban spaces where the ecology is basically dominated by natural processes and similar to the natural wilderness in appearance and functions. The existence and persistence of wilderness fragments in cities often result from the reduction of human management and with minimal intervention on the nature. Due to the different interactions and confrontations between natural processes and social processes, the wildness of urban wildscapes varies. The unique and irreplaceable values of urban widlscapes in ecology, culture, aesthetics, economy, and well-being have gained multi-disciplinary attention and been widely recognized. This paper defines the concept of urban wildscapes, reviews the conceptual development of its connotation, and analyzes the multiple benefits of urban wildscapes on the basis of value recognition research. It hopes to provide a value recognition framework for empirical studies, helping urban residents, planning designers, and managers identify, appreciate, experience, and sustainably manage natural resources and urban ecological network, and providing scientific guidelines for ecological urban development.     

Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment - a multidisciplinary systematic review

There have been few recent studies demonstrating a definitive association between the transmission of airborne infections and the ventilation of buildings. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 and current concerns about the risk of an avian influenza (H5N1) pandemic, have made a review of this area timely. We searched the major literature databases between 1960 and 2005, and then screened titles and abstracts, and finally selected 40 original studies based on a set of criteria. We established a review panel comprising medical and engineering experts in the fields of microbiology, medicine, epidemiology, indoor air quality, building ventilation, etc. Most panel members had experience with research into the 2003 SARS epidemic. The panel systematically assessed 40 original studies through both individual assessment and a 2-day face-to-face consensus meeting. Ten of 40 studies reviewed were considered to be conclusive with regard to the association between building ventilation and the transmission of airborne infection. There is strong and sufficient evidence to demonstrate the association between ventilation, air movements in buildings and the transmission/spread of infectious diseases such as measles, tuberculosis, chickenpox, influenza, smallpox and SARS. There is insufficient data to specify and quantify the minimum ventilation requirements in hospitals, schools, offices, homes and isolation rooms in relation to spread of infectious diseases via the airborne route. PRACTICAL IMPLICATION: The strong and sufficient evidence of the association between ventilation, the control of airflow direction in buildings, and the transmission and spread of infectious diseases supports the use of negatively pressurized isolation rooms for patients with these diseases in hospitals, in addition to the use of other engineering control methods. However, the lack of sufficient data on the specification and quantification of the minimum ventilation requirements in hospitals, schools and offices in relation to the spread of airborne infectious diseases, suggest the existence of a knowledge gap. Our study reveals a strong need for a multidisciplinary study in investigating disease outbreaks, and the impact of indoor air environments on the spread of airborne infectious diseases.     

景观·遗产·社区：巴渝传统场镇的风貌传承与美学蜕变

从景观、遗产、社区视角审视巴渝传统场镇,场镇之美表现在自然山水和巴渝民居街巷的糅合、江河与丘陵唇齿相依,具有独特的韵味和美学价值。以传承同兴场镇传统风貌为基础,以活态遗产、核心社区为视点,以社区设计为手段,通过3年的驻场调查,为保留可持续的风貌特征,重新梳理社区人与人的关系,提升居民素质和意识,进而改善场镇街巷建筑的硬件构造,并对单体建筑进行逐次再生设计,从而改变整个场镇风貌。调查实践-反馈-再设计-再实践的循环式研究为巴渝传统场镇的风貌留存和蜕变发展做出思考、提炼和总结。     

全过程咨询模式下 EPC 项目主体合作博弈研究

基于前景理论,构建业主、全过程咨询方、EPC 企业三方演化博弈模型,分析三方演化博弈系统的稳定点,对影响三方策略选择的要素进行模拟仿真,并分析博弈均衡点的稳定性。结果表明:合作成本与损失规避程度是制约三方合作的影响因素;风险态度系数、不合作时的项目收益损失值及合作的额外收益是促进三方合作的影响因素;三方合作收益分享系数与不合作损失分享系数对三方合作的促进作用存在某一阈值。据此提出政府制定相关激励政策,加强全过程咨询和工程总承包的工程教育及人力资源开发,合理使用BIM 技术、建立有效透明的沟通平台和协调机制等措施及建议,旨在提高三方合作概率,提升项目绩效。     

Characterisation of bed sediments and suspension of the river Po (Italy) during normal and high flow conditions

Grain-size distribution, major elements, nutrients and trace metals were determined in bed sediments and suspension collected at 10 representative sites along the river Po under normal and high flow conditions. Grain-size distribution and major element composition of suspension highlighted the presence of two distinct particle populations in the upper-middle Po (coarser particles, lower carbonate content) and in the lower Po (finer particles, higher carbonate content). This change partly reflects the geological differences between the two parts of the basin, and also the presence of a hydroelectric power plant at Isola Serafini (Piacenza). With respect to environmental quality issues, bed sediments and suspension provide similar results. A moderate nutrient pollution is found in all but the uppermost parts of the river basin, while the most significant inputs of trace metals appear to originate from the urban areas of Turin and Milan. Calculation of sediment enrichment factors identifies Cd, Cu, Hg and Zn as the most impacted elements by human activities. On the other hand, the high levels of Ni and Cr throughout the river seem to derive mainly from the presence of basic rocks in the upper and middle parts of the basin. Both nutrient and trace metal particulate concentrations substantially decrease under high flow conditions possibly due to "flushing" of contaminated bed sediments and resuspension of coarser material. Under normal flow conditions, water hydrochemistry and concentrations of some elements (As, Ca, Cr, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, and Pb) in the dissolved phase (<0.45 microm) were also determined. Calculation of trace metals partition coefficients shows that the relative importance of the particulate and water phases varies in response to water hydrochemistry and suspended solid content, but that most elements achieve a conditional equilibrium in the lower stretches of the river Po. These results are the first of this kind reported for the whole river course and highlight the factors and mechanisms controlling the origin, mobility and fate of nutrients and trace metals in the river Po.